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BIOLOGY 2 Reproduction and Development

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15 views34 pages

BIOLOGY 2 Reproduction and Development

Uploaded by

graciiie44
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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REPRODUCTION

AND
DEVELOPMENT
OBJECTIVES:
• Compare and contrast the following
processes in plants and animals:
reproduction
1. It reproduces through budding-Asexual
2. It produces through runners-Asexual
3. It produces through amplexus behavior-Sexual
4. It produces through bulbs-Asexual
5. Can reproduce through the union of sperm and
egg cell forming zygote-Sexual
• Reproduction is an essential
characteristic of organisms to
perpetuate their kind.
• Plants and animals can reproduce
either sexually or asexually.
PLANT REPRODUCTION
• every structure in the body and
physiological processes exists for
only one reason and it is to
maximize its chances to produce
offspring
Asexual Reproduction in Plants

• Type of plants is advantageous when they are


adapted to a particular environment and the genetic
variation among plant members is not a necessity.
• vegetative reproduction (a type of reproduction in
plants from its vegetative parts or specialized
reproductive structures).
• New plant that results from this type of reproduction is
identical to its parent plant.
• Structure in plants that reproduce vegetatively came
mostly from modified stems, such as runners, tubers,
corm and rhizomes.
Other method
• Artificial plant propagation
• Help of human
• faster than plants grown from the seeds
• sugarcane, apple, pineapple, and other
ornamental plants
• Woody plants reproduced through grafting, which
attaches a piece of stem from one plant to the root
or root-bearing of another plant.
• The result of combining it to a root-bearing stem
host is called stock, and the grafted stem part is
called the scion.
• When the vascular stem of scion merged with that
of the stock, it will form a continuous vascular stem
producing xylem and phloem to transport water and
other nutrients through the plant’s body.
Sexual Reproduction in Plants
• In what part of the flower do you think sexual
reproduction occur?
• Sexual reproduction occurs in the sexual organ
of the flower.
• Male Organs of a Flower:
• a. Stamen – male reproductive part of a flower.
• b. Anther – makes tiny grains called “pollen”,
which contains male sex cells
• c. Filament – holds up the anther.
• Female Organs of a Flower:
• a. Carpel – female reproductive part
• b. Stigma – top part of the carpel with sticky surface to
trap the pollen
• c. Style – joins the stigma and the ovary
• d. Ovary – Contains the female
• sex cells called ovules
ANIMAL REPRODUCTION
• most vital function of living
organisms
Asexual Reproduction
in Animals

• lower forms of organisms such as


protists, cnidarians, hydra, amoeba,
and some complex animals
• resulting offspring are identical to the
parent in terms of characteristics
• Why asexual reproduction is also
called as ‘clonal reproduction’?
Three mechanism how asexual
reproduction mitosis occur to
unicellular organism showing the exact
copy of the parent

• 1. Fission – involves the division of body into two or


more equal parts. Example: Amoeba and Paramecium.
• 2. Budding – a new individual arises as an outgrowth
(bud) from its parent. The new outgrowth can become
an independent animal or may remain to be attached
to the parent forming a colony. Example: Hydra
• 3. Fragmentation – the body breaks into two or more
parts, with each fragment capable of becoming a
complete individual. Example: Starfish and
Earthworms.
• Did you know that animals
which can reproduce asexually
also reproduce sexually?
• parasitic worms reproduce asexually during
certain stages of their life.
• flatworms, roundworms annelids, crustaceans,
insects, fishes, and some reptiles can reproduce
through the process known as parthenogenesis
(parthenos-virgin; genesis-birth).
• modified process of sexual reproduction results in a
complete offspring from unfertilized eggs
• species are completely parthenogenic whereas others
can switch between parthenogenesis and sexual
reproduction, depending on the condition of their
environment
Sexual Reproduction in Animals
• higher forms, reproduce sexually (a
process in which new individuals are
formed from sex cells or gametes)
produced by the parents in their sexual
organs.
• majority of these animals are dioecious
(separate sexes)
Sexual reproduction in
animals occurs in three
fundamental steps:
• Gametogenesis :
• 1. production of gametes
• 2. Spawning or mating: bringing gametes
together
• 3. Fertilization: fusion of gametes (external
fertilization or internal fertilization
HUMAN GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
Fertilization begins with the fusion of sperm and egg cell to
form a fertilized egg called a zygote.
series of cell division will take place as the zygote travels
down the fallopian tube going to the uterus
journey will take about 6 to 7 days after fertilization.
zygote is like a ball of cells attached itself to the uterine
lining (endometrium) of the uterus in the process called
implantation.
When the zygote is already attached, it is known as embryo
 embryo/fetus will stay in the uterus for 9 months to
develop until it is ready for birth.
Embryonic and Fetal Development
• Three weeks after fertilization, almost one-fourth of the
inner surface of the uterus will become a spongy tissue
composed of endometrium and embryonic membranes,
the chorion.
• Through this tissue, the placenta and the embryo receive
nutrients and oxygen from the mother and send out
wastes in return.
• The advancement in medical science has allowed fetuses, as
young as 23-25 weeks to survive early delivery.
• Survival chances increase to about 95 percent in the 9th
month.
• Birth takes place about 9 months or approximately 40
weeks after fertilization.
• The birth process begins when the uterus starts to contract.
• Birth typically occurs less than an hour after full dilation.
• Immediately afterward, uterine contraction forces fluid,
blood, and the placenta from the body. The umbilical cord is
now cut, and the newborn embarks on its nurtured
existence in the outside world

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