Introduction

to
Computers

RYAN FLOYD M. SARNE

OBJECTIVES
Define basic concepts on computer as such computer,
o1. data and information.

o2. Describe the basic functions of a Computer

Describe the development of computing devices,
o3. their capabilities and limitations.

o4. List the capabilities and limitations of a computer

Highlight key historical milestones in the
o5. development of computer technology.

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS 2
 WHAT IS A
COMPUTER?
A computer is an
electronic device that
accepts (inputs),
processes, stores, and
outputs data at a high
speeds according to
programmed instructions.
Data VS Information
Refers to raw, It is data that has
unorganized facts or been analyzed,
figures that are
collected and store. structured, and given
context.

Data can come in the provides meaning

form of text, and can be used to
observations, figures,
images, numbers, answer questions or
graphs, or symbols. make decisions.
Basic Functions of a Computer

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

STORAGE

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS 5
Basic Functions of a Computer

the procedure of feeding

INPUT or entering data into
a computer

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS 6
Basic Functions of a Computer

the operation of
PROCESS manipulating and
transforming data into
something useful.

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS 7
Basic Functions of a Computer

the result of the

OUTPUT processing function.

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS 8
Basic Functions of a Computer

computers save data

STORAGE and retrieve it for later
use.

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS 9
 CAPABILITIES OF A COMPUTER

SPEED STORAGE ACCURACY

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS 10
 CAPABILITIES OF A COMPUTER

VERSATILITY CONNECTIVITY MULTI-TASK

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS 11
 LIMITATIONS OF A COMPUTER

Human Short Life Span Use of Power

Intervention

ADD FOOTER HERE 12

 LIMITATIONS OF A COMPUTER

Malfunctions Human Brain Environmental

Impact

ADD FOOTER HERE 13

HISTORY OF COMPUTER
What do you think is the first computer?
MECHANICAL COMPUTERS
 ABACUS
Its only value is that it aids the memory
of the human performing the
calculation.
the oldest surviving abacus was used in
3 0 0 B.C. by the Babylonians
5 lower rings on each rod = 5 fingers
2 upper rings = 2 hands
 NAPIER’S B O N E S
Logarithm values carved on ivory
sticks
Invented in 1 6 1 7 by a Scotsman
named John Napier

Logarithm – technology that allows multiplication to

be performed via addition
 SLIDE RULE
Developed by William Oughtred
first built in England in 1 6 3 2 and still
in use in the 1 9 6 0 ' s by the N A S A
engineers of the Mercury, Gemini,
and Apollo programs which landed
men on the moon
Used for multiplication, division,
roots, and trigonometry
CALCULATING CLOCK

Invented by a German professor

named Wilhelm Schickard in 1623.
This device got little publicity
because Schickard died soon
afterward in the bubonic plague
 PASCALINE
Invented in 1 6 4 2 by Blaise Pascal (19
years old) a s an aid for his father who
was a tax collector
Could only do addition
Used gear mechanism
An inaccurate machine

This technology is still used this day in car odometers.

 STEPPED RECKONER

Invented by German, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (co-

inventor with Newton of calculus and an advocate
for the use of binary number system in computers)
Employed the decimal number system Used the flute drum
mechanism instead of gear mechanism (ten flutes
arranged around the circumference in a stair-
step fashion)
 POWER LOOM
Invented in 1 8 0 1 by a Frenchman
named Joseph Marie Jacquard
A machine that bases its weave
upon a pattern automatically read
from punched wooden cards, held
together in a long row by rope.
 DIFFERENCE ENGINE
Invented in 1 8 2 2 by an English mathematician
named Charles B a b b a g e
A machine the size of a room Used steam
mechanism
45
 ANALYTIC ENGINE
Still, by Charles Babbage
A programmable machine the size of
a house
Used steam mechanism (6 steam
engines)
Used Jacquard’s punched card
technology
 ANALYTIC ENGINE
“Store” “Mill”
and
"Store" and the "Mill“
The Store was where numbers
were held
The Mill was where they were
"woven" into new results
 AD A BYRON
daughter of the famous poet Lord Byron.
Ada would later become the
Countess Lady Lovelace by marriage.

First computer programmer in history

 HOLLERITH D E S K
Invented by Herman Hollerith
Consisted of three main parts:
1 . C A R D R E A D E R which sensed the holes in the
cards
2 . G E A R S which could count (using Pascal's
mechanism which we still see in car
odometers)
3. DIAL INDICATOR (a car speedometer is a dial
indicator) to display the results of the count
53
 HOLLERITH D E S K
Hollerith built a company, the
Tabulating M a c h i n e C o m p a n y which,
after a few buyouts, eventually became
International B u s i n e s s M a c h i n e s ,
known today as IBM.
 HOLLERITH D E S K

The Hollerith census

machine was the first
machine to ever be
featured on a magazine
cover (August 30, 1890).
 HARVARD M A R K I
Built as a partnership between Harvard and
IBM in 1944
Howard Aiken was the principal designer
Mark I was not fully electronic but it is the first
programmable digital computer made in the
U.S.
Operated on numbers that were 2 3 digits
wide. It could add or subtract two of these
numbers in three-tenths of a second, multiply
them in four seconds, and divide them in ten
seconds
 HARVARD M A R K I
Ran non-stop for 1 5 years

weighed 5 tons one adult elephant

incorporated 5 0 0 miles of wire half the length of the Philippines
8 feet tall height of a ceiling

5 1 feet long
5 0 ft rotating shaft running its length
 GRACE HOPPER
One of the primary programmers
for the Mark I
Hopper found the first computer
"bug": a dead moth that had
gotten into the Mark I and whose
wings were blocking the reading of
the holes in the paper tape
 GRACE HOPPER
In 1953, Grace Hopper invented
the first high-level language,
"Flow-matic". This language
eventually became COBOL.
ATANASOFF-BERRY COMPUTER

Built in 1 9 3 7 by Professor J. V. Atanasoff

and his graduate student, Clifford Berry
First attempt of building an all-
electronic computing machine
Could solve 2 9 equations
First computer to store data
First to employ binary arithmetic
Not programmable
 C OL OSS U S
built during World War II by Britain for the
purpose of breaking the cryptographic codes
used by Germany
71
 Z1
Built by a German, Konrad Zuse, in his parents’
home som e time between 1 9 3 6 and 1 9 3 8
Zuse’s work on Z 1 was published in English and
therefore, overshadowed Harvard Mark I, Atanasof
Berry Computer, and Colossus.
75
 ENIAC
Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Calculator
“The forefather of today's all-electronic digital computers”
 ENIAC
built at the University of Pennsylvania between 1 9 4 3
and 1 9 4 5 by two professors, John M a u c h l y and J.
Presper Eckert
Also used paper card readers
2 0 x 4 0 ft, weighed 3 0 tons, and used more than
19,000 vacuum tubes
Programming the ENIAC
 ENIAC
ENIAC's first task was to compute whether or not
it was possible to build a hydrogen bomb.
The first ENIAC program remains classified
to this day.
 EDVAC

Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

 EDVAC
Eckert and Mauchly teamed up with John von
Neumann
Pioneered the “stored program” technology
 UNIVAC
Universal Automatic Computer
 UNIVAC
First commercial, mass-produced computer
Household word for “computer” First computer
to use magnetic tape
 UNIVAC
In 1960s, UNIVAC’s sales went down when IBM an
seven other computer companies sold computers
the market
IBM was so famous but it was brought down
when it made a mistake in buying an
“unknown” company named Microsoft
MICRO
ELECTRONICS
REVOLUTION
 What is a microprocessor?

It is a computer that is fabricated on an

integrated circuit (IC).
The first microprocessor was developed at
Intel in 1971.
IBM STRETCH (1959)

Aiken estimated “six electronic

digital computers would be
sufficient to satisfy the
computing needs of the entire
United States”
Made by Steve Wozniak
 ACORN
First IBM personal computer
(1981)
 LISA
Apple’s PC (1983)
First PC with graphical user interface
(GUI)
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 GAVILAN S C
First laptop (1983)
Gavilan Computer Corporation
MODERN COMPUTERS
1990 -2025
Thank you