Reproduction

Reproduction
• The process by which all

living organisms produce
one of their kinds to
ensure survival of the
species.
Plant Reproduction
•The reproductive
organ of plants is the
flower.
Petals
•The petals on a
flower are
important for the
plant to attract
pollinators.
Stamen
• The stamen is a male part of the flower

and surrounds the pistil.
• A part of the stamen called the anther
makes pollen for the plant.
• This pollen is important for pollinating
the female flowers and creating more
plants.
•
Pistil
• The pistil is the female

part of a flower.
• During pollination, the egg
(ovule) inside the pistil is
fertilized and becomes a
seed.
Sepal
• The sepals are at the bottom

of the flower and look like
little leaves.
• They are important for
protecting the flower as it
grows.
Receptacle
•The receptacle is the part

of a plant that attaches
the flower to the rest of
the plant.
Plant Reproduction
Sexual reproduction
• In sexual reproduction, two parents are

involved in producing a new individual.
• Offspring is produced by the fusion of
gametes (sex cells) from each parent.
Pollination
• In order to form a zygote, male gametes

in pollen grains have to fuse with egg in
the ovule.
• This is achieved by the process called
pollination.
• Pollination is the process of transferring
pollen grains from the anther – male part
of a flower, to the stigma – female part of
a flower.
• Depending on the pollen landing, pollination can be
classified into two types-
• Self-Pollination: A pollination where the pollen transfer takes
place between the anther and stigma of the same flower.
• Cross-Pollination: A pollination where the pollen transfer
takes place between the anther and the stigma of different
flowers of the same plant or different plants of the same
species.
Fertilization
• Fertilization may be
defined as the fusion of
male gametes (pollens)
with the female gametes
(ovum) to form zygote,
during the sexual
reproduction.
Asexual Reproduction
• The mode of reproduction by which new plants

are produced without the reproductive unit of
plants – flowers.
• This mode of reproduction occurs without the
fusion of male and female gametes.
• Asexual reproduction produces new plants, which
are the copies of the mother plant.
Types of Asexual Reproduction
Budding
• Budding is the mode of

asexual reproduction,
wherein a new plant is
developed from an
outgrowth plant, called a
bud.
• A bud is generally formed
due to cell division at one
particular site.
Vegetative Propagation
• It is any form of asexual reproduction occurring in plants, in which

new plants are produced from the vegetative parts of the plants,
i.e. roots, stems or buds.
• Vegetative propagation in plants can occur both by naturally or
also can be artificially induced by horticulturists.
• Stems – Runners are the stems
which usually grow in a
horizontal form above the
ground.
• They have the nodes where
the buds are formed. These
buds usually grow into a new
plant.
• Roots – A new plant is
developed from
around, inflamed,
modified roots called
tubers.
• Example: Sweet
Potato
• Leaves – In some plants,
detached leaves from the
parent plant can be used to
grow a new plant.
• They exhibit growth of small
plants, called plantlets, on
the edge of their leaves.
• Example: Bryophyllum.
Fragmentation
• This is a mode of asexual reproduction in which a new plant is

produced from a portion of the parent plant.
• Each section or a part of the plants develop into a mature, fully grown
individual.
Spore Formation
• A spore is an asexual
reproductive body,
surrounded by a hard
protective cover to withstand
unfavorable conditions such
as high temperature and low
humidity.
• Under favorable conditions,
the spores germinate and
grow into new plants.
Animal
Reproduction
Sexual & Asexual
• Budding – small part of

parent’s body grows into new
organism
http://www.microscope-microscope.org/gallery/Mark-
Simmons/images/hydra2.jpg
Genetically
identical
clones
http://johnson.emcs.net/life/images/anemone.bmp
• Regeneration –
parent separates into
two or more pieces &
each piece forms
new organism
• In some instances
just a new part grows
• Sponges, sea stars,
jellyfish, planaria
• Also be clones
http://www.starfish.ch/reef/echinoderms.html
• Parthenogenesis –
growth & development
of embryo without
fertilization by male
• Population all female
http://www.nova.edu/ocean/ghri/bbc_virginshark.html
Many insects; lizards, salamanders, fish, turkeys
Sexual Reproduction – gametes from opposite sexes unite
http://civilliberty.about.com/od/historyprofiles/ss/news080406_2.htm
• Species with sexual reproduction
are said to be dioecous – separate
sexes
• Often exhibit distinct sexual
dimorphism – males and females
look different
• Sperm (male gamete) formed by
meiosis in testes
• Eggs (female gamete) formed by
meiosis in the ovary
Mating
• Mating – male & female
join together to ensure
fertilization; not
essential to sexual
reproduction
http://www.snakesandfrogs.com/scra/lizards/greenanole.htm
http://www.torreypine.org/animals/reptiles.html
http://www.eeb.cornell.edu/agrawal/photos/milkw
eed%20fauna/pages/Tetraopes%20tetrophthalmus%2
0mating.html
http://www.hickerphoto.com/elephants-mating-205-pictures.htm
External Fertilization
• Males & females release

sperm & eggs into the
environment – sperm &
egg join outside the body
• Males & females may come
into close proximity
• Eggs & larvae develop
outside the body
http://www.biol.andrews.edu/everglades/organisms/Inver
• Many gametes produced; tebrates/marine_inverts/Arthropoda/Atlantic%20Horseshoe
%20Crab/atlantic_horsehoe_index.htm
many zygotes formed
• Usually aquatic
External Fertilization – e.g. Salmon
http://escoberphoto.c
om/travel/katmai.htm
l
http://www.biology-blog.com/blogs/archives/Biology-blog/520525028-Feb-14-2008.html
http://www.mass.gov/dfwele/dfw/dfwstksl.htm
Internal fertilization
• Joining of sperm & egg inside the body after

mating
• Ensures selection of mate (not random);
promotes diversity
• Parents protect and care for young
• Does not require water; can occur on land
• Less sex cells produced; increases probability of
successful reproduction
• Common in birds, reptiles & mammals
Internal fertilization;
external development
• After fertilization, larvae
(embryo) are released &
development occurs
outside female body
• Example: Barnacles
http://www.microscopy-
uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-
uk.org.uk/mag/artjan99/barnac.html
http://getfile.ucoz.com/load/9-1-0-578
Internal fertilization & development
• Females put large amounts of

energy into development of
embryo – very few in litter or
clutch – different schemes
• Eggs in “shell” are laid and http://crd.dnr.state.ga.us/content/displaycontent.
either abandoned or nurtured asp?txtDocument=542
in nest
http://www.fws.gov/archiecarr/photos/index.html
http://www.nps.gov/pais/naturescience/reptiles.htm
Various levels of parental care
http://animals.natio
nalgeographic.com/
animals/photos/bab
y-animals/american-
crocodile-
baby_image.html http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/cnhc/potm-mar99.html
Internal fertilization & internal development of
eggs; followed by live birth
http://earth-
advocates.org/index.php?option=com_content
&task=blogcategory&id=22&Itemid=46
http://www.pacfish.org/sharkcon/documents/gruber.html
Internal fertilization, internal development of
embryo to fetus, live birth
http://www.seahorse-australia.com.au/pages/seahr_biology.html
In seahorses, eggs are deposited in the male

where they are fertilized and develop. Babies
born live.
http://www.abc.net.au/science/scribblygum/march2006/
In most species, it is the female who carries the developing fetus
to birth…
http://humangenetics.suite101.com/article.cfm/three_parent_embryo_mtdna
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/04/080410184336.htm
http://www.scienceclarified.com/El-Ex/Embryo-and-Embryonic-Development.html
Hermaphrodites
• Organisms that change sex in order to reproduce
http://www.dkimages.com/discover/Home/Animals
/Invertebrates/Molluscs/Gastropods/Marine-
Snails/Crepidulidae/Atlantic-Slipper/Atlantic-
Slipper-1.html
Crepidula fornicata – a snail
http://www.opalesurfcasting.net/la_faune_aquatique/la_crepidule_-_crepidula_fornicata_article1202.html?var_recherche=+bar

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Reproduction

• The process by which all

• The stamen is a male part of the flower

• The pistil is the female

• The sepals are at the bottom

•The receptacle is the part

• In sexual reproduction, two parents are

• In order to form a zygote, male gametes

• The mode of reproduction by which new plants

• Budding is the mode of

• It is any form of asexual reproduction occurring in plants, in which

• This is a mode of asexual reproduction in which a new plant is

• Budding – small part of

• Males & females release

• Joining of sperm & egg inside the body after

• Females put large amounts of

either abandoned or nurtured asp?txtDocument=542

In seahorses, eggs are deposited in the male

• Organisms that change sex in order to reproduce

Crepidula fornicata – a snail

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