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Modes of Asexual Reproduction
● Binary Fission: One of the modes of asexual reproduction

is binary fission. Mostly seen in single-celled organisms,
the cell divides into two halves
● Fragmentation: In some multicellular organisms such as

Spirogyra, asexual reproduction occurs through
fragmentation.
Here, the parent body divides fragments, which develops into a
new individual.
● Budding: Some organisms reproduce by budding, where buds

develop on the parent body. Each new bud develops into a new
organism. Example for this is Hydra.
● Sporogenesis: Some organisms produce reproductive cells

called spores. These spores grow into new organisms. The
spores can spread through wind or through other animals.
Asexual Reproduction in Plants

In some plants, new plantlets generally arise from the nodes.
When the nodes come in contact with water, they give rise to
nodes, thereby resulting in a new plant. In Bryophyllum,
adventitious buds arise from the leaves. They originate from the
notches present on the leave, slowly giving rise to new plants.
Learn more about Sexual Reproduction in Plants and Animals here.

question
Q: One of the following is not an advantage of asexual

reproduction. Choose the right answer.
a. Rapid reproduction.
b. No need for a mate.
c. High genetic diversity
d. Low resource investment in offspring.
Ans. “High genetic diversity” is the right option. Asexual reproduction

shows low genetic diversity.
Vegetative Propagation
Did you know that plants can grow and reproduce without seeds
or spores? Actually, plants can reproduce from stems, roots and
even leaves. It is the process of vegetative propagation.
Vegetative Propagation
Vegetative propagation is probably something very peculiar to plants.

The very same feature is also exploited for the commercial value and
by avid gardeners who know their plants well.
is a form of asexual reproduction seen in plants. Here only a single
plant is involved and the offspring that arises is identical, both
genetically and morphologically to the parent plant.
Types of Vegetative Propagation
Vegetative Propagation by Stems
Vegetative propagation occurs through stems when new plants arise

from the nodes. This is where buds are formed, which grow into new
plants. Stems that grow horizontally on the ground are called
runners. As these runners grow, buds are formed at the nodes, which
later
develop the roots and shoots, resulting in the formation of a new
plant. Example – Cyanodon; Mint etc.
The round, swollen part of the underground stem is called a bulb.

Within the bulb lies the organ for vegetative propagation such as the
central shoot that grows into a new plant. Bulbs have a bud
surrounded by layers of fleshy leaves. A few examples include
Onions, Garlic, and Tulips etc.
In plants like potatoes, stem tubers are found. This part is the swollen
apical part containing many nodes or eyes. Every eye has buds. New
plants originate from these buds.
Vegetative Propagation by Leaf
Plants like Bryophyllum, Begonia etc., have adventitious buds coming

out from the notches of the leaves. These buds develop into new
plants.
Source – Wikipedia
Source – Wikipedia
Grafting also called demon
In grafting, two closely related plants are used to produce a new plant
that has the desired, combined traits of both the parent plants. One
plant is the stock, where the root system is taken and the other is the
Scion, where the shoot system is used. The scion is attached to the
stock of the second plant in this method of artificial vegetative
propagation. Grafting is used in a variety of plants like roses, apples,
avocado etc.
Budding
In this method, a bud with a small portion of bark is taken from the
desired plant. ] Both the plants are tied together and the buds are not
allowed to dry.
Try the question
Q: Vegetative propagation is mainly used for commercial purposes.

Explain.
Ans. The greatest advantage of vegetative propagation is that it

produces natural clones of the parent plant. The new plants that are
produced have the same genetic material. Therefore it is possible
to
produce plants that have the same desired traits again and again. This
ensures that there is consistency maintained in the quality of the
produce. Hence, vegetative propagation is commercially exploited.
Sexual Reproduction
Most of the evolved organisms on the planet, like plants and animals
and various multicellular organisms, display sexual reproduction.
This is often considered the superior method of reproduction because
of variation and evolution that occurs. Let us discuss sexual
reproduction in plants and animals.
Sexual Reproduction
As you all know, sexual reproduction is characterized by the fusion of
male and female gametes. When compared to asexual reproduction,
sexual reproduction is considered as a better mode as there is a
variation in the population, along with the evolution of species.
Genetically speaking, sexual reproduction involves both the processes
of mitosis and meiosis.
The male gametes are called the sperms and the female gametes are
the ova or eggs. The female gametes are non-motile while the male
gametes are motile. Transfer of gametes occurs when the male gamete
gets transferred, after which fertilization occurs.
Fertilization
The fusion of gametes is the most crucial step in the process of sexual
reproduction. This fusion of male and female gametes is called
fertilization or syngamy. As a result of this fertilization, a diploid
zygote is formed. Fertilization can be external or internal. Some
exceptions to this fertilization process are some lizards, turkeys,
honeybees, where the female gamete undergoes development without
fertilization and forms a new organism. The name of such a
phenomenon is parthenogenesis.
Post Fertilization
All the events that occur after the formation of the zygote are called
the post-fertilization events. The zygote divides through mitosis
and
develops into an embryo. This development of the embryo from the
zygote is called embryogenesis. Cell differentiation also occurs at this
stage, where specialized tissues and organs are formed.
Depending on where the zygote develops, animals are classified as

viviparous and oviparous animals. In oviparous animals, development
takes place outside the body. Examples are reptiles, birds etc. When
the fertilized eggs are laid in a safe place, after a period of incubation,
they hatch into young ones. In viviparous animals such as human
beings, development occurs inside the body. After some specific
gestation period, young ones are born.
Solved Questions For You
Q: What are bisexual flowers? How are they different from Unisexual
flowers?
Ans. Bisexual flowers are flowers where both the stamen and the pistil
are present in the same flower. In other words, the male reproductive
part and the female reproductive part are in the same flower.
Examples of bisexual flowers are the following flowering plants –
Hibiscus rosasinensis, Pisum sativum, Petunia hybrida etc.

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Modes of Asexual Reproduction

● Binary Fission: One of the modes of asexual reproduction

● Fragmentation: In some multicellular organisms such as

● Budding: Some organisms reproduce by budding, where buds

● Sporogenesis: Some organisms produce reproductive cells

Asexual Reproduction in Plants

Learn more about Sexual Reproduction in Plants and Animals here.

Q: One of the following is not an advantage of asexual

Ans. “High genetic diversity” is the right option. Asexual reproduction

Vegetative propagation is probably something very peculiar to plants.

Types of Vegetative Propagation

Vegetative Propagation by Stems

Vegetative propagation occurs through stems when new plants arise

The round, swollen part of the underground stem is called a bulb.

Vegetative Propagation by Leaf

Plants like Bryophyllum, Begonia etc., have adventitious buds coming

Grafting also called demon

Q: Vegetative propagation is mainly used for commercial purposes.

Ans. The greatest advantage of vegetative propagation is that it

Depending on where the zygote develops, animals are classified as

Solved Questions For You

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