Scribd
Upload
5 views

Computer Science Basic

Uploaded by

Aftab Alam Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
5 views

Computer Science Basic

Uploaded by

Aftab Alam Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 28

Introduction to

Computers and
Communication
Technology
Course Introduction
Lecture’s Outline

► What is a computer?
► Anatomy of a Computer
► History of Computers
► Generation of Computers
What is a
Computer?

► An electronic device
that can perform
► Mathematical operations
► Logical operations
► Graphical operations
Computers in Our World

► Computers are everywhere


► We can find them in pretty unlikely places

► Family car
► Home appliances
► Smart phones
► Markets
Anatomy of a Computer

► Every computer has four basic parts, or units:

❑ an input unit such as the keyboard, that feeds information into the
computer

❑ a central processing unit (CPU) that performs the various tasks of the
computer

❑ an output unit , such as a monitor , that displays the results;

❑ a memory that stores information and instructions.


History of
Computers
Old Computers

► Older computers were analog

❑ represent data as variable points along a


continuous spectrum of values.
❑ More flexible but not necessarily more
precise and reliable
ABACUS

► 3000 BC: The first calculating device ABACUS was invented in Egypt .
► The abacus is still in use in some countries especially China, Japan.
► Operations

❑ Addition, subtraction, division and


multiplication
❑ Extract square root and cube root
► User has to memorize certain rules
Pascaline
► 1642: A Frenchman Blaise Pascal introduced
the first mechanical calculating device.
► Series of wheels with teeth which could be
turned using hands
► Pascal manufactured machines with 6, 8, and even 10 digital
positions.
► Perform both addition and subtraction.
Difference Engine

► 1820s: Charles Babbage

❑ Professor of Mathematics
❑ Cambridge University
❑ With Assistance of Lady Augusta Ada Lovelace
► Developed a machine that could store
information, calculate numbers and solve
algebraic expression.
Punched Card

► 1890: Herman Hollerith


► American Inventor
► developed devices that were able to
read information which had been
punched into cards automatically
► developed a machine called the census machine
► US Census Bureau.
► Capable of reading numbers, characters, and also special symbols.
•Harvard Mark I

► 1944: Howard Aikens and Grace Hooper


developed an electromechanical machine at IBM
► Called Automatic Sequence Controlled
Calculator (ASCC)
► Called Mark I by Harvard University
► Capable of reading numbers, characters, and also special symbols
► Built from Switches, Relays, rotating
shafts and clutches
► 765,000 components
► Hundred of meters of wires
► Volume

► Length (51ft) X Height (8 ft) x Depth (2 ft)


► Weight 4500 kgs
► Used decimal number systems
ENIAC

► 1946 First general purpose electronic computer


► Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
(ENIAC)
► Technology used

► Vacuum tubes 17,468


► Crystal Diodes 7,200
► Relays 1,500
► Transistors 70,000
► Capacitors 10,000
► Hand soldered joints 1 million
► Weight 27 tons
► Volume 100 ft (L) X 8 ft ( H) X 3 ft (D)
► Covers 1800 sq. feet
► Power consumption 150 kW
► Uses punch cards
► Averages 5,000 operations
Manchester Mark I

► 1948
► First stored program computer,
► Based on Von Neumann architecture
► Manchester Mark 1 , built in UK.
Using valves ,
► it can perform about 500 operations per
second and has the first RAM .
► It fills a room the size of a small office.
Modern Computers
Intel 4004 Microprocessor

► 1971 Intel 4004, the world’s first


commercially available microprocessor.
► four-bit computer containing 2,300
transistors
► can perform 60,000 instructions per second.
► Designed for use in a calculator
► Sells for $200
Altair 880

► 1975, first commercially


available microcomputer
❑ 64 KB of memory
❑ open 100-line bus structure.
❑ sells for $397 in kit form or $439
assembled.
Apple I

► 1976 Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs


build the Apple I computer.
► less powerful than the Altair, but also less
expensive and less complicated.
► Users must connect their own keyboard
and video display, and
► have the option of mounting the
computer’s motherboard in any container
they choose — whether a metal case, a
wooden box, or a briefcase.
Osborne I

► 1981 First portable computer, Osborne 1, produced.


► At the size and weight of a sewing machine,
► much less convenient than current portable computers.
► weighs about 22 pounds
► Two 5.25-inch floppy drives,
► 64 KB of RAM, and
► a five-inch monitor but no hard drive.
► based on the z80 processor, runs the CP/M operating system,
and sells for $1,795.
► The Osborne 1 comes with WordStar (a word processing application)
and Super-Calc (a spreadsheet application).
► It is a huge success.
IBM PC
► 1981, IBM introduces the IBM-PC
► 4.77 MHz Intel 8088 CPU,
► 16 KB of memory,
► a keyboard, a monitor,
► one or two 5.25-inch floppy drives,
and A price tag of $2,495
Apple

► 1984 Apple Macintosh computer becomes first successful personal


computer with a mouse and easy to use Graphic User Interface (GUI).
► Steve Jobs and his ingenious Macintosh team arranged for the
computer to be used by the normal “person in the street” – and not only
by experts.
Windows

► Intel releases the 80386 processor (also called the 386),


► a 32-bit processor that can address more than four billion bytes of memory
and performs 10 times faster than the 80286.
► Aldus releases Page-Maker for the Macintosh,
► the first desktop publishing software for microcomputers.
► Microsoft announces the Windows 1.0 operating
environment in 1985.
► featuring the first graphical user interface for PCs mirroring the
interface found the previous year on the Macintosh.
Window 1.0 GUI
Generation of Computers

1980

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy