Grade 12 Mathematics Volume 4

CRASH COURSE
(For JEE, Board & KCET )

MATHEMATICS VOLUME-4
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Re-imagining Education
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Re-imagining Education
CONTENTS
18. Integration
19. Area Bounded by Curve
20. Differential Equation
21. Vectors & 3-Dimensional Geometry
22. Probability
Appendix : Rapid Revision for Mathematics
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Re-imagining Education MATHEMATICS VOLUME - 4
Chapter
18 INTEGRATION
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION 14.  cos ec x cot x dx   cos ec x  c

Integration of function : The integral or primitive of a
function f (x) with respect to x is that function  (x) whose
derivative with respect to x is the given function f (x). It is
15.  sec x tan x dx  sec x  c
 sec
expressed symbolically as 2
16. xdx  tan x  c
d
[(x)  c] = f (x)   f (x)dx  (x)  c
 cos ec x dx   cot x  c
2
17.
dx
This constant number is generally denoted by c and it is
1 1 1  x
called constant of integration. Due to the presence of this 18.  x 2  a 2 dx  a tan  a   c
constant such an integral is called an indefinite integral.
1 1  xa
Basic theorems on integration : If f (x), g (x) are two function 19.  x 2  a 2 dx  2a log  x  a   c
of a variable x and k is constant, then
(i)  K f (x)dx  K f (x)dx 20.
1 1
 a 2  x 2 dx  2a log  a  x   c
 a  x
(ii)  [f (x)  g(x)]dx   f (x)dx   g(x) dx 1  x  x

d  d 
21.  2
dx  sin 1    c   cos 1    c
2 a   a
(iv)   f (x) dx  f (x) a x
dx 
(iii) ( f (x)dx)  f (x)
dx
1
Standard integrals :
22.  x a2 2
dx  log (x  x 2  a 2 )  c
1.  0.dx  c 2.  1.dx  x  c 1
23.  2 2
dx  log (x  x 2  a 2 )  c
x n 1 x a
 k.dx  kx  c(k  R) 4.  x .dx 
n
3.  c (n  1)
n 1 x 2 a2 x
1
24.  a 2  x 2 dx 
2
a  x 2  .sin 1  c
2 a
5.  x dx  loge x  c 6. e
x
dx  e x  c
ax
25.  x 2  a 2 dx 
x
2
a2

x 2  a 2  .log x  x 2  a 2
2 
 a dx 
x
7.  c  a x log a e  c
 .log  x  x a 
log e a 2
x a
 x 2  a 2 dx 
2 2 2 2
26. x  a
2 2
8.  sin x dx   cos x  c 9.  cos x dx  sin x  c 1 1 1 x
10.  tan x dx  log sec x  c   log cos x  c 27.  x x 2  a 2 dx  a sec a  c
eax
11.  sec x dx  log (sec x  tan x) 28. e
ax
sin bx dx  (a sin bx – b cos bx) + c
a 2  b2
 x
  log(sec x  tan x)  log tan     c eax   b 
4 2 = sin  bx  tan 1     c
2
a b 
2  a
12.  cot x dx  log sin x  c eax

ax
29. e cos bx dx  (a cos bx + b sin bx) + c
13.  cos ec x dx   log(cos ec x  cot x)  log(cos ecx  cot x) a 2  b2
 x eax  b
= log tan   + C = cos  bx  tan 1 c
2 2
a b 2 a
3 INTEGRATION
Example 1 :
1
Evaluate  e x log a
e a log x
e a log a
dx
11.  cos ec (ax  b) cot (ax  b)dx   a cos ec (ax  b)  C
1
e
x log a
Sol.  ea log x  ea log a dx 12.  cos ec (ax  b)dx  log | cos ec (ax  b)  cot (ax  b) | C
a
x a a
=  elog a  elog x  elog a dx [ elog= ] 1
13.  tan (ax  b)dx   a log | cos (ax  b) | C
=  (a x  x a  a a ) dx 1
14.  cot (ax  b)dx  a log | sin (ax  b) | C
ax x a 1
=  a x dx   x a dx   a a dx =   a a .x  C
log a a  1 Example 3 :
8x  13
Example 2 : Evaluate  4x  7
dx
Evaluate  a x .e x dx
8x  13 8x  14  1 2(4x  7)  1
(ae) a e x x x
Sol.  4x  7
dx  
4x  7
dx  
4x  7
dx
Sol. I =  a .e dx   (ae) dx 
x x C = x C
log(ae) log a  1 1
= 2 4x  7 dx   dx
4x  7
INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
   
 (4x  7)3/2   (4x  7)1/2 
Integrals of the form  f (ax  b) dx : = 2   C
 4 3   4 1 
1  2   2 
If  f (x)dx  (x), then  f (ax  b)dx  (ax  b)
a
1 1
1 (ax  b)n 1 = (4x + 7)3/2 – (4x + 7)1/2 + C
3 2
 (ax  b) dx  a . n  1  C, n  1
n
1.
1 1 f '(x) f '(x)
2.  ax  b dx  a log | ax  b |  C Integrals of the form  f (x) dx :  f (x) dx  log{f (x)}
1 ax  b Example 4 :
 e dx 
ax  b
3. e C
a e x  e x
Evaluate  e x  e x dx
bx  c 1 a bx  c
4. a dx  .
b log a
 C, a  0 and a  1
Sol. Let ex + e–x = t ; (ex – e–x). dx = dt
dt
1  I=  log t  C log (ex + e–x) + C
5.  sin (ax  b)dx   a cos (ax  b)  C t
1 Integrals of the form  {f (x)}n f '(x) dx :

6.  cos (ax  b)dx  a sin (ax  b)  C
{f (x)}n 1
 {f (x)} f '(x) dx 
n
1 , n  1
n 1
 sec
2
7. (ax  b)dx  tan (ax  b)  C
a Example 5 :
1 2x
 cos ec
2 x
8. (ax  b)dx   cot (ax  b)  C
2
2
a 22 2x dx
1 2x 2x
9.  sec(ax  b) tan (ax  b)dx  a sec (ax  b)  C Sol. Putting 22 = t and 22 22
x
2 x (log2)3 dx = dt, we get
1 1 1 1 2x
10.  sec (ax  b)dx  a log | sec (ax  b)  tan (ax  b) | C I
(log 2) 3
dt 
(log 2) 3
tC =
3
22 C
(log 2)
4 INTEGRATION
f '(x) Integrals of the form  sin m x cosn x dx ; m , n N:

Integrals of the form  f (x)
dx  2 f (x)  c
In order to evaluate the integrals of the form
 sin
m
x cos n x dx , we may use the following algorithm.
Example 6 :
sec 2 x (i) Obtain the integral, say,  sin m x cos n x dx

Evaluate 
tan x
dx
(ii) Check the exponents of sin x and cosx.
Sol. Let t = tan x ; dt = sec2 x dx (iii) If the exponent of sinx is an odd positive integer put cos x = t
If the exponent of cosx is an odd positive integer put
dt
 I=  2t1/2  c 2 tan x sinx = t.
t If the exponents of sin x and cos x both are odd positive
integers put either sinx = t or cosx = t.
Integrals of the form  sin m x dx ,  cos
m
x dx : If the exponents of sinx and cosx both are even positive
To evaluate integrals of the form integers, then express sinm x cosnx in terms of sines and
cosines of multiples of x by using trigonometric results or
 sin x dx ,  cos m x dx where m  4, we express sinm x
m
De' Moivere's theorem.
and cosm x in terms of sines and cosines of multiples of x (iv) Evaluate the integral obtained in step (iii).
by using trigonometrical identities given below
Example 9 :
1  cos 2x 2 1  cos 2x
(1) sin2 x = (2) cos x  Evaluate  cos3 x elogsin x dx
2 2
(3) sin 3x = 3 sin x – 4 sin3x (4) cos 3x = 4 cos3 x – 3 cos x
Sol. I =  cos3 x elog sin x dx =  cos3 x sin x dx
Example 7 : Putting cos x = t and – sin x dx = dt or, sin x dx = – dt,
Evaluate  sin 3 x dx t4 cos 4 x
we get I    t 3 dt  C =– C
4 4
3sin x  sin 3x
Sol.  sin
3
x dx =  dx
4
Some special integrals :
1 1 cos 3x  In this section, we will introduce some important formulae
=  (3sin x  sin 3x)dx   3cos x  C
4 4 3  of integrals and apply them to evaluate many integrals.
Following are some substitutions useful in evaluating
integrals
Integrals of the form to evaluate integrals of the form
Expression Substitution
 sin mx cos nx dx ,  sin mx sin nx dx ,  cos mx cos nx dx , a2 + x2
a2 – x2
x = a tanor a cot
x = a sinor a cos
and  cos mx sin nx dx x2 – a2 x = a secor a cosec
we use the following trigonometrical identities : ax ax
2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B)  or x = a cos 2
ax ax
2 cos A sin B = sin (A+ B) – sin (A – B)
2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B) x
2 sin A sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B) or (x   )(x  ) x =  cos2+  sin2
x
Example 8 :
Example 10 :
Evaluate  sin 3x cos 4x dx
1
Evaluate  9x 2  4 dx
Sol.  sin 3x cos 4x dx
1 1 1
1 1
 9x 2  4 dx = 9  x 2  (2 / 3)2 dx
2
= 2 sin 3x cos 4x dx   sin 7x  sin( x) dx Sol.
2
1 1  cos 7x  2
2
= (sin 7x  sin x)dx     cos x   C x
2  7  1 1
 . log 3  C  1 log 3x  2  C
9 2 2 12 3x  2
2 x
3 3
5 INTEGRATION
Integration of rational and irrational functions :
px  q
1
Integrals of the form  ax 2  bx  c dx
Integrals of the type  dx or reducible to the
ax 2  bx  c To evaluate this type of integrals, we use the following
algorithm :
1
 ax 2  bx  c dx , (i) Write the numerator px + q in the following form
d 
To evaluate this type of integrals we express ax2 + bx + c as px + q =   (ax 2  bx  c)  + 
the sum or difference of two squares by using the following  dx 
algorithm: i.e. px + q =  (2ax + b) + 
(i) Make the coefficient of x2 unity, if it is not, by multiplying (ii) Obtain the values of  and  by equating the coefficient of
and dividing by it. like powers of x on both sides.
(ii) Add and subtract the square of the half of coefficient of x (iii) Replace px + q by (2ax + b) + in the given integral to get
 2
4ac  b 2  px  q
b
to express ax2 +bx + c in the form a  x  2a     ax 2  bx  c dx
 4a 2 
(iii) Use the suitable formula from the following formulas 2ax  b 1
=   2 dx + 
dx 2
ax  bx  c ax  bx  c
1 1 1  x 
 a 2  x 2 dx  a tan  a   C (iv) Integrate RHS in step (iii) and put the values of  and 
obtained is step (ii).
1 1 ax
 a 2  x2 dx 
2a
log
ax
C
px  q
Integrals of the form  dx
1 1 xa ax 2  bx  c
 x 2  a 2 dx  2a log x  a  C In order to evaluate this type of integrals, we use the
following algorithm :
1 (i) Write the numerator px + q in the following form
Integrals of the type  dx or reducible to the
2
ax  bx  c d 
px + q =   (ax 2  bx  c)  + 
1  dx 
 2
dx i.e. px + q =  (2ax + b) + 
ax  bx  c (ii) Obtain the values of  and  by equating the coefficient of
In order to evaluate this type of integrals, we may use the like powers of x on both sides.
following algorithm: (iii) Replace px + q by (2ax + b) + in the given integral to get
(i) Make the coefficient of x2, if it is not.
px  q
(ii) Find half of the coefficient of x.  2
dx
2 ax  bx  c
1 
(iii) Add the subtract  coeff.of x  inside the square root 2ax  b
2  1
=   dx +  dx
2 2
to express the quantity inside the square root in the form ax  bx  c ax  bx  c
2 2 (iv) Integrate RHS in step (iii) and put the values of  and 
 b 4ac  b 2 4ac  b 2  b
 x    or x   .

obtained is step (ii).
2a 4a 2
4a 2 2a 
(iv) Use the suitable formula from the following formulas
P(x)
1 Integrals of the form  ax 2  bx  c dx Where P (x) is a
 2 2
dx  log x  a 2  x 2  C
a x Polynomial of Degree greater than or equal to 2:
To evaluate this type of integrals we divide the numerator
1 by the denominator and express the integrand as
 2 2
dx  log x  x 2  a 2  C
x a R(x)
Q(x)  , where R (x) is a linear function of x.
2
1 1  x  ax  bx  c
 dx  sin    C
a
a 2  x2 P(x) R (x)
  ax 2  bx  c dx =  Q (x) dx   2
dx
ax  bx  c
6 INTEGRATION
Integrals of the form  ax 2  bx  c dx : 1

 at 2  bt  c dt
In order to evaluate the above type of integrals, we use the
following algorithm : (iv) Evaluate the integral obtained in step III by using the
(i) Make coefficient of x2 as one by taking 'a' common to methods discussed earlier.
b c
obtain x 2  x . Integrals of the form
a a
1 1 1
 b
2
b c
 a sin x  b cos x dx,  a  b sin x dx, a  b cos x dx,
2
(ii) Add and subtract   in x  x to obtain
 2a  a a
1
 b
2
4ac  b 2
 a sin x  b cos x  c dx
 x   
2a  4a 2 To evaluate this type of integrals we use the following
After applying these two steps the integral reduces to one algorithm
of the following three forms
2 tan x / 2 2
(i) Put sin x  , cos x  1  tan x / 2 ,
  
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a x dx , a  x dx , x  a dx 1  tan x / 2 2
1  tan x / 2
(iii) Use the appropriate formula.
x x
(ii) Replace 1 + tan2 in the numerator by sec2
2 2
Integrals of the form  (px  q) ax 2  bx  c dx :
x 1 2x
In order to evaluate this type of integrals, we use the (iii) Put tan = t so that sec dx  dt .
2 2 2
following algorithm This substitution reduces the integral in the form
d 1
(i) Express px + q as px + q =  (ax2 + bx + c) + 
dx  at 2  bt  c dt
i.e. px + q = (2ax + b) + 
(iv) Evaluate the integral in step III by using methods discussed
(ii) Obtain the values of  and  by equating the coefficient of
earlier.
x and constant terms on both sides
(iii) Replace px + q by (2ax + b) + in the integral to obtain
1
 (px  q) ax 2  bx  c dx   Integrals of the form  a sin x  b cos x dx, :
To evaluate this type of integrals, we substitute
 (2ax  b) ax 2  bx  c dx    ax 2  bx  c dx a = r cos, b = r sinand so that
(iv) To evaluate first integral on RHS, use the formula
1  b 
r = a 2  b 2 ,  = tan  
(f (x)) n 1  a
 (f (x))
n
f '(x) dx = .
n 1  a sin x + b cos x = r cos sin x + r sincos x = r sin (x + )
1
Integration of trigonometric function: so  a sin x  b cos x dx
Integrals of the form
1 1 1
 
r sin (x  )
dx   cos ec (x  ) dx
r
1 1 1
 a sin 2 x  b cos2 x dx,  a  b sin 2 x dx, a  b cos2 x dx,
1  x 
= log tan     C
1 1 r  2 2
 (a sin x  b cos x)2 dx ,  a  b sin 2 x  c cos2 x dx :
1 x 1 b
To evaluate this type of integrals we use the following = log tan   tan 1   C
2
a b  222 a 
algorithm.
(i) Divide numerator and denominator both by cos2 x a sin x  b cos x
(ii) Replace sec2 x, if any, in denominator by 1 + tan2 x Integrals of the form  c sin x  d cos x dx,
(iii) Put tan x = t so that sec2 x dx = dt.
This substitution reduces the integral in the form To evaluate this type of integrals,we use the following
algorithm :
7 INTEGRATION
(i) Write Numerator = (Diff. of denominator) Note: We can also choose the first function as the function
+ (Denominator) which comes first in the word ILATE, where
a sin x + b cos x = (c cosx – d sinx) + (csin x + d cosx) I – stands for the inverse trigonometric function
(ii) Obtain the values of and by equating the coefficient of (sin–1 x, cos–1 x, tan–1 x etc.)
sinx and cosx on both the sides. L – stands for the logarithmic function
(iii) Replace numerator in the integrand by A – stands for the algebraic functions
(c cosx – d sin x) +  (c sin x + dcosx) to obtain T – stands for the trigonometric functions
E – stands for the exponential functions.
a sin x  b cos x
 c sin x  d cos x dx
Short method: When one function is xn, n  N
c cos x  d sin x c sin x  d cos x
x vdx = xn  v dx – F (x)
n
=   dx +   dx
c sin x  d cos x c sin x  d cos x
where F(x) is obtained by applying the rule (derivative of I)
= log | c sin x + d cos x| + x + C x (Integral of II) on every pervious obtained and writing
them in alternate sign. By this method.
a sin x  b cos x  c
x
2
Integrals of the form  p sin x  q cos x  r dx : cos x dx = x2(sinx) – (2x) (–cosx) + 2(–sinx)
= x2sinx + 2x cosx – 2 sinx + c
To evaluate this type of integrals,we use the following
algorithm
Two Important integrals :
(i) Write Numerator = (Diff. of denominator)
+ (Denominator) +  eax

ax
i.e. a sin x + b cos x + c = (p cosx – q sinx) 1. e sinbx dx = (asin bx – bcosbx) + c
a 2  b2
+ (psin x + q cosx + r) + 
(ii) Obtain the values of and by equating the coefficient of eax
sinx and cosx & the constant terms on both the sides = sin (bx – tan–1 b/a) + c
(iii) Replace numerator in the integrand by a 2  b2
(p cosx – q sin x) +  (p sin x + qcosx+r) +  to obtain
eax
e
ax
a sin x  b cos x  c p cos x  q sin x 2. cos bx dx = 2 (acos bx + b sinbx) + c
 p sin x  q cos x  r dx =   dx a  b2
psin x  q cos x  r
eax
psin x  q cos x  r 1 = cos(bx – tan–1 b/a) + c
+  
psin x  q cos x  r
  psin x  q cos x  r dx a2  b
2
1 Two standard forms of an Integral :

= log | p sin x + q cos x+ r| + x +   psin x  q cos x  r dx
e
x
1. [f (x) + f '(x)] dx = ex f (x) + c
(iv) Evaluate the integral on RHS in step III by using the method
discussed earlier.   e x [f (x) + f '(x)] dx =  e x f (x)dx +  e x f '(x) dx
= ex f (x) –  e x f '(x) dx +  e x f '(x) (on integrating by parts)

INTEGRATION BY PARTS
= ex f (x) + c
It u and v are two functions of x, then
2.  [xf ' (x) + f (x)]dx = x f (x) + c
 
 du 
 (u.v) dx  u  v dx    dx  .  
 v dx dx  [x f '(x) + f (x)] dx=  x f ' (x) dx +  f (x) dx
i.e., integral of the product of two functions
= xf (x) –  f (x) dx +  f (x) dx = xf (x) + c
= first x integral of second –  (derivative of first) x (integral
of second)
Selection of first function: For applying this method we INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTION
take xn as the first function (if it is there) provided we know
f (x)
integral of the second. If logarithmic function, or inverse If f (x) and g (x) are two polynomials, then defines a
trigonometrical function is one of the products, then that g(x)
should be taken as the first function. rational algebraic function or a rational function of x.
8 INTEGRATION
f (x) Ax  B
If degree of f (x) < degree of g (x), then is called a where A and B are constants to be determined
g(x) 2
ax  bx  c
proper rational function. by comparing coefficient of similar powers of x in the
numerator of both sides. In practice it is advisable to assume
f (x)
If degree of f (x)  degree of g (x) then is called an
g(x) A(2ax  b) B
Partial fractions of the type 
2 2
improper rational function. ax  bx  c ax  bx  c
When some of the factors of the denominator g (x) are
f (x)
If is an improper rational function, we divide f (x) by quadratic and repeating.
g(x) For every quadratic repeating factor of the type
f (x) (ax2 + bx + c)k, we assume 2k partial fractions of the form
g(x) so that the rational function is expressed in the
g(x)  A 0 (2ax  b) A 
 2  2 1 
 ax  bx  c ax  bx  c 
 (x)
form f (x) + where (x) and (x) are polynomials  A (2ax  b) A2 
g(x)   12 
2 2 2 
such that the degree of (x) is less than that of g (x).  (ax  bx  c) (ax  bx  c ) 
f (x)  A (2ax  b) A 2k 
Thus is expressible as the sum of a polynomial and a  ...   2k21 k
 2 k
g(x)  (ax  bx  c) (ax  bx  c) 
proper rational function. Integrals of the form
1. When denominator is expressible as the product of non-
x2  1 x2 1 1
repeating linear factors.
Let g (x) = (x – a1) (x – a2) ....(x – an) . Then, we assume that
 x 4  x 2  1 dx,  x 4  x 2  1 dx,  x 4  x 2  1 dx,
f (x) A1 A2 An where R.
   ...  To evaluate this type of integrals, we use the following
g(x) x  a1 x  a 2 x  an
algorithm
where A1, A2........, An are constants and can be determined (i) Divide numerator and denominator by x2
by equating the numerator on RHS to the numerator on (ii) Express the denominator of integrand in the form
LHS and then substituting x = a1, a2,........an
2
 1 2
2. When the denominator g (x) is expressible as the product  x    k
x
of the linear factors such that some of them are repeating
Let g (x) = (x – a)k (x – a1) (x – a2).......(x – ar).  1  1
(iii) Introduce d  x  x  or d  x  x  or both in the numerator..
Then we assume that
f (x) A A2 A3 1 1
 1   (iv) Substitute x  = t or x  = t as the case may be
g(x) x  a (x  a) 2
(x  a)3 x x
This substitution reduces the integral in one of the following
Ak B1 B2 Br
 ...     ...  1 1
(x  a) k x  a1 x  a 2 (x  a r ) forms  x 2  a 2 dx,  x 2  a 2 dx
i.e. corresponding to non-repeating factors we assume as
(v) Use the appropriate formula.
in Case I and for each repeating factor (x – a)k, we assume
partial fractions.
Integration of some special irrational algebraic functions
A1 A2 A3 Ak In this section, we shall discuss four integrals of the form
   ... 
x  a (x  a) 2
(x  a)3
(x  a)k ' (x)
where A1, A2 ,........, Ak are constants. p Q
dx , where P and Q are polynomial functions of x.
Now to determine constants we equate numerators on both
(x)
sides. Some of the constants are determined by substitution * Integrals of the form p Q
dx , where p and Q both are
as in case I and remaining are obtained by comparing
linear. Functions of x
coefficients of equal powers of x on both sides.
To evaluate this type of integrals we put Q = t2 i.e., to
3. When some of the factors of denominator g (x) are quadratic 1
but non-repeating. Corresponding to each quadratic factor
evaluate integrals of the form  (ax  b) cx  d
dx ,
ax2 + bx + c, we assume partial fraction of the type
put cx + d = t2.
9 INTEGRATION
(x) 1
(x  1) x 2  2x  5  2 log | (x  1)  x 2  2x  5 | + C
* Integrals of the form p Q
dx where p is a Quadratic =
2
expression and Q is a linear expression. Example 13 :

To evaluate this type of integrals we put Q = t2 i.e., to
1 Evaluate :  xe x dx
evaluate integrals of the form
 (ax 2  bx  c) px  q
dx ,
1
Sol. Put x = t  dx = dt  I = 2  t 2et dt
put px + q = t2. 2 x
= 2[t2et – (2t)et + 2et] = (2x – 4 x + 4) e x

 (x)
dx where p is a linear
Example 14 :
expression. and Q is a quadratic expression
To evaluate this type of integrals we put P = 1/t i.e., to Evaluate  sin x dx
1 Sol. Let I =  sin x dx

evaluate integrals of the form
 2
dx ,
(ax  b) px  qx  r
1
put ax + b = 1/t. Let x = t. Then, d ( x ) = dt  2 x dx = dt
(x)
dx where p and Q both are  dx = 2 x dt
pure quadratic expression in x i.e. p = ax2 + b and Q=cx2+d:   sin x dx =  (sin t) 2t dt  2 t sin tdt
I II
1
To evaluate this type of integrals we put x =
t
and then   
= 2 t(  cos t)   1.(  cos t).dt  2  t cos t   cos t dt 
c + dt2 = u2 i.e., to evaluate integrals of the form
= 2   t cos t  sin t   C  2[  x cos x  sin x ]  C
1 1
 2 2
dx , we put x = to
t
(ax  b) cx  d Example 15 :
 tdt e x (1  sin x)
obtain  and then c + dt2 = u2 . Evaluate  1  cos x dx
(a  bt 2 ) c  dt 2
x x 1 2 x x
Sol. I =  e  tan  sec   e tan
x
Example 11 :  2 2 2  2
1 x x cos x
Evaluate
 2
dx  1 + cos x = 2 cos
2
2
and sin x = 2 sin
2 2
9  8x  x
1 1 Example 16 :
Sol.  2
dx =  2
dx
{x  8x  9} {x  8x  16  25}
x2
x  4
Evaluate  x 2  1 dx
1 1 
=  dx  sin 
5 
 C Sol. Given integral
{(x  4) 2  52 }
 1  dx
I =  1  2  dx =  dx  
Example 12 : x 1 (x  1)(x  1)
Evaluate  x 2  2x  5 dx
= x
1  1
  
x  1  x  1
 dx = x  log   c
2 x 1 x 1 2 x  1
Sol.  x 2  2x  5 dx =  x 2  2x  1  4 dx
Example 17 :
1 2 2 1 2
= (x  1) (x  1)  2  (2) log | (x  1) 1
2 2 Evaluate  (x  3) x 1
dx
 (x  1) 2  22 | + C
10 INTEGRATION
1 b
 (x  3)
Sol. Let I = a
dx
x 1 [P- 2]  f (x)dx  –
 f (x)dx
a b
Here, P and Q both are linear, so we put
Q = t2, i.e. x +1 = t2 and dx = 2t dt. i.e. the interchange of limits of a definite integral changes
only its sign.
1 2t
 I=  (t 2  1  3) dt b c b
t2 [P- 3]  f (x)dx   f (x)dx   f (x)dx where a < c < b.
a a c
1 dt t2
 I=2  2 2 = 2. 2(2)
log +C
t 2 t2 b c1 c2 b
or  f (x)dx   f (x)dx   f (x)dx  .....  f (x)dx
a a c1 cn
1 x 1  2
 I = log C where a < c1 < c2 < .....cn < b
2 x 1  2 Generally this property is used when the integrand has two
or more rules in the integration interval.
DEFINITE INTEGRAL a a
d
[P- 4]  f (x)dx   f (a  x)dx
If [f (x)] = f (x) and a and b, are two values independent 0 0
dx Note : This property can be used only when lower limit is
b zero. It is generally used for those complicated integrals
  (x)dx  [f (x)]a  f (b)  f (a)
of variable x, then b whose denominators are unchanged when x is replaced by
a a – x.
is called Definite Integral of f (x) within limits a and b. Here  /2  /2
a is called the lower limit and b is called the upper limit of (i) 0 f (sin x)dx = 
0
f (cos x) dx
the integral. The interval [a,b] is known as range of
 /2  /2
integration. It should be noted that every definite integral
has a unique value.
(ii) 0 f (tan x)dx = 
0
f (cot x)dx
Example 18 :  /2  /2
4
(iii) 0 f (sin 2x)sin x dx = 
0
f (sin 2x) cos x dx
1
Evaluate  dx
1 1
0 x 2  2x  3 (iv)  0 f (log x)dx =  0 f[log(1  x)]dx
4 4
1 1 sin n x
Sol.  2
dx =  2 2 2
dx (v) 0
 /2
dx =
0
 /2 cos n x dx = /4
0 x  2x  3 0 (x  1)  ( 2) sin n x  cosn x cosn x  sin n x
 2 
4  /2 tan n x  /2 cot n x

2
= log x  1  (x  1)  ( 2) 
0
(vi) 0 1  tan n x
dx = 0
1  cot n x
dx = /4
4  /2 1  /2 1
 2
= log x  1  x  2x  3


(vii) 0 1  tan n x
dx = 0 dx = /4
 0 1  cot n x
 /2
= log (5 + 16  8  3 ) – log (1 + 3 ) secn x
(viii)
0 secn x  cos ecn x
dx
 5 3 3
= log (5 + 3 3 ) – log (1 + 3 ) = log    /2 cos ecn x
 1 3  = 0 dx = /4
cos ecn x  secn x
PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL  /4
b b
(ix) 0 log(1  tan x) dx = (/8) log 2
[P- 1]  f (x)dx   f (t)dt  /2  /2

a a (x) 0 log cot x dx = 0 log tan x dx = 0
i.e. the value of a definite integral remains unchanged if its
variable is placed by any other symbol.
11 INTEGRATION
[P- 5] na a
a


0, if f ( x)  f (x) i.e. if f (x)is odd (i) If b = 0,  f (x) dx  n  f (x)dx
a f (x) dx   a 0 0
 20 f (x)dx, if f ( x)  f (x) i.e.if f (x)is even
b a a
Note : The graph of an even function is symmetric about (ii) If n = 1,  f (x) dx   f (x)dx
y-axis that is the curve on left side of y-axis is exactly identical b 0
a 0
to curve on its right side. So  f (x) dx   f (x) dx [P- 9] Differentiation of Integration (Leibnithz's Rule) :
0 a
In case of an odd function the curve is symmetric in opposite  (t) 
d 
dt  
f (x)dx
 = f {(t)} '(t) – f{(t)} ' (t)
0 a
quadrants, so  f (x) dx    f (x) dx   (t) 
a 0
b
This property is generally used when integrand is either [P- 10] If f (x)  0 on the interval [a, b] , then  f (x)dx  0
even or odd function of x.
a
[P-6]
b b
 a [P- 11] If f (x)  g (x) on [a, b] , then  f (x)dx   g(x) dx
f (x)dx   
2a 2 f (x)dx,if f (2a  x)  f (x)
0 0
a a

 0, if f (2a  x)  f (x)
[P- 12] If m and M are the smallest and greatest values of a
It is generally used to make half the upper limit. function f (x) defined on an interval [a, b], then
b
Note: If f (2a – x) = f (x), then the graph of f (x) is symmetrical
about x = a.
m (b – a)   f (x)dx  M(b  a)
a
2a a
  f (x) dx   f (x) dx [P- 13] If f (x) is defined on [a, b], then
a 0
b b
a 2a
If (2a – x) = – f (x),then f  f (x) dx    f (x) dx
 f (x)dx   | f (x) | dx
a a
0 a
b b Example 19 :
[P- 7]  a f (x) dx =  a f (a  b  x) dx 3
Evaluate  [x]dx
[P- 8] If f (x) is a periodic function of period a, i.e. 0
f (a + x) = f (x), then
3 1 2 3
na a Sol. We have  [x]dx =  [x]dx   [x]dx   [x]dx
(a)  f (x) dx  n  f (x) dx 0 0 1 2
0 0
1 2 3
=  0dx   1.dx   2.dx
b  na b
(b)  f (x) dx   f (x)dx , where b R+ 0 1 2
na 0
= 0   x 1   2x 2  (2  1)  (6  4)  3
2 3
b a
(c)  f (x) dx is independent of b
b Example 20 :
1
b  na a
(d)  f (x) dx  n  f (x)dx , where n I. In particular ,
Evaluate
 (x  [x]) dx
1
b 0
12 INTEGRATION
 in place of  nlim   ,

1 1 1
(ii) Now writing
Sol.  (x  [x]) dx   x dx   [x]dx  
1 1 1
=  r 1
x in place of   and dx in place of ,
n n
1
 x2  0 1  0 1 
     [x]dx   [x]dx   0    1dx   0 dx   1 we get the integral  f (x) dx in place of above series.
 2  1  1 0   1 0 
 r
Example 21 : (iii) The lower limit of this integral = Lim  n 
n  r 0
 /4 where r = 0 is taken corresponding to first term of the series
Evaluate  x 3 sin 4 x dx
 r
 /4 and upper limit = lim   r  n 1
n  n
Sol. Let f (x) = x3 sin4 x . Then,
f (–x) = (–x)3 sin4 (–x) = –x3 {sin(–x)}4 where r = n – 1 is taken corresponding to the last term.
f (–x) = –x3 (–sinx)4 = – x3 sin4 x = – f (x).
So, f (x) is an odd function Example 23 :
 /4  1 1 1 
 /4 Evaluate lim    .....  
Hence,  f (x) dx  0   x 3 sin 4 x dx  0 n   n  1 n  2 2n 
 /4  /4
n
1 1
1
Example 22 :
Sol. Limit = lim
n 
 n  r  nlim

 r n
.
r 1 1
10
n
Evaluate  (x  [x])dx 1
1
=  1  x dx   log(1  x) 0  log 2
0 1
Sol. Since x – [x] is a periodic function with period one unit. 0
10 1 1 1  SHORT CUT METHODS

 (x  [x])dx  10 (x  [x])dx  10  x dx   [x]dx 
0 0 0 0  
dx
 
2 1
1.  (x   ) (  x)
[   ]  
x 10 
= 10     0   =5
 2   2
   0  b
xa 
2.  bx
dx 
2
(b  a)
a
SUMMATION OF SERIES BY INTEGRATION
x x
For finding sum of an infinite series with the help of definite
integration, following formula is used  f (x) dx  cos x dx
0
3. lim  f (0) ; lim 0
 cos (0)  1
n 1 1 x 0 x x0 x
 r 1
Lim  f   =  f (x) dx
n  r  0  n  n 0
b
f (x) dx 1
The following method is used to solve the questions on
summation of series.
4.  f (x)  f (a  b  x)  2 (b  a)
a
(i) After writing (r – 1)th or rth term of the series, express it in
 /2
1  r a sin x  b cos x 
the form f  .
n  n
5.  sin x  cos x
dx  (a  b)
4
0
Therefore the given series will take the form
n 1
 r 1
lim
n 
 f  n  n
r 0
13 INTEGRATION
b
Example 5 :
 ( | x  a |  | x  b |) dx  (b  a)
2
6. x2  1
a Evaluate  (x  1)(x  2) dx
a
dx a , where f (a – x) = – f (x) Sol. Here since the highest powers of x in Numr and Denr are
7.  1  ef (x) 
2
equal and coefficients of x2 are also equal, therefore
0
x2  1 A B
 (x  1)(x  2)  1 + 
x 1 x  2
ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES
On solving we get A = – 2, B = 5
Example 1 : x2  1 2 5
cos x  x sin x
Thus  (x  1)(x  2)  1 – x  1  x  2
Evaluate  x(x  cos x)
dx
The above method is used to obtain the value of constant
corresponding to non repeated linear factor in the Denr.
(x  cos x)  x  sin x 1 1  sin x
Sol. I =  x (x  cos x) dx =  x dx  x  cos x dx  2 5 
Now, I =  1   dx
 x  1 x  2 
 x  = x – 2 log (x – 1) + 5 log (x – 2) + C
= log x – log (x + cosx) + c = log  c
 x  cos x 
 (x  2)5 
Example 2 : = x + log  C
2
 (x  1) 
21/x
If  x2
dx = K.21/x , then find the value of K. Example 6 :
1  2 n 
21/x Evaluate lim
n  n
 tan 4n  tan 4n  ....  tan 4n 
Sol. We have,
x2

dx = K. 21/x
1  r 1 
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get Sol. I = lim  tan   tan x dx
n  n 4 n 0 4
1/x  1  1
2 1/x . 
= K.2 x   . log2 K = 4  /4 4 4 2
 0
x2
2 log 2 = tan tdt  [log sec t] 0 /4 = log 2  log 2
  
Example 3 :
Example 7 :
Evaluate  [sin (log x)  cos (log x)] dx. dx
Sol. Put log x = z x = ez dx = ez dz.
Evaluate  (x   )(  x)
( > ) .
  [sin (log x)  cos (log x)] dx Sol. Put x – = t2 dx = 2t dt

t dt dt
=  ez (sin z  cos z) dz = ez sin z + C = x sin (logx) + C  I=2 =2
t 2 (    t 2 ) (   )  t 2
Example 4 :
1 t x 
= 2 sin  c = 2sin 1 c
(x  x 3 )1/3  
Find the value of  x4
dx.
Example 8 :
1/3
(x  x 3 )1/3 1  1 
Sol.  dx =  3  2  1 dx Evaluate  e 2x  1 dx
x4 x x 
1 1/3  1 2  e 2x  1
 t dt  Putting 2  1  t  3 dx  dt  1 2e2x ex
=
2  x x  Sol. =  dx =  dx –  dx
4/3 4/3 e2x  1 2 e 2x  1 e x e 2x  1
1 t 3  1 
= . C =   1 C
2 4/3 8 x 2  = e 2x  1 – sec –1 ex + c
14 INTEGRATION
Example 9 :
1  n  1 1 n
log(x  1)  log x = Lim    ln n  2   k ln k  k ln n  k ln n 
Evaluate  dx n  2 n n k 1
x(x  1)
1  n  1 1 n k ln n n
 ln n  2  k ln  2  k
2
1 1   x  1  = Lim  
Sol. I= –  (log(x  1)  log x). log   C n  2 n n k 1 n n k 1
2   x  
dx=
 x(x  1)
1  n  1 1 n k k ln n n(n  1)
 d 1 1 1 
 dx [log(x  1)  log x]  x  1  x   (x  1)x  = Lim 
n 

2 n 
 ln n   ln  · 2
n k 1 n n n 2
 
1
1  n  1 1  n  1
Example 10 : =   ln n   x ln x dx    ln n
2 n  2 n 
dx 0
Evaluate  4sin 2 x  4sin x cos x  5cos2 x 1 1
1 
Sol. After dividing by cos2 x to numerator and denominator of =  x ln
x dx   4 L = e 4
0 II I
sec2 x dx
integration I =  4 tan 2 x  4 tan x  5
Example 14 :
The option(s) with the values of a and L that satisfy
sec2 x dx 1  2 tan x  1
=  (2 tan x  1)2  4 = tan 1    c the following equation is(are)
22  2
4
 e (sin
t 6
at  cos4 at) dt
Example 11 :
0
For the function f (x) = 1 + 3x log3, the antiderivative F L

assumes the value 7 for x = 2. At what value of x does the
 e (sin
t 6 4
at  cos at) dt
curve y = F(x) cut the abscissa ? 0
Sol. f (x) = 1 + 3x log 3  F(x) =  (1  3x log 3) dx = x + 3x + c
e4  1 e4  1
Since F(2) = 2 + 9 + c = 7 c = – 4 (A) a = 2, L   (B) a = 2, L  
 F(x) = x + 3x – 4 = 0  x = 1 e 1 e 1
Example 12 : e4   1 e4   1
(C) a  4, L  (D) a  4, L 
e  1 e  1
x2  1
Evaluate  x 4  x 2  1 dx Sol. (AC).
 2
2 I1   e t (sin 6 at  cos 4 at) dt   e (sin
t 6
at  cos 4 at) dt
1  1/ x d (x  1 / x)
Sol. I =  x 2  1  1/ x 2 dx =  (x  1/ x)2  3 0 
3 4
1 1 (x  1/ x) 1  (x 2  1)    e t (sin 6 at  cos 4 at) dt   (sin
6
at  cos 4 at) dt
= tan c = tan 1   c 2 3
3 3 3  3x 

Example 13 :  (1  e   e2   e3  e t (sin 6 at  cos 4 at) dt

0
1 1  1
  1 
2 n  n n2
Find Lim n ·(11 ·22 ·33.......n ) . I1 e4  1
n    1  e  e 2   e3  
I2 e 1
1 1 1
   1
2
Sol. Let L = Lim n 2  n  ·(11 ·22 ·33.......n n ) n
n 
1  n  1 1 n
ln L = Lim 
n 

2 n 
 ln n   k ln k
n 2 k 1
15 INTEGRATION
QUESTION BANK
EXERCISE - 1 (LEVEL-1)
PART - 1 - INDEFINITE INTEGRATION (A) 1  x + cos–1 x + x 1 x + C
 cos x x  (B) – 2 1  x + cos–1 x + x 1 x + C
Q.1  
 x

cos x
sin x  dx =
 (C) – 2 1  x – cos–1 x3 + x 1 x + C
(A)  x cos x  C (B) x sin x  C (D) – 5 1  x + cos–1 x – x 1 x + C
(C) 2 x cos x  C (D) C  2 x cos x 3
x  x2  6 x
 dx
Q.2 
2x  3x
dx is equal to –
Q.8

x 1 3 x  equals
5x
3 2/3 3
(2 / 5) x (3 / 5) x (2 / 5) x (3 / 5) x (A) x  6 tan 1 6 x  c (B) x 2/3  6 tan 1 x  c
(A)  C (B) log (2 / 5)  log (3 / 5)  C 2 2
log 3 (3 / 5) log3 (2 / 5) 3 3
3 2/3 3 2/3
(C) x  tan 1 x  c (D) x  6 tan 1 x1/3  c
(3 / 5) x (2 / 5) x 2 2
(C) log (2 / 5)  log (3 / 5)  C (D) None of the above
3 3
cos3 x  cos5 x
Q.3  tan 2x tan 3x tan 5x dx is equal to –
Q.9 The value of the integral  sin 2 x  sin 4 x dx is –
1 1 1 (A) sin x – 6 tan–1 (sin x) + c

(A) log | sec 2x | – log | sec 3x | – log | sec 5x | + C (B) sin x – 2 (sin x)–1 + c
2 3 5 (C) sin x – 2 (sin x)–1 – 6 tan–1 (sin x) + c
1 1 1 (D) sin x – 2 (sin x)–1 + 5 tan–1 (sin x) + c
(B) log | sec 2x | + log | sec 3x | + log | sec 5x | + C
2 3 5 x
1 1 1
Q.10 Evaluate:  4  x3
dx .
(C) log | sec 5x | – log | sec 2x | – log | sec 3x | + C
5 2 3
2 1  x 3/2 
(D) None of these
(A) 3 sin  2   c
 
(B)
3

2 1 3 / 2
sin x c
sin 4 x
Q.4  cos8 x dx is equal to –
 3/ 2 
1 x 1 1  x 3 / 2 
(C) 2sin  2  c (D) 3 sin  2   c
(1  tan 5 x) tan 5 x tan 5 x tan 7 x    
(A)   C (B)  C
5 7 5 7
(ax 2  b)dx
7
tan x tan x 5 Q.11  is equal to
(C)  C (D) None of the above x c2 x 2  (ax 2  b)2
5 7

1 ax  bx
2  2
1 ax  b

x 1  sin x cos x  (A) sin   C (B) sin  cx   C
Q.5  e  cos 2 x  dx is equal to –  c   
(A) ex cos x + c (B) ex sec x . tan x + c

1 a  bx
2
(C) ex tan x + c (D) ex cos2 x –1 + c
(C) tan  cx   C (D) tan–1(ax2 + bx + c) + C
 
cos 2 x
Q.6  cos2 x  9sin 2 x dx is equal to –
 x tan
1
Q.12 Evaluate: x dx
1 1
(A) {3 tan 1 (3tan x)  x}  c (B) {3 tan 1 (3 tan x)  x}  c 1 2 1 1 1
(x  1) tan 1 x  x  c (B) (x 2  1) tan 1 x  x  c
8 8 (A)
2 2 2 2
1
(C) {tan 1 (3 tan x)  x}  c (D) 8  1 
tan 1 (3 tan x)  x   c 1 2 1
27  27  (C) (x  1) tan 1 x  x  c (D) None of these
2 2
1 x
Q.7 Find  1 x
dx
16 INTEGRATION
 1 x2  2
Q.13 When x > 0, then  cos 1   dx is Q.20  ln (1  sin x) dx =
 1  x2  0
(A) 2x tan–1 x – log (1 + x2) + c

(B) 2x tan–1 x + log (1 + x2) + c (A) –2 ln 2 (B) – ln 2
(C) 2 [x tan–1 x + log (1 + x2)] + c 4
(D) 2 [x tan–1x – log (1 + x2)] + c 
(C) – ln 2 (D)  ln 2
cosn 1 x 2
Q.14  sin n 1 x dx, n  0 is – 2010
1  1
n n 1
Q.21  x
sin  x   dx is equal to –
 x
cot x  cot x 1/2010
(A) (B)
n n 1 (A) 2010 (B) – 2010
(C) –1 (D) 0
 cot n x cot n 1 x
(C) (D) x
n n 1
Q.22 If g (x) =  cos 4 t dt , then g (x + ) equals –
(x  1) e x 0
Q.15  (x  1)3
dx 
(A) g (x) + g () (B) g (x) – g ()
g(x)
ex ex (C) g (x) g () (D)
g( )
(A) (B)
x 1 (x  1)2
 /2  /2
e x
x  ex
Q.23 If A =  sin 2 x dx and B =  cos 2 x dx and
0 0
(C) (D)
(x  1)3 (x  1)
 /2
PART - 2 - DEFINITE INTEGRATION

C=  sin 3 x dx , then –
0
1 1/x
1 (A) A + B = 0 (B) A – B = 0
1
Q.16 If I1 =
 1  t 2 dt and I2 =  1  t 2 dt for x > 0, then (C) A + C = 0 (D) A – C = 0
x 1
(A) I1 = I2 (B) I1 > I2 Q.24 If f (x) is a function satisfying, f (1/x) + x2 f (x) = 0 for all
(C) I2 > I1 (D) None of these cos ec
x non zero x, then evaluate  f (x) dx
Q.17 If g (x) =  cos t dt, then g (x + ) equals
4 sin 
0 (A) 0 (B) 1
(A) g (x) + g() (B) g (x) – g() (C) –1 (D) 2
(C) f (x) g () (D) g (x) / g() 1 t b
e dt e t dt
 2 /4
Q.25 If  t  1  a , then  t  b 1
?
 2 x  0 b 1
Q.18     dx =
 cos ec x sec x  (A) ae–b (B) – ae–b
0
(C) – be–a (D) aeb
(A) 2/4 (B) 2/2 Q.26 The value of the integral
(C) 2 (D) /8
2008
 2 1 
 /4

2
 3x  8028x  (2007)   dx equals –
Q.19  ln 1  sin 2x dx = 0
2008 
 /4
(A) (2008)2 (B) (2009)2
 (C) 2009 (D) 1
(A) –2 ln 2 (B) – ln 2
4 3
dx
 Q.27 Evaluate  (1  e ) (1  x 2 )
x
(C) – ln 2 (D)  ln 2  3
2
(A) /3 (B) /2
(C) /4 (D) /6
17 INTEGRATION
5  /2n
1
Q.28 The value of  cot 1 (tan x) dx is equal to – Q.37  dx =
2  0 1  cot n nx
(A) 52/2 (B) 72/2 (A) 0 (B) /4n
(C) 92/2 (D) None of these (C) /2n (D) /2
 /2
2sin x
Q.29  2sin x  2cos x
dx equals PART - 3 - SERIES SUMMATION
0
 1 1 1 
(A) 2 (B)  Q.38 If Sn     ....  ,
(C) /4 (D) /2 1  n 2  2n n  n2 
 /4
then find lim Sn .
Q.30 Evaluate  ( tan x  cot x ) dx n 
0 (A) log 4 (B) 5/2
(A) / 2 (B) /2 (C) log 3 (D) None of these
(C) /6 (D) / 3 Q.39 2k  4k  6k  ....  (2n)k ; (k 1) is equal to –

lim
3 / 4
n  n k 1

Q.31  d
1  sin  equals 2k
/4 (A) 2k (B)
k 1
(A) ( 2 – 1) (B) ( 2 + 1)
1
(C) (D) 0
(C) (2 – 2 ) (D) None of these k 1
1 n
1  1  n  r
Q.32 Evaluate  log  x  1 dx Q.40 lim
n 
n   equals
n  r
0 r 1
(A) 1 (B) 2  
(C) 3 (D) 0 (A) (B) +1
2 2
1
2 (C)  (D) None of these
Q.33 Value of definite integral  (1  e  x ) dx can be –
1 1/n
0 Q.41 lim (e  e2/n  e3/n  ....  e n/n ) is equal to
n  n
(A) –1 (B) 2
(A) e (B) e – 1
(C) 1 + e–1 (D) None of these
(C) 1 – e (D) None of these

dx
Q.34 Evaluate  1  ex  n 3 2
1/n
0 1   (n  r 
dx
(A) log 2 (B) log 3 Q.42 Let    , p  lim  r 1 3n 
1  x 3 n   n 
(C) log 7 (D) log 5 0  
Q.35 Let f (x) = x – [x], for every real number x, where [x] is  
1
then ln p is equal to –
integral part of x. Then find the value of  f (x) dx. (A) ln 2 – 1 +  (B) ln 2 – 3 + 3
1 (C) 2 ln 2 –  (D) ln 4 – 3 + 3
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 0 (D) 3 Q.43 If f (x) = lim {2x  4x 3  .........  2nx 2n 1} (0 < x < 1) ;
n 
2
|x|
Q.36 Evaluate  x
dx then  f (x) dx is equal to
1 (A) – (1 – x2) + C (B) – (1 – x2)–1 + C
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) (1 – x2)–1 + C (D) (1 – x)–1 + C
(C) 0 (D) 1
18 INTEGRATION
EXERCISE - 2 (LEVEL - 2)
3 3
x2
0 sin tdt Then the value of  f (x) f (x) dx   f (x) dx =
Q.1 Find the value of lim 2 1
x 0 x3
(A) 1/ 3 (B) 1 / 3
(A) 2/3 (B) 1/3 (C) 0 (D) None of these
(C) 1/4 (D) 1/2
 /2
dx sin 2 nx
Q.2 If  = fog (x) + C, then Q.8 If an =  sin x
dx then a2 – a1, a3 – a2, a4 – a3, .... are
2ax  x 2 0
in –
xa (A) AP (B) GP
(A) f (x) = sin–1 x, g (x) =
a (C) HP (D) None of these
xa 2
(B) f (x) = sin–1 x, g (x) = 1
a Q.9 The value of  [f {g(x)}] f {g(x).g  (x) dx , where
1
xa
(C) f (x) = cos–1 x, g (x) = g (A) = g (B) is equal to –
a
(A) 0 (B) 1
xa (C) 2 (D) None of these
(D) f (x) = tan–1 x, g (x) =
a 1
Q.10  tan x dx is equal to –
2
dy (A) x tan 1 x  x  (tan 1 x )  c
Q.3 Let f (x)   . The value of the integral
x 1  y3
1 1
(B) x tan x  x  (tan 1 x )  c
2 2
 x f (x) dx is equal to –
1 1
0 (C) tan x  x  (tan 1 x )  c
2
(A) 1 (B) 1/3
(C) 4/3 (D) 2/3 1 1
(D) x tan x  x  (tan 1 x )  c
 /3
2
Q.4 The value of the definite integral  ln (1  3 tan x) dx 3 log 3

log (4  x)
0 Q.11  log (4  x)  log (9  x)
dx =
equals – 2 log 3
(A) (1/2) + log 3 (B) 5/2
  2 2
(A) ln 2 (B) (C) ln 2 (D) ln 2 (C) 1 + 2 log 3 (D) None of these
3 3 6 2
x
2 (2 3) Q.12 The greatest value of f (x)=  | t | dt on the interval
16
Q.5 The value of the definite integral  (4  x 2 )2
dx 1
0 [–1/2, 1/2] is –
is equal to – (A) 3/8 (B) 1/2
(C) –3/8 (D) –1/2
5  3 3  5 5  3 3  5
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1
12 6 6 12 d  1 1
 /2
Q.13 Find the value of  dx  tan 
x  dx
ln (cos x) 1
Q.6  1  e x sin x
.e
dx =
(A) –/6 (B) –/4
 /2
(C) – /2 (D) –/3
  1
(A) –2 ln 2 (B) – ln 2 (C) – ln 2 (D)  ln 2 log(1  x)
4 2 Q.14 Evaluate  1 x2
dx
Q.7 The equation of a curve is y = f (x). The tangents at 0
(1, f (A),), (2, f (B)) and (3, f (C)) make angles /6, /3 and
  
/4 respectively with the positive direction of the x-axis. (A) log 4 (B) log 2(C) log 2 (D) None of these
8 8 4
19 INTEGRATION
2  /2
Q.15 Evaluate  [x 2 ] dx Q.21 If I = k  cos 6x.cos 7x.cos8x.cos 9x dx then k is equal
2 0
(A) 10 – 2 3 – 2 2 (B) 10 + 2 3 – 2 2 to –
(A) 1 (B) 5
(C) 10 – 3 –3 2 (D) 10 – 2 3 + 2 2 (C) 10 (D) 20
1  /4
Q.16  [x [1  sin x]  1] dx is equal to – Q.22 If I  c  cos 6x.cos8x.cos 2x dx then c equals –
1 0
(where [.] is G.I.F.) (A) 5 (B) 10
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 20 (D) 5/2
(C) 2 (D) –2 Q.23 The value of I equals –
 3x  4  5 5 5 5
Q.17 If f   x  2 , then  f (x) dx is equal to –
 3x  4 
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 16 32 8
2 2 8
(A) x  log | 1  x |  C (B) x  ln |1  x |  C For Q.24-Q.26
3 3 3
r2 b
1  r r1
2 8
(C) x  log | 1  x |  C (D) None of these
If Lim
n 
 f  =
n  n  f (x)dx . Where a  Lim
n  n
3 3 r  r1 a
For Q.18-20 :
r2
1 and b  Lim
ex n  n
Let A =  x 1
dx then answer the following questions
0 1 1 2 4 
in terms of A.  2 sec 2  2 sec 2 
Lim  n n n n  equals
Q.24 n   3 9 1
1
x 2 ex  2 sec 2  .....  sec1
Q.18  dx equals –  n n n 
x 1
0
1 1   1
(A) A – e (B) e – 2 + A (A) tan1  n 2 (B) n tan   
2 2  4 2
(C) 2 + A (D) 2 – e + A
1 2   1 1   1
 x  x (C) tan    (D) n tan   
Q.19   x  1 e dx equals – 4 2 2  4 2
0
1 1 1 1
e e Q.25 Lim     .....   equals
(A) A  (B)  1  A n   nn 1 n  2 6n 
2 2
(A) n 4 (B) n 5
e e (C) n 6 (D) 3 n 2
(C)  A (D) A  1 
2 2 n
nr
Q.26 Lim  2
equals
1
x 3 n 
r 1 n  r2
 (x  1)3 e
x
Q.20 dx equals –
0  1  1
(A)  n 2 (B)  n 2
4 2 4 2
e 3e
(A) 2 A (B) 3A 
2 2  
(C)  n 4 (D)  n 4
4 4
A 9e
(C) 3   (D) None of these
2 8 For Q.27-Q.29
For Q.21-Q.23 Let f be an even function integrable every where and
Consider the integral x
periodic with period 2. Let g (x) =  f (t)dt and g (1) = 
10
cos 6x.cos 7x.cos 8x.cos 9x 0
I=  3
dx
0 1  e 2sin 4x
20 INTEGRATION
Q.27 Function g (x) is Q.34 If a is the root of equation f (x) = 1 and | c | is a positive
(A) odd (B) even
(C) neither even nor odd (D) none of these constant and lies between  0, 1  , then total number
Q.28 Which of the following statement is correct for all x is  2 m 
(A) g (x + 2) + g (x) = g (2) (B) g (x + 2) – g (x) = g (2) of pairs (a, b) equals to –
(C) g (x + 2) – g (x) = 2g (2) (D) none of these (A) m (m + 1) (B) m (2m + 1)
Q.29 The value of  for which g (x) be periodic with period 2 (C) m2 (D) None of these
(A)  = 1 (B) = – 1
 1 
(C) = 0 (D) none of these Q.35 If | c | is a positive constant lying between  0, and
 m 
For Q.30-Q.32) b
Suppose a and b are positive real numbers such that
ab = 1. Let for any real parameter t, the distance from the  f (x) dx  0, b [a, 1], then the total number of pair
a
origin to the line (aet)x + (be–t)y = 1 be denoted by D (t)
then (a, b) equals to –
(A) m (m + 1) (B) m (2m + 1)
1
dt (C) m2 (D) None of these
Q.30 The value of the definite integral I =  (D(t))2 is equal
0
For Q.36-Q.38
to – Let f (x) be a polynomial satisfying f (0) = 2, f ' (0) = 3 and
f '' (x) = f (x)
e2  1  2 a 2  e2  1  2 b 2  Q.36 Which of the following is true ?
b  2 a  2
(A) 2  e 
(B) 2  e 
(A) f  (x)   f (x) 2  5 (B) f  (x)   f (x) 2  5
e2  1  2 b 2  e2  1  2 a 2  (C) f ' (x) = f (x) (D) None of these
(C) 2  a  2  (D) 2  b  2  Q.37 f (x) is given by –
 e   e 
(A) f (x) = 5 (ex – e–x) (B) 5 (ex + e–x)
Q.31 The value of b at which I is minimum, is –
5 x –x 5 x –x
1 (C) f (x) = (e – e ) (D) (e – e )
(A) e (B) 2 2
e Q.38 f (5) is equal to –
1
(C) (D) e 5 (e10  1) 5 (e25  1)
e (A) (B)
2e5 2e5
Q.32 Minimum value of I is –
1 (C) 5 (e5  e5 ) (D) 5 (e25  1)
(A) e – 1 (B) e 
e
For Q.39-Q.41
1 Let f (x) be a continuous function for all x, which is not
(C) e (D) e 
e identically zero such that
For Q.33-Q.35 x
f (x) = sin (2mx) x [0, 1], where m N and 2sec2 t
{f (x)}2   f (t) dt and f (0) = ln 4. Then
4  tan t
b 0
 f (x) dx  c , where b a and a, b [0, 1] Q.39 f (x) is given by –
a (A) ln (4 tan x) (B) ln (4 tan x + 4)
(C) ln (4 + tan x) (D) ln (tan x)
 1 
Q.33 If c is positive constant lies between  0,
m 
and  3 
Q.40 f   is equal to –
4
b
(A) tan 3 (B) ln 3
 f (x) dx  0, b  [a, 1], then the total number of
(C) tan 4 (D) ln 4
a
Q.41 The number of roots of f (x) = 0 is –
pairs (a, b) equals to– (A) zero (B) 1
(A) m (m + 1) (B) m (2m + 1)
(C) 2 (D) Infinite
(C) m2 (D) None of these
21 INTEGRATION
EXERCISE - 3 (PREVIOUS YEARS AIEEE / JEE MAIN QUESTIONS)
5 tan x 1
Q.1 If the integral  tan x  2 dx = x + a ln | sin x – 2 cos x | + k, Q.6
 1  x
The integral  1  x   e x dx is equal to –
 x
then a is equal to – [AIEEE 2012]
(A) –1 (B) –2 [JEE MAIN 2014]
(C) 1 (D) 2 x
1
x
1
x (A) (x  1) e x c (B) x e x c
Q.2 If g (x) =  cos 4t dt , then g (x + ) equals [AIEEE 2012] 1 1
x x
0 (C) (x  1) e x c (D)  xe x c
g (x) dx
(A) g ( ) (B) g (x) + g () Q.7 The integral  x 2 (x 4  1)3/4  [JEE MAIN 2015]
(C) g (x) – g () (D) g (x) . g ()
(A) (x4 + 1)1/4 + c (B) – (x4 + 1)1/4 + c
Q.3 If  f (x) dx   (x) , then x
5 3
f (x ) dx is equal to – 1/4 1/4
 x 4  1  x 4  1
[JEE MAIN 2013] (C)   4  c (D)  4  c
 x   x 
1 3
(A)  x  (x )   x  (x ) dx   C
3 2 3
3 4
log x 2
1 3 Q.8 The integral  log x 2  log (36  12x  x 2 ) dx 
(B) x  (x3 )  3 x 3  (x 3 ) dx  C 2
3
[JEE MAIN 2015]
1 3 (A) 4 (B) 1
(C) x  (x )   x  (x ) dx  C
3 2 3
3 (C) 6 (D) 2
1 3
x  (x 3 )   x 3  (x 3 ) dx   C 2x12  5x 9
(D)
3  Q.9 The integral  (x5  x 3  1)3 dx is equal to –
 /3 [JEE MAIN 2016]

Q.4 Statement-I : The value of the integral dx
 1  tan x x5
 /6 x10
(A) C (B) C
is equal to /6. 2 (x 5  x 3  1)2 2 (x 5  x 3  1)2
b b
 x10  x5
Statement-II :  f (x) dx   f (a  b  x) dx (C) C (D) C
a a 2 (x 5  x 3  1)2 (x 5  x 3  1)2
[JEE MAIN 2013] (Where C is an arbitrary constant)
(A) Statement-I is true; Statement-II is true; Statement-II
 (n  1) (n  2)....3n 1/n 
is a correct explanation for Statement-I. lim 
Q.10  is equal to
(B) Statement-I is true; Statement-II is true; Statement-II n   n 2n 
is not a correct explanation for Statement-I.
[JEE MAIN 2016]
(C) Statement-I is true; Statement-II is false.
(A) 27/e2 (B) 9/e2
(D) Statement-I is false; Statement-II is true.
(C) 3 log 3 – 2 (D) 18/e4

x x 3 /4
Q.5 The integral  1  4sin 2
2
 4sin dx equals –
2 Q.11 The integral 
dx
is equal to : [JEE MAIN 2017]
0 1  cos x
 /4
[JEE MAIN 2014] (A) 4 (B) –1
2 (C) –2 (D) 2
(A)  – 4 (B) 44 3
3 Q.12 Let In   tan n x dx, (n  1). If I4 + I6 = a tan5x + bx5 + C,
 where C is a constant of integration, then the ordered
(C) 4 3  4 (D) 4 3  4 
3 pair (a, b) is equal to : [JEE MAIN 2017]
(A) (1/5, –1) (B) (–1/5, 0)
(C) (–1/5, 1) (D) (1/5, 0)
22 INTEGRATION
 /2
sin 2 x cos x  sin x  sin x  cos x 
Q.19 If  dx  a sin 1    c,
Q.13 The value of  x
dx is [JEE MAIN 2018] 8  sin 2x  b
 /2 1  2
where c is a constant of integration, then the ordered pair
(A) 4 (B) /4
(a, b) is equal to : [JEE MAIN 2021]
(C) /8 (D) /2
(A) (–1, 3) (B) (3, 1)
sin 2 cos 2 x (C) (1, 3) (D) (1, –3)
Q.14 The integral  (sin 5 x  cos3 x sin 2 x dx
x2
 sin 3 x cos 2 x  cos5 x)2
 (sin t ) dt
is equal to : [JEE MAIN 2018] Q.20 lim 0 is equal to : [JEE MAIN 2021]
1 1
x 0 x3
(A) C (B) C
1  cot x 3 1  cot 3 x (A) 2/3 (B) 3/2
(C) 0 (D) 1/15
1 1 Q.21 Let f : (0, 2)  R be defined as
(C) 3
C (D) C
3 (1  tan x) 3 (1  tan 3 x)   x  
(where C is a constant of integration) 2 f (x) = log2 1  tan  4   . [JEE MAIN 2021]
Q.15 For x2  n + 1, n N (the set of natural numbers), the
2   1  2 
2sin (x 2  1)  sin 2 (x 2  1) Then, lim
n  f  n   f  n   ....  f (1) is equal to _
integral  x dx is equal to : n 
2sin (x 2  1)  sin 2 (x 2  1)
10
[x] e[x]
(where c is a constant of integration) [JEE MAIN 2019]
 x 2  1
Q.22 Consider the integral I 
e x 1
dx , 
1 2 2 0
(A) log e sec    c (B) log e sec (x  1)  c
 2  2 where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal
1  x 2  1 1 to x. Then the value of I = : [JEE MAIN 2021]
2 2
(C) log e sec2    c (D) 2 log e sec (x  1)  c (A) 9 (e – 1) (B) 45 (e – 1)
2  2  (C) 9 (e + 1) (D) 45 (e + 1)

Q.23 Let a be a positive real number such that
Q.16 The value of  | cos x | dx
3
[JEE MAIN 2019]
0 a
x [x]
(A) 2/3 (B) 0 e dx  10e  9 [JEE MAIN 2021]
(C) – 4/3 (D) 4/3 0
2 where [x] is the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
Q.17 Let 4  e |x| dx  5 then  = [JEE MAIN 2020] Then a is equal to :
1
(A) 10 + loge 3 (B) 10 – loge (1 + e)
(A) ln 2 (B) ln 2
(C) 10 + loge (1 + e) (D) 10 + loge 2
(C) ln (3/4) (D) ln (4/3)
1
Q.18 Let
cos x dx
 sin3 x(1  sin 6 x)2/3  f (x) (1  sin 6 x)1/   c Q.24 The value of the integral  loge ( 1  x  1  x ) dx
1

then find value of  f   . [JEE MAIN 2020] is equal to [JEE MAIN 2021]
 3
 
(A) 4 (B) –2 (A) 2 log e 2  1 (B) log e 2  1
4 2
(C) 8 (D) – 4
1  3  1
(C) log e 2   (D) 2 log e 2  
2 2 2 2 2
EXERCISE - 4 [PREVIOUS YEARS KARNATAKA CET QUESTIONS]
1 2 2
Q.1 If  f (x) sin x.cos x dx  2 2
log f (x)  c , (A) (B) 2 2
2 (b  a ) ab cos 2x (b  a ) cos 2x
where c is the constant of integration, then f (x) =
2 2
[KCET 2010] (C) ab sin 2x (D) 2 2
(b  a ) sin 2x
23 INTEGRATION
x 1 Q.11 If n N and In =  (log x) n dx, then In + nIn–1 =

Q.2 If  x (x  1) dx  k tan m , then (k, m) is[KCET 2010]
[KCET 2012]
(A) (2, x) (B) (1, x)
(log x) n n (log x) n 1
(C) (1, x) (D) (2, x ) (A) (B)
n n 1
 /4 (C) x (log x)n + c (D) (log x)n–1
sin x  cos x
Q.3  3  sin 2x
dx  [KCET 2010] cosn 1 x
0 Q.12  sin n 1 x dx, n  0 is – [KCET 2013]
(A) (1/4) log 3 (B) log 3
(C) (1/2) log 3 (D) 2 Log 3 cot n x  cot n 1 x
(A) (B)
1 n n 1
 x (1  x)
3/2
Q.4 dx  [KCET 2010]
0  cot n x cot n 1 x
(C) (D)
(A) –2/35 (B) 4/35 n n 1
(C) 24/35 (D) –8/35
(x  1) e x
4 Q.13  (x  1)3
dx  [KCET 2013]
Q.5 The value of  | x  1 | dx is [KCET 2011]
0
ex ex
(A) 1 (B) 4 (A) (B)
(C) 5 (D) 5/2 x 1 (x  1)2
4
ex x  ex
Q.6 If I n   tan n x dx , where n is a positive integer, then (C) (D)
0
(x  1)3 (x  1)
I10 + I8 is – [KCET 2011]  /2  /2
(A) 9 (B) 1/7 Q.14 If I1   x  sin x dx and I 2   x  cos x dx , then
(C) 1/8 (D) 1/9 0 0
 sin x  cos x  which one of the following is true? [KCET 2013]

e
x
Q.7   dx is – [KCET 2011] (A) I1 = I2 (B) I1 + I2 = 0
 1  sin 2 x 
(A) ex tan x + c (B) (ex . sec x) + c  
x
(C) I1  I2 (D) I1 + I2 =
(C) e cot x + c (D) (ex cosec x) + c 2 2
 1 x2  2
|x|
Q.8 When x > 0, then  cos 1   dx is [KCET 2011] Q.15 The value of  dx is [KCET 2013]
 1  x2  1
x
(A) 2x tan–1 x – log (1 + x2) + c (A) 0 (B) 1
(B) 2x tan–1 x + log (1 + x2) + c (C) 2 (D) 3
(C) 2 [x tan–1 x + log (1 + x2)] + c

(D) 2 [x tan–1x – log (1 + x2)] + c cos4 x
Q.16  cos4 x  sin 4 x dx  [KCET 2013]
 /3 3 0
sin x
Q.9  3
x  cos3 x
dx  [KCET 2012] (A) /4 (B) /2
 /6 sin (C) /8 (D) 
(A) /6 (B) /2 
(C) /3 (D) /12 2
Q.10 If [x] is the greatest integer function not greater than x,
Q.17 If f (x) = f ( + e – x) &  f (x) dx  e   , then
e
11

then  [x] dx  [KCET 2012]
 x f (x) dx  [KCET 2014]
0
e
(A) 55 (B) 45
(A) – e (B) (+ e)/2
(C) 66 (D) 35
(C) 1 (D) (– e)/2
24 INTEGRATION
Q.18 If linear function f (x) and g (x) satisfy (A) (p/4)101 (B) 0 [KCET 2016]
(C) (p/4)103 (D) 2
 [(3x  1) cos x  (1  2x) sin x] dx = f (x) cos x + g (x) sin
x + C, then – [KCET 2014] e x (1  x) dx
(A) f (x) = 3 (x – 1) (B) f (x) = 3x – 5
Q.27 The value of  cos2 (ex  x) is equal to – [KCET 2016]
(C) g (x) = 3 (x – 1) (D) g (x) = 3 + x (A) tan (ex . x) + c (B) cot (ex ) + c
 /4 (C) – cot (exx ) + c (D) tan (ex) + c
Q.19 The value of the integral  log (sec   tan ) d is –
e x (x 2 tan 1 x  tan 1 x  1)
 /4 Q.28 The value of  x2  1
dx is equal to
(A) 0 (B) /4 [KCET 2014]
(C)  (D) /2 [KCET 2016]
1
sin 2x (A) tan–1 (ex) + c (B) e tan x  c
Q.20  2 dx  [KCET 2014] (C) ex tan–1 x + c (D) tan–1 (xc) + c
sin x  2 cos2 x
(A) – log (1 + sin2x) + C (B) log (1 + cos2x) + C e6log x  e5log x
(C) – log (1 + cos2x) + C (D) log (1 + tan2x) + C Q.29 The value of  e4 log x  e3log x dx is equal to –
1 (A) x3/3
Q.21  x 2 (x 4  1)3/4 dx is equal to – [KCET 2015]
(C) 0
(B) 1/x
(D) 3/x3
[KCET 2016]
8
(1  x 4 )1/4 (1  x 4 )1/4 10  x
(A) C (B) 2
C Q.30 The value of  x  10  x
dx is – [KCET 2016]
x x 2
(A) 0 (B) 3
(1  x 4 )1/4 (1  x 4 )3/4 (C) 10 (D) 8
(C) C (D) C
2x x
 /2
sin1000 x dx
 /4
 sin x  cos x  Q.31  sin1000 x  cos1000 x
is equal to – [KCET 2016]
Q.22  log 
 cos x
 dx = [KCET 2015] 0
0
(A) 1 (B) p/4
  (C) 1000 (D) p/2
(A) log 2 (B) log 2  /2
4 2 dx

Q.32  sin x
1
[KCET 2017]
 /2 e
(C) log 2 (D) log 2
8 (A) 1 (B) 0
(C) /2 (D) –/2
sin 2 x
Q.23  1  cos x dx [KCET 2015] 5
(A) x + sin x + C (B) x – sin x + C

Q.33  | x  2 | dx is equal to [KCET 2017]
5
(C) sin x + C (D) cos x + C
(A) 28 (B) 30
 1  sin x 
Q.24  e 
x (C) 29 (D) 27
 dx is – [KCET 2015]
1  cos x 
 /2
1
 x
x  x Q.34  2 2 2
2
dx [KCET 2017]
(A) e tan    C (B) tan    C 0 a sin x  b cos x
2 2
(C) ex + C (D) ex sin x + C  b
(A) (B)
 /4 2ab 4a
dx a a
Q.25  1  cos 2x
is equal to – [KCET 2015]
(C) (D)
 /4 2b 4b
(A) 2 (B) 1
(C) 4 (D) 0
Q.35  x 2  2x  5 dx is equal to – [KCET 2017]
/4 1
(A) (x  1) x 2  2x  5  2 log | x  1  x 2  2x  5 |  C

103 101 2
Q.26 The value of (sin x  cos x) dx is
 / 4 2 12
(B) (x  1) x  2x  5  log | x  1  x  2x  5 |  C
2
25 INTEGRATION
(C) (x  1) x 2  2x  5  2log | x  1  x 2  2x  5 |  C  sin x  1

e
sin x
Q.43   dx is equal to – [KCET 2018]
sec x 
(D) (x  1) x 2  2x  5  2 log | x  1  x 2  2x  5 |  C
(A) sin x . esin x + c (B) cos x . esin x + c
(C) esin x + c (D) esin x (sin x + 1) + c
(x  3) e x
Q.36  (x  4) 2
dx is equal to – [KCET 2017] 3
Q.44  | x cos x | dx is equal to – [KCET 2018]
x 2
e ex
(A) 2
C (B) C (A) 8 /  (B) 4 / 
(x  4) (x  3) (C) 2 /  (D) 1 / 
1
1 ex dx
(C)
(x  4) 2
C (D)
(x  4)
C Q.45  e x  e x is equal to – [KCET 2018]
0
cos 2x  cos 2
Q.37  cos x  cos 
dx is equal to – [KCET 2017] (A)

 tan 1 (e) 1
(B) tan (e) 

4 4
(A) 2 (sin x + x cos ) + C (B) 2 (sin x– x cos ) + C
(C) 2 (sin x +2 x cos ) + C (D) 2 (sin x – 2x cos ) + C 1 
(C) tan (e)  (D) tan–1 (e)
1  cos 4 4
Q.38 The value of lim is – [KCET 2017]
 0 1  cos 6 1/2
dx
(A) 9/4 (B) 9/3 Q.46  is equal to – [KCET 2018]
(C) 4/9 (D) 3/4 0 (1  x 2 ) 1  x 2
3.5 1 2 2  3 
tan 1 tan 1 
Q.39  [x] dx is equal to [KCET 2017]
(A)
2 3
(B)
2  2 
0.2
(A) 3.5 (B) 4 2  3 2  3
(C) 4.5 (D) 3 (C) tan 1   (D) tan 1  
2  2 2  2 
 /2
tan 7 x
 x
3
Q.40
7 7
dx is equal to [KCET 2017] Q.47 sin 3x dx  [KCET 2019]
0 cot x  tan x
(A) /4 (B) /2 x 3 cos 3x x 2 sin 3x 2x cos 3x 2 sin 3x
(A)     C
(C) /6 (D) /3 3 3 9 27
1 x 3 cos 3x x 2 sin 3x 2x cos 3x 2sin 3x
Q.41  1  ex dx is equal to – [KCET 2018] (B)     C
3 3 9 27
 e x  1  e x  1 x 3 cos 3x x 2 sin 3x 2x cos 3x 2sin 3x
(A) loge  x   c (B) log e   c (C)     C
 e   ex  3 3 9 27
 ex   ex  x 3 cos 3x x 2 sin 3x 2x cos 3x 2 sin 3x

(D) loge  x   c (D)    C
(C) log e   c 3 3 9 27
 e x  1  e  1
3
1
Q.42 
1
dx is equal to [KCET 2018]
Q.48  cot x dx = [KCET 2019]
3
3  6x  9x 2
(A) 6 (B) 3
1  3x  1  3x  1 (C) 3 (D) 0
(A) sin   c (B) sin 1  c
2   6 
1
 3x  1
Q.49  xx x
dx  [KCET 2019]
1 1  2x  1
(C) sin 1  c (D) sin  c
3  2  
3 
(A) tan 1 x  C (B) 2log ( x  1)  C
1
(C) 2 tan
1
x C (D) tan 1 x  C
2
26 INTEGRATION
2x  1  
Q.50  (x  1) (x  2) (x  3) dx (A)
2
log 2 (B)
4
log 2
= A log | x – 1 | + B log | x + 2 | + C log | x – 3 | + K 1 

Then A, B, C are respectively – [KCET 2019] (C) (D) log 2
2 8
1 1 1 1 1 1  /2
(A) , , (B) , , cos x
6 3 3 6 3 3 Q.58 The value of  x
1 1 1 1 1 1  /2 1  e
(C) , , (D) , , (A) 2 (B) 0
6 3 2 6 3 5
(C) 1 (D) –2
2
Q.51  [x
2
] dx  [KCET 2019] x 3 sin (tan 1 (x 4 ))
0
Q.59  1  x8
dx is equal to [KCET 2021]
(A) 5  2  3 (B) 5  2  3  cos (tan 1 (x 4 )) cos (tan 1 (x 4 ))

(A) C (B) C
(C) 5  2  3 (D) 5  2  3 4 4
1  cos (tan 1 (x 3 )) sin (tan 1 (x 4 ))

1 x (C) C (D) C
Q.52  1 x
dx  [KCET 2019] 3 4
0
x 2 dx
  Q.60 The value of  is equal to [KCET 2021]
(A) (B) 1 x6  a6
2 2
1  (A) log | x 3  x 6  a 6 | c
(C) (D)  1
2 2
(B) log | x 3  x 6  a 6 | c
4
1 x
Q.53 The value of  1  x 6 dx is – [KCET 2020] 1
log | x 3  x 6  a 6 | c
(C)
3
1 –1 3
(A) tan–1 x + tan–1 x3 + C (B) tan–1 x + tan x + C 1
3 (D) log | x 3  x 6  a 6 |  c
3
1 –1 3 1
(C) tan–1 x – tan x + C (D) tan–1 x + tan–1 x2 + C
3 3 xe x dx
Q.61 The value of  (1  x)2 is equal to [KCET 2021]
Q.54 The value of  e
sin x
sin 2x dx is [KCET 2020]
(A) 2esin x (sin x – 1) + C (A) ex (1 + x) + c (B) ex (1 + x2) + c
(B) 2esin x (sin x + 1) + C ex
(C) 2esin x (cos x + 1) + C (C) ex (1 + x)2 + c (D) c
1 x
(D) 2esin x (cos x – 1) + C
x  1  sin x 
Q.62 The value of  e 
1/2
1  dx is equal to[KCET 2021]
Q.55 The value of  cos x dx is [KCET 2020] 1  cos x 
1/2
(A)  (B) /2 x x
(A) e tan c (B) ex tan x + c
(C) 1 (D) 2/2 2
(C) ex (1 + cos x) + c (D) ex (1 + sin x) + c
3x  1
Q.56 If  dx [KCET 2020]  /4
(x  1) (x  2) (x  3)
Q.63 In   tan n x dx where n is positive integer then I10 +
= Alog | x – 1 | + B log | x – 2 | + C log | x – 3 | +C, then the
0
values of A, B and C are respectively.
(A) 5, –7, –5 (B) 2, –7, –5 I8 is equal to [KCET 2021]
(C) 5, –7, 5 (D) 2, –7, 5 (A) 9 (B) 1/7
(C) 1/8 (D) 1/9
1
log (1  x)
Q.57 The value of  1 x2
0
27 INTEGRATION
4042
(A) 4042 (B) 2021 [KCET 2021]
x dx (C) 8084 (D) 1010
Q.64 The value of  x  4042  x
is equal to
0
ANSWER KEY
EX ERCIS E - 1
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
A C B C B C A B A C A B A A C B A A B A B D A B A B
Q 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43
A C A B C A A D D A A D B A B B B B C
EXERCISE - 2
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
A A B D A D D A C A A A C C B A C B D C C C B D D C
Q 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41
A A A B C C D B A B C B C A C B D
EXERCISE - 3
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
A D B,C C D D B C B A A D D B D A D A B C A 1 B D B
EXERCISE - 4
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
A B D A B C D B A D A C C B D B B C C A C A C B A B
Q 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
A B A C A B B C C A A D A C C A C C A A B A A B C C
Q 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64
A B D B A B D D C A C D A D B
28 INTEGRATION
Chapter
19 Area Bounded by Curve
INTRODUCTION (ii) The area bounded by
a Cartesian curve Y
The process of finding area of some plane region is called x = f(y), y-axis and y=d
x
Quadrature. For solving the problems first draw the rough abscissa x=f(y)
dy
sketch. y = c and y = d is
Curve Tracing : Essential steps for curve tracing : y=c
(i) Symmetry : The curve f(x, y) = 0 is symmetrical d d
* about x–axis if all terms of y contain even powers. Area =  x dy   f (y) dy O x=a x=b X
* about y-axis if all terms of x contain even powers. c c
* about the origin if (–x, –y) = f(x, y). (iii) If the equation of a curve is in parametric form, say x = f(t),
For example, y2 = 4ax is symmetrical about x-axis, x2=4ay is
b t2
symmetrical about y–axis and the curve y= x3 is symmetrical
about the origin.
y = g(t), then the area =  y dx   g(t)f '(t) dt
a t1
(ii) Origin: If the equation of the curve contains no constant
term then it passes through the origin. where t 1 and t 2 are the values of t respectively
For example x2 + y2 + 2ax = 0 passes through origin. corresponding to the values of a & b of x.
(iii) Points of intersection with the axes : If we get real value of
x on putting y = 0 in the equation of the curve, then real Note :
values of x and y = 0 give those points where the curve 1. If the curve is symmetrical about a coordinate axis (or a line
cuts the x-axis. Similarly by putting x = 0, we can get the or origin), then we find the are of one symmetrical portion
points of intersection of the curve and y-axis. and multiply it by the number of symmetrical portion to get
For example, the curve x2/a2 + y2/b2 = 1 intersects the axes the required area.
at point (± a, 0) and (0,± b). 2. Area is always taken as positive. If some part of the area
(iv) Region Write the given equation as y = f (x), and find lies in the positive side i.e., above x-axis and some part lies
minimum and maximum value of x which determine the region in the negative side i.e. below x-axis then the area of two
parts should be calculated separately and then add their
ax numerical values to get the desired area.
of the curve. y = a
x
Now, y is real, if 0 < x  a, so its region lies between the lines Example 1 :
x = 0 and x = a. Find the area bounded by the curve y = sinx, x-axis and the
ordinates x = 0 and x = /2.
AREA BOUNDED BY A CURVE  /2  /2
Sol. Area =  y dx   sin x dx  [ cos x]0 /2  1
(i) The area bounded by a Cartesian curve y = f(x), x-axis and
0 0
ordinates x = a and x = b is given by,
b b
Example 2 :
Area =  y dx =  f (x) dx Find the area bounded by the curve y = x3 , x-axis and
a a ordinates x = –2 and x = .
Y
Sol. Obviously when
–2  x < 0, then y < 0
Y y = f(x) and when 0 < x 1, then
y> 0
X= –2 O X
Hence area between
x = –2 and x = 0 lies x=1
y dx
below x-axis and area
between x = 0 and x = 1
O x=a x=b X lies above x-axis.
29 AREA BOUNDED BY CURVE

So required area So, reqd. area y
0 1  /4
0  x4 
1  x4  1 17
=  x dx  
3
x dx 
= 4 3     4  =2  tan x dx
2 0
   2  4  0 4 4 0
= 2 [log secx]/40
AREA BETWEEN TWO CURVES
= 2 log 2  0  = log 2 x
Case 1 : When two curves intersect at two points and their O x= /4 x= /2
common area lies between these points.
ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES
Y ) Example 1 :
= f1(x B
y Find the area bounded by the curve x= at2 ,y = 2at and the
A y=f2(x) x-axis in 1  t  3.
Sol. Eliminating t, we get y2 = 4ax
For t = 1, x = a and for t = 3, x = 9 a
9a 9a
O x=a dx x=b X  Reqd. area =  | y | dx  2 a x dx
If y = f1(x) and y = f2(x) are two curves where f1(x) > f2(x) a a
which intersect at two points A (x = a) and B( x = b) and their 9a
common area lies between A & B, then their common area x 3/2 4
=2 a 2 = a[(9a)3/2  a 3/2 ]
b b 3 3
a
=  (y1 – y2) dx =  [f1(x) – f2(x)] dx Example 2 :
a a
Y
Case 2 : When two curves Find the area between the curves y = x and y = x.
intersect at a point and the P( , ) Sol. The points of intersection of curves are x = 0 and x =1
)
(x
 Required area
f1
area between them is bounded

y=
y=f2(x)
by x-axis. 1
X 1  2x 3/2 x 2 
If y = f1(x) and y = f2(x) are O (a,0) (b,0) 2 1 1
two curves which intersect at =  
x  x dx =  3  2   3  2  6
  0
P(,) and meet x-axis at A (a, 0) ; B(b,0) respectively, then 0
area between them and x-axis is given by
 b
Example 3 :
Find the area of the semi-circular region bounded by
Area =  f1(x)dx +  f2(x)
a  y = 4  x 2 and its diameter y = 0.
Example 3 :
2 2 2
Find the area between the parabolas y2 = 4ax and x2 = 4ay.
Sol. Solving the equation of the given curves for x, we get x = 0
Sol. Reqd. area =  y dx   4  x 2 dx = 2  4  x 2 dx
1 2 0
and x = 4a. So, reqd area Y
2
4a 
x2  [ 4  x is an even
=   4ax  4a  dx
P =(x = 4a)
function]
0  
2
4a
O X  x 4  x2 4 x
 2 x  3 =2   sin 1  =  0  2sin 1 2  0
3/2 16 2  2 2 2  
=  2 3 ax  12a   a  0  2 
  0 3
Y
 
= 2  2.  = 2 units
Example 4 :  2
Find the area between the curves y = tanx, y = cotx and
x-axis in the interval [0,/2].
Sol. In first quadrant tanx and cotx meet at x = /4. Also as
shown in the diagram, desired area is bisected at x = /4. X
(-2,0)A' O A(2,0)

Example 5 : 3
 2 1  Y
Find the area of the smaller portion between the circle
=  x 9  x  9sin x / 3
x2 + y2 = 9 and the line x = 1. 1
Sol. Since the area is symmetrical about x-axis, so
= 9/2 – 8 – 9 sin–1 (1/3) O
3
= 9 (/2 – sin–1 1/3) – X

area = 2 2 8
9  x dx
1 = 9 sec–1 3 – 8 X=1
QUESTION BANK
Q.1 Area bounded by the curves y = | x | – 2 and y =1 – | x – 1| Q.8 The area of the figure bounded by y = ex, y = ex and x=1
is equal to 1
(A) 4 sq. units (B) 6 sq. units (A) 2 (e – 1) (B) e  2
e
(C) 2 sq. units (D) 8 sq. units
Q.2 For which of the following values of m, is the area of the 1 1
region bounded by the curve y = x – x2 and the line y = mx (C) e 2 (D) e 
e e
equals 9/2? Q.9 The area of the region bounded by y = | x – 1 | and y = 1 is
(A) – 4 (B) 1/2 (A) 2 (B) 1
(C) 2 (D) 4 (C) 1/2 (D) 1/4
Q.3 The area bounded by the curve f (x) = (x + sinx) and its Q.10 Area lying in the first quadrant and bounded by the circle
inverse between the ordinates x = 0 to x = 2 is – x2 + y2 = 4 and the lines x = 0 and x = 2 is
(A) 4 square units (B) 8 square units
(C) 4 square unit (D) 8 square units 
(A)  (B)
Q.4 The area of the region bounded between the curves 2
| y | – | sin x | 0 and x2 + y2 – 2 0 is 3 – A. Find the (C) /3 (D) /4
value of A. Q.11 Area of the region bounded by the curve y2 = 4x, y-axis
(A) 8 (B) 7 and the line y = 3 is
(C) 6 (D) 5 (A) 2 square units (B) 9/4 square units
(C) 9/3 square units (D) 9/2 square units
Q.5 Area common to the curve y = 9  x 2 & x2 + y2 = 6x is
Q.12 Find the area of the region bounded by the curve
y2 = x and the lines x = 1, x = 4 and the x-axis.
 3  3
(A) (B) (A) (14/3) square units (B) (1/4) square units
4 4 (C) (5/3) square units (D) (7/4) square units
 3  Q.13 Find the area of the region bounded by y2 = 9x, x = 2,
3 3
(C) 3    4  (D) 3    x = 4 and the x-axis in the first quadrant.
   4 
(A) 2 [8  2 2] square units
Q.6 The area between the curves y = x and y = x3 is
(A) 1/4 (B) 1/2 (B) 2 [5  2 2] square units
(C) 1/3 (D) 1
Q.7 The total area of the curve a2y2 = x2 (a2 – x2) is (C) 7 [8  2 2] square units
2 2 (D) 2 [3  2 2] square units

(A) a (B) a2
3 Q.14 Smaller area enclosed by the circle x2 + y2 = 4 and the line
x + y = 2 is
a 2 4a 2 (A) 2 ( – 2) (B)  – 2
(C) (D)
2 3 (C) 2 – 1 (D) 2 ( + 2)
Q.1 Find the area between the parabola x2 = 4y and line (A) 7/4 (B) 9/4
x = 4y – 2. (C) 5/4 (D) 8/4
(A) 7/4 (B) 9/8 Q.3 The area bounded by the curve y =(x2 + 2x + 1) and
(C) 5/4 (D) 8/4 tangent at (1, 4) and y-axis is –
Q.2 The area enclosed by y = x3, its normal at (1, 1) and x-axis (A) 2/3 square unit (B) 1/3 square unit
is equal to – (C) 2 square unit (D) 4/3 square unit

Q.4 The area bounded between normals drawn to the circle  e2  4 e2   e 2  5e2 
x2 + y2 = 4 at its point of intersection with curve (A)   (B)  
 5   4 
y 2 | x | and curve y4 = 2x2 is –
 4 e2  e2   5 e 2  e 2 
(A) 1/3 (B) 2/3 (C)   (D)  
(C) 1 (D) 4/3  5   4 
Q.5 The area bounded by the curve y = x2  1 & the straight Q.11 Find the area of the region bounded by y = logex and
line x + y = 3 is : y = sin4x.
(A) 9/2 (B) 4 (A) 1/8 (B) 11/8
(C) 3/8 (D) 2/7
7 17 17 17
(C) (D) Q.12 Find the area (in sq. units) of the figure enclosed by the
2 6 curve 5x2 + 6xy + 2y2 + 7x + 6y + 6 = 0
Q.6 If Am represents the area bounded by the curve (A) /2 (B) /4
y = ln xm, the x-axis and the lines x = 1 and x = e, then (C) /3 (D) /6
Am + m Am – 1 is- Directions : Assertion-Reason type questions.
(A) m (B) m2 (A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True, Statement2
2
(C) m /2 (D) m2 – 1 is a correct explanation for Statement -1
Q.7 The area bounded by the curve (B) Statement-1 is True, Statement -2 is True; Statement2
y2  4 3  
3  | x  3 | is ( in sq.units ) is NOT a correct explanation for Statement - 1
(C) Statement - 1 is True, Statement- 2 is False
(A) 8 (B) 16 (D) Statement -1 is False, Statement -2 is True
(C) 24 (D) 32
Q.8 The area enclosed by the curve y  x & x   y , the Q.13 Statement -1 : Area bounded by parabola y = x2 – 4x + 3
and y = 0 is 4/3 sq. units.
circle x2 + y2 = 2 above the x-axis, is – Statement -2 : Area bounded by curve y = f (x) 0 and
(A) /4 (B) 3/2
b
(C)  (D) /2
y=0 between ordinates x = a and x = b (b > a) is  f (x) dx .
Q.9 The area bounded by the circle x2 + y2 = 1 and the curve
a
| x | + | y | = 1 is
Q.14 Statement–1 : The area enclosed by the curves
(A)  – 2 (B)  – 2 2 3 3
y = cos x, y = 1 + sin 2x and x = equals 2 +
(C) 2 ( – 2 2 ) (D) None of these 2 2
3 2
Q.10 The area bounded by the curves y = x (1 – ln x) ; x= e1
and positive X-axis between x = e1 and x = e is :
Statement–2 : A =  (1  sin 2x  cos x) dx = 2
0
Q.1 The area bounded between the parabolas x2 = y/4 and
x2 = 9y and the straight line y = 2 is – [AIEEE 2012] Q.6 The area (in sq. units) of the region
10 2 20 2 {(x, y) : x  0, x + y  3, x2  4y and y  1 + x } is :
(A) 20 2 (B) (C) (D) 10 2 [JEE MAIN 2017]
3 3
Q.2 The area (in square units) bounded by the curves (A) 7/3 (B) 5/2
y = x , 2y – x + 3 = 0, x-axis, and lying in the first (C) 59/12 (D) 3/2
quadrant is – [JEE MAIN 2013] Q.7 Let g(x) = cos x2, f (x) = x , and ,  (  ) be the
(A) 9 (B) 36 roots of the quadratic equation 18x2 – 9x + 2 = 0. Then
(C) 18 (D) 27/4
the area (in sq. units) bounded by the curve y = (gof ) x
Q.3 The area of the region described by
A = {(x, y) : x2 + y2 1 and y2  1 – x} is[JEE MAIN 2014] & the lines x =, x =  and y = 0, is [JEE MAIN 2018]
 4  4  2  2 1 1 1 1
( 3  1)
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D)  (A) ( 3  2) (B) ( 2  1) (C) ( 3  1) (D)
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 2
Q.4 The area (in sq. units) of the region described by Q.8 The area (in sq. units) bounded by the parabola
{(x, y) : y2  2x and y  4x – 1} is [JEE MAIN 2015] y = x2 – 1, the tangent at the point (2, 3) to it and the
(A) 5/64 (B) 15/64 y-axis is : [JEE MAIN 2019]
(C) 9/32 (D) 7/32 (A) 14/3 (B) 56/3
Q.5 The area (in sq. units) of the region {(x, y) : y2  2x and (C) 8/3 (4D 32/3
x2 + y2 4x, x  0, y  0} is – [JEE MAIN 2016] Q.9 Area bounded by 4x2 y  8x + 12 is [JEE MAIN 2020]
(A) 127 / 3 (B) 128 / 3
8 4 2  2 2 4
(A)   (B)   (C)  (D)   (C) 124 / 3 (D) 125 / 3
3 3 2 3 3
Q.10 If the area of the bounded region is, (loge 2)–1 + (loge 2) + , then the value of
( +  – 2)2 is equal to
1
R  {(x, y) : max {0, loge x}  y  2 x ,  x  2} (A) 2 (B) 1 [JEE MAIN 2021]
2 (C) 8 (D) 4
x 2 , x  0 Q.10 The area of region bounded by the curve y = cos x
Q.1 The area bounded by the curve y =  x , x  0 and the between x = 0 and x =  is [KCET 2018]

(A) 1 sq. unit (B) 4 sq. units
line y = 4 is – [KCET 2010]
(A) 32/3 (B) 8/3 (C) 2 sq. units (D) 3 sq. units
(C) 40/3 (D) 16/3 Q.11 The area bounded by the line y = x, x-axis and ordinates
x = –1 and x = 2 is [KCET 2018]
Q.2 If the area between y = mx2 and x = my2 (m > 0) is 1/4 sq
(A) 3/2 (B) 5/2
units, then value of m is – [KCET 2011]
(C) 2 (D) 3
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) ± 2/ 3 (D) ± 3 2 Q.12 The area of the region above X-axis included between
Q.3 The area bounded by the curve y = sin (x/3), x-axis and the parabola y2 = x and the circle x2 + y2 = 2x in square
lines x = 0 and x = 3 is – [KCET 2013] units is [KCET 2019]
(A) 9 (B) 0 2   3  2 3 
(C) 6 (D) 3 (A) (B)  (C)  (D) 
3 4 4 2 4 3 2 4
Q.4 The area of the region bounded by the lines y = mx, x = 1,
Q.13 The area of the region bounded by Y-axis, y = cos x and
x = 2, and x axis is 6 sq. units, then ‘m’ is
y = sin x, 0  x /2 is [KCET 2019]
(A) 3 (B) 1 [KCET 2014]
(C) 2 (D) 4 (A) 2 + 1 sq.units (B) 2 – 1 sq. units
Q.5 Area of the region bounded by two parabolas y = x2 and
x = y2 is – [KCET 2014] (C) 2 – 2 sq. units (D) 2 sq. units
(A) 1/4 (B) 1/3 Q.14 The area of the region bounded by the curve y2=8x and
(C) 4 (D) 3 the line y = 2x is [KCET 2020]
Q.6 Area bounded by y = x3, y = 8 and x = 0 is[KCET 2015] (A) (16/3) sq.units (B) (4/3) sq.units
(A) 2 sq. units (B) 14 sq. units (C) (3/4) sq.units (D) (8/3) sq.units
(C) 12 sq. units (D) 6 sq. units Q.15 The area of the region bounded by the line y=2x+1,
x–axis and the ordinates x = –1 and x = 1 is[KCET 2020]
Q.7 Area lying between the curves y2 = 2x and y = x is
(A) 9/4 (B) 2
[KCET 2016]
(C) 5/2 (D) 5
(A) (1/3) sq.units (B) (3/4) sq.units
(C) (2/3) sq.units (D) (1/4) sq.units Q.16 The area of the region bounded by y = 16  x 2 and x-
Q.8 The area of the region boundend by the curve y = x2 and axis is [KCET 2021]
the line y = 16 [KCET 2017] (A) 8 square units (B) 20 square units
(A) (64/3) sq. units (B) (32/3) sq. units (C) 16 square units (D) 256 square units
(C) (256/3) sq. units (D) (128/3) sq. units
Q.9 Area of the region bounded by the curve y = cos x, x = 0 x 2 y2
Q.17 If the area of the Ellipse is   1 is 20 square
and x =  is [KCET 2017] 25  2
(A) 4 sq. units (B) 3 sq. units units, then  is – [KCET 2021]
(C) 1 sq. units (D) 2 sq. units (A) ± 4 (B) ± 3
(C) ± 2 (D) ± 1
ANSWER KEY
EX ERCISE - 1
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
A A D B A D B D B B A B A A B
EXERCIS E - 2 EXERCISE - 3
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A B A B D D B B D A B B A B C A C A A C A B C C B A
EXERCISE - 4
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
A C C C D B C C C D C B C B B C A A

Chapter
20 Differential Equation
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION d2 y
(ii)  y  0 is a linear differential equation of order 2 and
An equation containing an independent variable, dependent dx 2
variable, and differential coefficients of dependent variable degree 1.
with respect to independent variable is called a differential
equation. For example–
SOLUTION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
2 3
dy  d2 y  2  dy  A solution of a differential equation is any function which
(i)  xy  cot x (ii)  2   x    0
dx  dx  dx when put into the equation changes it into an identity.
General solution : The solution which contains a number
Order of differential equation : The order of a DE is the of arbitrary constants equal to the order of the equation is
order of the highest derivative occurring in the differential called general solution for complete integral or complete
equation. primitive of differential equation.
Particular Solution : Solution obtained from the general
Degree of differential equation : The degree of a differential solution by giving particular values to the constants are
equation is the degree of the highest derivative occurring called particular solutions.
in the differential coefficients are free from radical and
fraction. Example 1 :
dy
Example 1 : Find the general solution of x 2 2 .
Find the order and degree of the differential equation dx
d 2 y  dy 
1/3 dy 2 2 2
   x1/4 = 0 . Sol.   dy  dx ; Integrate, y    c
dx x 2 2
dx 2  dx  x x
Sol. Clearly order of the differential equation is 2. FIRST ORDER FIRST DEGREE DIFF. EQ.
3
d2 y  dy 
1/3  d2 y 1/4
 dy dy
1/4
Again x      2 x   Differential equation of the form  f (x) :
dx 2  dx   dx  dx dx
To solve this type of differential equations we integrate
which shows that degree of the differential equation is 3.
both sides to obtain the general solution as discussed
below
LINEAR & NON LINER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
dy
A differential equation in which the dependent variable  f (x)  dy = f (x) dx
dx
and its differential coefficients occur only in the first degree
Integrating both sides we obtain
and are not multiplied together is called as linear diff.
equation.  dy   f (x) dx  c or y=  f (x) dx  c
dn y d n 1y dn2 y dy
P0 n
 P1 n 1
 P2 n 2
 ........Pn 1  Pn y  Q
dx dx dx dx dy
Differential equation of the form  f (x) g(y)
Where P0,P1,P2,........Pn–1 and Q are either constants or dx
functions of independent variable x. To solve this type of differential equation we integrate both
Those equations which are not linear are called non– linear sides to obtain the general solution.
differential equations. For example,
 
dy dy
3 2  f (x) g(y)   f (x) dx  c
 d y2
 dy  dx g (y)
(i)  2   2   – 5y = x4 is a non-linear differential
 dx  dx
dy
equation [ its degree is 3, more than one] Differential equation of the form of  f (ax  by  c) :
dx
To solve this type of differential equations, we put
34 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
dy 1  dv  dv
ax + by + c = v and    a   a  b f (v)  dx DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION REDUCIBLE TO
dx b dx
HOMOGENEOUS FORM
dv
So solution is by integrating  a  b f (v)   dx dy a1x  b1x  c1
A differential equation of the form  ,
Example 2 : dx a 2 x  b 2 x  c2
Find the solution of differential equation dy/dx = cos (x + dY dy
Put x = X + h , y = Y + k so that 
y). dX dx
Sol. We are given that dy/dx = cos (x + y) The equation then transformed to
dy dv dy dy dY a X  bY  (a1h  b1k  c1 )
Put x + y = v, so that 1 +    1  1
dx dx dx dx dX a 2 X  b2 Y  (a 2 h  b2 k  c2 )
So, the given equation becomes
Now choose h and k such that a1h + b1k + c1= 0 and
dv dv a2h + b2k + c2 = 0. Then for these values of h and k the
 1  cos v   1  cos v
dx dx dY a1X  b1Y
equation becomes  .
1 1 2v dX a 2 X  b 2 Y
 1  cos v dv  dx  sec dv  dx This is a homogeneous equation which can be solved by
2 2
putting Y = v X and then Y and X should be replaced by
1 v
 2 sec dv   1.dx
2 y – k and x – h.
Integrating both sides,
2
v  x  y LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
 tan  x  C  tan  xC
2  2 
A differential equation is linear if the dependent variable
(y) and its derivative appear only in first degree. The general
Differential equation of homogeneous type : form of a linear differential equation of first order is
An equation in x and y is said to be homogeneous if it can dy
 Py  Q ......(1)
dy f (x, y) dx
be put in the form  where f (x ,y) & g (x ,y) are
Where P and Q are either constants or functions of x.
dx g (x, y)
This type of differential equations are solved when they
both homogeneous functions of the same degree in x & y . are multiplied by a factor, which is called integration factor,
So to solve the homogeneous differential equation because by multiplication of this factor the left hand side
dy f (x, y) dy dy of the differential equation becomes exact differential of
 , substitute y = vx and so vx
dx g (x, y) dx dx some function. Multiplying both sides of (1) by e  p dx ,
dv dx dv  dy 
e  p dx
p dx
Thus vx  f (v)   we get   Py  Q e
dx x f (v)  v dx
On integrating both sides with respect to x we get
dx dv
Therefore solution is  x   f (v)  v  c y e
p dx
  Q e
p dx
c
Example 3 : which is the required solution, where c is the constant and
Find the solution of differential equation
e
p dx is called the integration factor..
dy/dx = y/x + tan y/x is
Sol. Put y/x = v , or y = xv or dy/dx = x +x dv / dx
Example 4 :
dv dv Find the solution of (x + 2y3) dy = y dx.
x  v  v  tan v   tan v
dx dx Sol. (x + 2y3) dy = y dx
dv dx dx x dx x
  , cot v dv 
dx
, or  n sin v =  nC    2y 2   = 2y2
tan v x x dy y dy y
1
sin v sin (y / x)  dy 1 1 dx
  C or  C or x = C' sin (y/x) e P 'dy e y
 elog y  .
x x y Type dy + P' x =Q'
x
y 
Sol is  2ydy  C  y2  C  x = y3 + Cy
ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES Example 4 :
Example 1 : Find the equation of family of curves for which the length
Find the general solution of the differential equation of the normal is equal to the radius vector.
dy 2
(ex +e–x) = (ex – e–x)  dy 
Sol. Length of the normal = y 1    .
dx  dx 
dy dy e x  e x
Sol. We have (ex +e–x) = (ex – e–x)   dy 
2
dx dx e x  e  x 2
It is given that y 1     x  y
2
 dx 
e x  e x
Integrating y =  e x  e x dx + c  radius vector  r  x 2  y 2 
 
Put ex + e–x = t so that (ex –e–x) dx = dt
2
dt  dy 
 y =  + c = log | t | + c. y2 + y2   = x2 + y2
t dx
Hence y = log | ex + e–x | + c 2
which is the reqd. general solution. 2  dy  2
 y    x
 dx 
Example 2 : y dy ± xdx = 0 y2 ± x2 = k2
dy
Find the solution of different equation (2x – 10y3) +y=0. Example 5 :
dx Find the solution of the equation
Sol. The given equation can be written as :
xdy  ydx
dx 2 xdx + ydy + 2 =0
 x  10y2 .....(1) [Linear Equation in x] x  y2
dy y
xdy  ydx
2 Sol. We have, x dx + y dy + 2 =0
Here ' P' = and 'Q' = 10y2 x  y2
y
1  y
2
 dy  d (x2 + y2) + d tan 1   = 0
 Pdy  e 2 2  x
I.F. = e
y
 e2 log| y| = elog y  y 2
1 2 2 1 y c
Integrating, (x + y ) + tan 
Multiplying (1) by y2 , we get : 2 x 2
dx d x2 + y2 + 2 tan–1 (y/x) = c
y2 . + 2yx = 10y4  (x.y2) = 10y4  c  x 2  y2 
dy dy
 y = x tan   is the required solution
 2 
Integrating, xy2 = 10  y4 dy + c
xy2 = 2y5 + c which is required solution Example 6 :
Find the general solution of the differential equation
Example 3 : dy
Find the solution of the differential equation + y g' (x) = g(x). g' (x), where g(x) is a given function of
dx
dy x.
+ 1 = ex + y..
dx dy
Sol. We have, = (g(x) – y), g'(x)
dy dy dx
Sol. + 1 = ex.ey e–y dx + e–y = ex
dx dy dV
Put g(x) – y = V g'(x)   
dy dz dz dx dx
Put e–y = z  –e–y   – + z = ex
dx dx dx dV dV
Hence, g '(x)   V.g '(x)   (1  V).g '(x)
dz dx dx
i.e. – z = –ex which is linear in z. Here P = – 1
dx dV dV
 g '(x) dx  
1 V 
  g '(x) dx
1 V
  Pdx  dx   x  e Pdx  e  x
 – log (1 – V) = g (x) – C  g (x) + log (1 – V) = C
 Sol. is z.e–x =   e x .e x dx  c = – x + c  g (x) +log [1 + y – g (x)] = C
e–y .e–x = c – x e–(x + y) = – (x – c) (x – c) ex+y +1 = 0

QUESTION BANK
PART - 1 - ORDER AND DEGREE OF DE’S Q.9 The differential equation of the family of curves
1/2 2 A
 d2 y   dy  v  B, where A and B are arbitrary constants, is
Q.1 The differential equation  2      y3 r
 dx   dx 
d2 v
1 dv d2 v 2 dv
has the degree (A) 2  0 (B) 2
 0
(A) 1/2 (B) 2 dr r dr dr r dr
(C) 3 (D) 4
Q.2 The order of the differential equation whose general d2 v 2 dv
(C) 2
 0 (D) None of these
solution is given by dr r dr
y  c1 cos (2x  c 2 )  (c3  c4 ) a x  c5  c6 sin (x  c7 ) , Q.10 The differential equation obtained on eliminating A and
B from the equation y = A cos t + B sin t is
(A) 3 (B) 4
(C) 5 (D) 2 (A) y    2 y (B) y   y  0
1/4
  dy  2 
d2 y (C) y   y   0 (D) y    2 y  0
Q.3 Order and degree of DE  y     are Q.11 The differential equations of all conics whose axes
dx 2   dx  
coincide with the co-ordinate axis –
(A) 4 and 2 (B) 1 and 2 2
(C) 1 and 4 (D) 2 and 4 d2 y  dy  dy
(A) xy  x   y 0
Q.4 Family y = Ax + A3of curve represented by the differential dx 2  dx  dx
equation of degree
2
(A) Three (B) Two d2 y  dy  dy
(B) xy  x   x 0
(C) One (D) None of these dx 2  dx  dx
Q.5 Order of the differential equation of the family of all
concentric circles centered at (h, k) is 2
d2 y  dy  dy
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) xy  x   y 0
dx 2  dx  dx
(C) 3 (D) 4
Q.6 The degree of the differential equation 2
d2 y  dy  dy
(D) xy  x   y 0
d2 y dy dx 2  dx  dx
2
 3  x
dx dx Q.12 The differential equations of all circles passing through
(A) 2 (B) 1 origin and having their centres on the x-axis is
(C) 1/2 (D) 3
dy y 2  x 2 dy y 2  x 2
Q.7 If ‘m’ and ‘n’ are the order and degree of the differential (A)  (B) 
dx 2xy dx 2x
5 (y  )3
equation (y )  4   y   sin x , then d2 yy2  x 2 dy y 2  x 2
y  (C)  (D) 
(A) m = 3, n = 5 (B) m = 3, n = 1 dx 2 2xy dx 2xy
(C) m = 3, n = 3 (D) m = 3, n = 2 Q.13 The differential equation of family of parabola with foci
at the origin and axis along the x axes –
PART - 2 - FORMATION OF DIFFERENTIAL  dy 
2
dy  dy  dy
2
EQUATION (A) y    2x  y  0 (B) x    2y  y  0
dx dx  dx  dx
Q.8 The differential equation whose solution is
y = A sin x + B cos x, is 2
 dy  dy
(C) y    2x  y  0 (D) None of these
d2 y d2 y  dx  dx
(A) y0 (B) y0
dx 2 dx 2 Q.14 The differential equation satisfied by the family of curves
dy 1 
y  ax cos   b , where a, b are parameters, is
(C) y0 (D) None of these x 
dx
(A) x2y2 + y = 0 (B) x4y2 + y = 0
(C) xy2 – y = 0 (D) x4y2 – y = 0
PART - 3 - SOLUTION OF DIFFERENTIAL Q.24 Solution of the differential equation y' = y tan x – 2 sin x,
EQUATION is
(A) y = tan x + 2c cos x (B) y = tan x + c cos x
dy (C) y = tan x – 2c cos x (D) None of these
Q.15 The solution of the differential equation 2x –y=3
dx
represents – PART - 4 : MISCELLANEOUS
(A) Straight lines (B) Circles Q.25 The degree of the differential equation
(C) Parabola (D) Ellipse
3
 d 2 y   dy  2  dy 
dy ax  h
Q.16 The solution of  represents a parabola when  2      sin    1  0 is –
dx by  k  dx  dx dx
(A) a = 0, b = 0 (B) a = 1, b = 2 (A) 3 (B) 2
(C) a = 0, b  0 (D) a = 2, b = 1 (C) 1 (D) not defined
Q.17 The solution of the differential equation Q.26 The order of the differential equation
sec2 x tan ydx  sec2 y tan xdy  0 is d2 y dy
2x 2 3  y  0 is –
(A) tan x = c tan y (B) tan x = c tan (x + y) dx 2 dx
(C) tan x = c cot y (D) tan x sec y = c
(A) 2 (B) 1
Q.18 The degree of the differential equation of all tangent lines
(C) 0 (D) not defined
to the parabola y2 = 4ax is –
Q.27 The number of arbitrary constants in the general solution
(A) 1 (B) 2
of a differential equation of fourth order are –
(C) 3 (D) 4
(A) 0 (B) 2
Q.19 Solution of the differential equation x dy – y dx = 0
(C) 3 (D) 4
represents
Q.28 The number of arbitrary constants in the particular
(A) parabola whose vertex is at origin
solution of a differential equation of third order are –
(B) circle whose centre is at origin
(A) 3 (B) 2
(C) a rectangular hyperbola
(C) 1 (D) 0
(D) straight line passing through origin
Q.29 Which of the following differential equation has
Q.20 If c is an arbitrary constant, then the general solution of
y = c1ex + c2 e–x as the general solution ?
the differential equation y dx – x dy = xy dx is given by –
(A) y = cxe–x (B) x = cye–x d2 y d2 y
x
(C) y + e = cx (D) yex = cx (A) y0 (B) y0
dx 2 dx 2
Q.21 Solutions of the differential equation
2 d2 y d2 y
 dy   dy  x x (C) 2  1  0 (D) 2  1  0
 dx    dx  (e  e )  1  0 are given by – dx dx
(A) y2 – ex = C (B) y3 + ex = C Q.30 Which of the following differential equations has y = x as
(C) y + e–x = C (D) y + e–x + ex = C one of its particular solutions ?
dy  y d2 y dy d2 y dy
Q.22 The solution of the equation x  y  x tan   is (A) 2
 x2  xy  x (B) 2
x  xy  x
dx  x dx dx dx dx
 x d2 y2 dy d2 y dy
(A) x sin  y   c  0 (B) x sin y + c = 0 (C) 2
 x  xy  0 (D) 2
x  xy  0
dx dx dx dx
Q.31 The general solution of the differential equation
 y
(C) x sin    c (D) None of these dy
x  e x  y is –
Q.23 An integrating factor of the differential equation dx
(A) ex + e–y = c (B) ex + ey = c
dy 2xy x (C) e–x + ey = c (D) e–x + e–y = c
  is
dx 1  x 2 1  x2 Q.32 A homogeneous differential equation of the from
(A) (1  x 2 )1 (B) (1  x 2 ) 1 dx  x

 h   can be solved by making the substitution.
dy  y
(C) x / (1  x 2 ) (D) x / 1  x 2
(A) y = vx (B) v = yx
(C) x = vy (D) x = v
Q.33 Which of the following is a homogeneous differential Q.35 The integrating factor of the differential equation
equation? dx
(A) (4x + 6y + 5) dy – (3y + 2x + 4) dx = 0 (1 – y2) + yx = ay (–1 < y < 1) is –
dy
(B) (xy) dx – (x3 + y3) dy = 0
(C) (x3 + 2y2) dx + 2xy dy = 0 1 1
(D) y2 dx + (x2 – xy – y2) dy = 0 (A) (B)
Q.34 The integrating factor of the differential equation y2  1 y2  1
dy 1 1
x – y = 2x2 is – (C) (D)
dx 1  y2 1  y2
(A) e–x (B) e–y
(C) 1/x (D) x
Q.1 A curve having the condition that the slope of tangent at dy e x (sin 2 x  sin 2x)
some point is two times the slope of the straight line Q.6 The solution of  is
dx y(2 log y  1)
joining the same point to the origin of coordinates is a/an
(A) Circle (B) Ellipse (A) y2 (log y)  e x sin 2 x  c  0
(C) Parabola (D) Hyperbola
Q.2 The solution of the differential equation (B) y 2 (log y)  e x cos 2 x  c  0
(sin x  cos x) dy  (cos x  sin x) dx  0 is
(C) y 2 (log y)  e x cos 2 x  c  0
(A) e x (sin x  cos x)  c  0 (B) e y (sin x  cos x)  c (D) None of these
Q.7 Solution of the differential equation
(C) e y (cos x  sin x)  c (D) e x (sin x  cos x)  c
dy
dy tan y  sin (x  y)  sin (x  y) is
Q.3 The solution of differential equation x  y  y 2 is dx
dx (A) sec y + 2 cos x = c (B) sec y – 2 cos x = c
(A) y = 1 + cxy (B) y = log {cxy} (C) cos y – 2 sin x = c (D) tan y – 2 sec y = c
(C) y + 1 = cxy (D) y = c + xy
dy
Q.8 Solution of differential equation 2xy  x 2  3y 2 is
dy (1  x)y dx
Q.4 The solution of the differential equation  is
dx (y  1)x
x 2 y3
(A) x3  y2  px 2 (B)   y2  p
 x 2 x
(A) log xy + x + y = c (B) log    x  y  c
 y
(C) x 2  y3  px 2 (D) x 2  y2  px 3
(C) log xy + x – y = c (D) None of these Q.9 Solution of the differential equation
Q.5 The solution of the differential equation
dy
(1  x 2 )(1  y) dx  xy (1  y) dy is  y sec 2 x  tan x sec2 x is
dx
x 2 y2 (A) y  tan x  1  ce  tan x (B) y 2  tan x  1  ce tan x
(A) log [x (1  y)2 ]    2y  c
2 2
(C) ye tan x  tan x  1  c (D) ye  tan x  tan x  1  c
2 2
x y Q.10 The order of the differential equation whose general
(B) log [x(1  y)2 ]    2y  c
2 2 solution is given by y  (c1  c 2 ) cos (x  c3 )  c 4 e x  c5 ,
x 2 y2 where c1 , c 2 , c3 , c4 , c5 are arbitrary constants, is
(C) log [x(1  y)2 ]    2y  c
2 2 (A) 5 (B) 4
(C) 3 (D) 2
x 2 y2
(D) log [x(1  y)2 ]    2y  c dy
2 2 Q.11 Solution of the differential equation  e x  y (e x  e y )
dx
y y
(A) ee (e x  e y  1)  c (B) ee (e y  e x  1)  c
e x
x y x
(C) e (e  e  1)  c (D) ee (e y  e x  1)  c
Q.12 The differential equation on that represents all parabolas (A) P = 1, A = 2 (B) P = 1, A = 1
each of which has a latusrectum 4a and whose axes are (C) P = 2, A = 1 (D) P = 2, A = 2
parallel to x-axis, is – Q.16 The particular solution of the differential equation
3 3 y' + 3xy = x which passes through (0, 4) is –
d 2 y  dy  d 2 y  dy 
(A) a    0 (B) 2a    0 2 2
dx 2  dx  dx 2  dx  (A) y = 1 – 11 e3x /2 (B) 3y =1 + 11 e3x /2
2 2
(C) 3y = 1 – 11 e3x /2
3
d 2 y  dy  (D) 3y =1 + 11 e3x /2
(C) 2a    0 (D) None of these
dx 2  dx   a 3  b3  c3 
d3 y d2 y dy
Q.13 The general solution of all the differential equation Q.17 a b  cy  0 , then  
dx 3 dx 2 dx  abc 
(2 xy  x) dy  ydx  0 is –
(A) –1/4 (B) –1/2
y x (C) 0 (D) 1/2
(A) log x  c (B) log y  c Q.18 Solution of differential equation
x y
2 2 3 3
 x  dy   x  dy 
x    
 y   y 
1
(C) log y  c (D) None of these  x
x2  1  
dy

dx

dx
 .........
y  y dx 2! 3!
dy is –
Q.14 Solution of differential equation 2xy  x 2  3y 2 is –
dx (A) y2 = x2 (ln x2 – 1) + c (B) y = x2 (ln x – 1) + c
(A) x3 + y3 = cx2 (B) x2 + y3 = cx2 2 x 2
(C) y2 = x (ln x – 1) + c (D) y  x e  c
x 2 y3 Q.19 The orthogonal trajectory of system of curve y = ax2
(C) x2 + y2 = cx3 (D)   y2  c
2 x which does not passes through origin, is –
Q.15 Let P and A be respectively the degree and order of (A) ellipse (B) parabola
differential equation of the family of circles touching the (C) circle (D) hyperbola
lines y2 – x2 = 0 and lying in the first and second quadrant;

Q.1 The population p(t) at time t of a certain mouse species dy
(x log x)  y  2x log x, (x  1) .Then y (e) is equal to
dp(t) dx
satisfies the differential equation = 0.5 p (t) – 450.
dt (A) 0 (B) 2 [JEE MAIN 2015]
If p (0) = 850, then the time at which the population (C) 2e (D) e
becomes zero is – [AIEEE 2012] Q.5 If a curve y = f (x) passes through the point (1, –1) and
(A) 2 ln 18 (B) ln 9 satisfies the differential equation, y (1 + xy) dx = xdy, then
(C) (1/2) ln 18 (D) ln 18 f (–1/2) is equal to – [JEE MAIN 2016]
Q.2 At present, a firm is manufacturing 2000 items. It is (A) –4/5 (B) 2/5
estimated that the rate of change of production P w.r.t. (C) 4/5 (D) –2/5
additional number of workers x is given by dy
dP Q.6 If (2 + sin x) + (y + 1) cos x = 0 and y (0) = 1, then
 100  12 x . If the firm employs 25 more workers, dx
dx y (/2) is equal to – [JEE MAIN 2017]
then the new level of production of items is – (A) –1/3 (B) 4/3
[JEE MAIN 2013] (C) 1/3 (D) –2/3
(A) 2500 (B) 3000 Q.7 Let y = y (x) be the solution of the differential equation
(C) 3500 (D) 4500
Q.3 Let the population of rabbits surviving at a time t be dy
sin x + y cos x = 4x, x (0, ), If y (/2) = 0, then
governed by the differential equation dx
dp (t) 1 y (/6) is equal to – [JEE MAIN 2018]
 p (t)  200 . If p (0) = 100, then p (t) equals –
dt 2 8 2 4 2
[JEE MAIN 2014] (A)   (B)  
9 9
(A) 400 – 300 et/2 (B) 300 – 200 e–t/2
(C) 600 – 500 et/2 (D) 400 – 300 e–t/2 4 8 2
Q.4 Let y (x) be the solution of the differential equation (C) 2 (D) 
9 3 9 3
Q.8 If y = y (x) is the solution of the differential equation, Q.12 Differential equation of x2 = 4b (y + b), where b is a
parameter, is – [JEE MAIN 2020]
dy
x  2y  x 2 satisfying y (1) = 1, then y (1/2) is equal 2 2
dx  dy  dy 2  dy  dy
to : [JEE MAIN 2019] (A) x    2y  x (B) x    2y  x
 dx  dx  dx  dx
(A) 7/64 (B) 13/16
(C) 49/16 (D) 1/4 2 2
 dy  dy  dy  dy
(C) x   y  x2 (D) x    y  2x
2
 dx 
Q.9 Let y = f (x) is a solution of differential equation
dx  dx  dx
 dy 
e y   1  e x and f (0) = 0 then f (1) is equal to : Q.13 If for x  0, y = y (x) is the solution of the differential
 dx  equation (x + 1) dy = ((x + 1)2 + y – 3) dx, y (2) = 0, then y
[JEE MAIN 2020] (3) is equal to ———. [JEE MAIN 2020]
(A) ln 2 (B) 2 + ln 2 dy xy
(C) 1 + ln 2 (D) 3 + ln 2 Q.14 If  ; y (1) = 1; then a value of x satisfying
dx x 2  y 2
Q.10 Let y (x) is solution of differential equation
y (x) = e is : [JEE MAIN 2020]
dy
(y2 – x) = 1 and y (0) = 1, This curve intersects the x- e
dx (A) 2e (B)
2
axis at a point whose abscissa is : [JEE MAIN 2020]
(A) 2 – e (B) 2 + e 1
(C) 3e (D) 3e
(C) 2 (D) e 2
Q.11 If y (x) is a solution of differential equation Q.15 The population P = P(t) at time 't' of a certain species
dP
dy  1 3 follows the differential equation = 0.5P – 450. If
1 x2  1  y 2  0 , such that y    , then – dt
dx  2  2
P(0) = 850, then the time at which population becomes
[JEE MAIN 2020]
zero is [JEE MAIN 2021]
 1  1  1  3 (A) loge18 (B) loge9
(A) y   (B) y  
 2
2  2  2 1
(C) log 18 (D) 2 loge18
2 e
 1  1  1 1
(C) y    (D) y   
 2 2 2 2

Q.1 The order and degree of the differential equation (C) cos–1y = x cos–1x + c (D) None of these
Q.5 Solution of edy/dx = x when x = 1 and y = 0 is –
dp
y x  a 2 p2  b2 , where p = dy/dx [KCET 2012]
dx (A) y = x (log x – 1) + 1 (B) y = x (log x – 1) + 4
(here a and b are arbitrary constants) respectively are – (C) y = x (log x – 1) + 3 (D) y = x (log x + 1) + 1
(A) 2, 2 (B) 1, 1 [KCET 2010] Q.6 The general solution of the differential equation
(C) 1, 2 (D) 2, 1
Q.2 The general solution of the differential equation 1  x 2 y2 dx  y  dx  x  dy is – [KCET 2013]
(A) sin (xy) = x + c –1
(B) sin (xy) + x = c
dy
2x  y  3 is a family of – [KCET 2010] (C) sin (x + c) = xy (D) sin (xy) + x = c
dx
Q.7 If ‘m’ and ‘n’ are the order and degree of the differential
(A) hyperbolas (B) parabolas
(C) straight lines (D) circles 5 (y  )3
equation (y  )  4   y   sin x , then
Q.3 If m and n are degree and order of (1 + y12)2/3 = y2, then y 
[KCET 2013]
mn
the value of is – [KCET 2011] (A) m = 3, n = 5 (B) m = 3, n = 1
mn (C) m = 3, n = 3 (D) m = 3, n = 2
(A) 2 (B) 5 Q.8 A gardener is digging a plot of land. As he gets tired, he
(C) 4 (D) 3 works more slowly. After ‘t’ minutes he is digging at a
dy rate of (2 / t ) square metres per minute. How long will
Q.4 The general solution of = 1 – x2 – y2 + x2y2 is –
dx
it take him to dig an area of 40 square metres?
[KCET 2011] [KCET 2014]
1 –1 (A) 100 minutes (B) 10 minutes
(A) 2sin–1 y = x 1  y 2 + c (B) sin–1y = sin x + c (C) 30 minutes (D) 40 minutes
2
Q.9 The order and degree of the differential equation
1
dy 2
(C) log | 1 + y | = x + C (D) log  x  C
yx  is – [KCET 2014] 1 y
dx dy / dx
Q.17 The degree of the differential equation
(A) 1, 2 (B) 1, 3
2
(C) 2, 1 (D) 1, 1   dy  2  d2 y
Q.10 The general solution of the differential equation 1      2 is – [KCET 2017]
  dx   dx
dy y
  3x is – [KCET 2014] (A) 3 (B) 2
dx x
(C) 1 (D) 4
c c Q.18 The integrating factor of the differential equation
(A) y  x  (B) y  x 
x x dy
x  2y  x 2 is (x  0) [KCET 2017]
2 c 2 c dx
(C) y  x  (D) y  x  (A) x (B) log x
x x
Q.11 The order of differential equation of all circles of given (C) x2 (D) elog x
radius ‘a’ is – [KCET 2015] Q.19 The degree and the order of the differential equation
(A) 4 (B) 2 2
(C) 1 (D) 3 d2 y  dy 
 3 1   respectively are [KCET 2018]
dx 2  dx 
dy
Q.12 The solution of differential equation x  2y  x 2 (A) 2 and 3 (B) 3 and 2
dx
[KCET 2015] (C) 2 and 2 (D) 3 and 3
x2  C dy
x2 Q.20 The solution of the differential equation x y3
(A) y  (B) y  C dx
4x 2 4
represents a family of [KCET 2018]
x4  C x4  C (A) Straight lines (B) Circles
(C) y  2 (D) y  2
x 4x (C) Parabolas (D) Ellipses
dy dx dy 1 y
Q.13 The solution for the differential equation   0 is Q.21 The integrating factor of y is
y x dx x
(A) log x . log y = c (B) x + y = c [KCET 2016] (A) x ex (B) x e1/ x [KCET 2018]
(C) ex / x (D) x / ex
1 1
(C)  c (D) xy = c
y x Q.22 The integrating factor of the differential equation
(2x + 3y2) dy = y dx (y > 0) is [KCET 2019]
dy (B) 1 / ey
Q.14 Integrating factor of x  y  x 4  3x is – (A) 1 / x
dx (C) 1 / y2 (D) – 1/ y2
(A) log x (B) –x [KCET 2016] Q.23 The equation of the curve passing through the point
(C) x (D) 1/x (1, 1) such that the slope of the tangent at any point
Q.15 The order and degree of the differential equation (x, y) is equal to the product of its co-ordinates is
3/4 [KCET 2019]
  dy  2  dy   d2 y (A) 2 log y = x2 – 1 (B) 2 log x = y2 – 1
1     sin     [KCET 2016]
  dx   dx   dx 2 (C) 2 log x = y2 + 1 (D) 2 log y = x2 + 1
 Q.24 The order of the differential equation
(A) order = 2, degree = 4
(B) order = 2, degree = not defined y  C1eC2  x  C3eC4  x is [KCET 2019]
(C) order = 2, degree = 3 (A) 3 (B) 1
(D) order = 2, degree = 3/4 (C) 4 (D) 2
Q.16 General solution of differential equation Q.25 The order of the differential equation obtained by
eliminating arbitrary constants in the family of curves
dy
 y  1 (y  1) is – [KCET 2017] c1y = (c2 + c3) ex+c4 [KCET 2020]
dx (A) 1 (B) 2
1 (C) 3 (D) 4
(A) log  xC (B) log | 1 – y | = x + C
1 y
Q.26 The general solution of the differential equation Q.28 Solution of Differential Equation xdy – ydx = 0 represents
x2dy – 2xy dx = x4cos x dx is [KCET 2020] (A) A rectangular Hyperbola [KCET 2021]
(A) y = x2sin x + cx2 (B) y = x2 sin x + c (B) Parabola whose vertex is at origin
(C) y = sin x + cx2 (D) y = cos x + cx2 (C) Straight line passing through origin
Q.27 The curve passing through the point (1, 2) given that the (D) A circle whose centre is origin
3x dy y  1
slope of the tangent at any point (x, y) is represents Q.29 The number of solutions of  when y(1) = 2 is
y dx x  1
[KCET 2020] (A) three (B) one [KCET 2021]
(A) Circle (B) Parabola (C) infinite (D) two
(C) Ellipse (D) Hyperbola
ANSWER KEY
EX ERCIS E - 1
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
A D C D A A A D A C A C D A B C C C B D D C C
Q 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
A B D D A D D B C A C D C D
EXERCISE - 2
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
A C B A C D A A D A C D B C C C B A A A
EXERCISE - 3
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
A A C A B C C A C C A C B 3 D D
EXERCISE-4
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
A A B B D A C D A A CD B D D D B A C C B A C C A B A A D C B
Chapter Vectors & 3-Dimensional

21 Geometry

a  
VECTOR (b) â =  or a = | a | â
|a|
  
ADDITION OF VECTORS (c) Associative law : m (n a ) = (mn) a = n (m a )
B   
  (d) Distributive laws : (m + n) a = m a + n a and
1. Let a and b be any two    
vectors. From the terminal b n (a + b ) = na + nb
 a+  
point of a , vector b is (e) If r  x î  yjˆ  z kˆ then m r = mx î  myjˆ  mz kˆ
b
drawn.      
O A (f) r , a , b are coplanar if and only if r = xa  yb for
Then, the vector from the initial a
 some scalars x and y
point O of a to the terminal point B of b is called the sum 
   3. (a) If the position vectors of the points A and B be a and
 
of vectors a and b and is denoted by a  b . This is
b then,
called the triangle law of addition of vectos. (i) The position vectors of the points dividing the
line AB in the ratio m :n internally and externally
2. The vectors are also added by using the following method. are
 
Let a and b be any two vectors. From the initial point of    
 mb  na mb  na
a , vector b is drawn. Let O be their common initial point.
 and
If A and B be respectively the terminal points of a and b , mn mn
then parallelogram OACB is completed with OA and OB (ii) Position vector of the middle point of AB is given

as adjacent sides. The vector OC is defined as the sum of
 1  
 by (a  b)
a and b . This is called the parallelogram law of addition 2
of vectors.   
(iii) AB  b  a
Properties of Vector Addition :
     
(i) Vector addition is commutative, i.e. a  b  b  a . (b) If r  xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ then | r | x 2  y2  z 2
(ii) Vector addition is associative, (c) The points A,B,C will be collinear if and only if
       
i.e. a  (b  c)  (a  b)  c AB  m AC , for some non zero scalar m.
          
(iii) O + a = a + O = a . So, the zero vector is additive (d) Given vectors x1 a  y1 b  z1 c , x 2 a  y2 b  z 2 c ,
identity.      
     x 3 a  y3 b  z3 c , where a, b, c are non-coplanar
(iv) a + (– a ) = O = (– a ) + a . So, the additive inverse
  vectors, will be coplanar if and only if
of a is – a .
x1 y1 z1
x2 y2 z2
IMPORTANT PROPERTIES AND FORMULAE =0
   x3 y3 z3
1. (a) Triangle law of vector addition AB  BC  AC
(e) Method to prove four points to be coplanar : To prove
(b) Parallelogram law of vector addition : If ABCD is a
   that the four points A,B,C and D are coplanar.Find the
parallelogram, then AB  AD  AC   
  vector AB, AC and AD and then prove them to be
(c) If r1  x1 î  y1ˆj  z1kˆ and r2  x 2 î  y2 ˆj  z 2 kˆ then coplanar by the method of coplanarity i.e. one of them
  is a linear combination of the other two.
r1  r2  (x1  x 2 ) î  (y1  y2 )ˆj  (z1  z 2 ) kˆ        
  (f) | a  b |  | a |  | b | ; |ab|  |a||b|
and r1  r2  x1 = x2, y1 = y2, z1 = z2
       
    |ab|  |a||b| ; |ab|  |a||b|
2. (a) a and b are parallel if and only if a = m b for some
non-zero scalar m.
44 VECTORS & 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
   
SCALAR PRODUCT OR DOT PRODUCT 3. If a = b or if a is parallel to b , then sin= 0 and
 
  so a  b = 0
1. a . b = ab cos, where 0 
      
  
a . b = a (Projection of b along a )
4. Distributive laws: a  ( b  c)  a  b  a  c
2.
      
 and ( b  c)  a  b  a  c  a
  b.a
3. Projection of b along a   
5. The vector product of a vector a with itself is a null vector,,
|a|   
  i.e. a  a  0
4. The vector perpendicular to both a and b is given by 
  
6. if a = a1 î + a2 ĵ + a3 k̂ and b = b1 î + b2 ĵ + b3 k̂ then
ab
  
 (i) a  b = (a2 b3 – a3b2) î + (a3b1–a1b3) ĵ +(a1b2 – a2 b1) k̂
The unit vector perpendicular to both a and b is given
 
(a  b) î ˆj kˆ
by n̂     
|ab| (ii) a  b  a1 a2 a3
  
a . b = 0  a = 0 or b = 0
b1 b2 b3
5.
 
6. Component of a vector r in the direction of a and (a 2 b3  a 3b2 )2  (a 3b1  a1b3 )2  (a1b 2  a 2 b1 )2
   (iii) sin2=
  r. a     ( r .a)   (a12  a 22  a 32 ) (b12  b22  b32 )
perpendicular to a are    a and r     a
 | a |2 
2
 | a |   
7. If two vectors a and b are parallel, then  = 0 or  i.e.
respectively. sin= 0 in both cases
 
7. If a and b are the non-zero vectors, then  (a1 b2  a 2 b1 )2  (a 2 b3  a 3 b2 )2  (a 3 b1  a1 b3 ) 2 =0
   
a .b = 0  a  b  a1 b 2  a 2 b1 = 0, a 2 b3  a 3 b2 = 0, a 3 b1  a1 b3 = 0
 
a .b a1 a 2 a 2 a 3 a 3 a1 a1 a 2 a 3
8. cos = â . bˆ   b  b  b  b  b  b  b  b  b
| a |.| b | 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 3
 
9. î.iˆ  ˆj. ˆj  kˆ .kˆ  1 Thus, two vectors a and b are parallel if their
î.jˆ  ˆj.iˆ  ˆj.kˆ  k.i
ˆ ˆ  î .kˆ  0 corresponding co,ponents are proportional.
8. Area of the parallelogram
 
10. If a = (a1, a2, a3) and b = (b1, b2, b3)   1  
  ABCD = | AB  AD | or | AC  BD |
i.e. if a = a1 î + a2 ĵ + a3 k̂ and b = b1 î + b2 ĵ + b3 k̂ 2
  1  
(i) a. b = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3 b3 9. Area of the triangle ABC = | AB  AC |
2
a1b1  a 2 b2  a 3b3
(ii) cos=
a12  a 22  a 32 b12  b22  b32 SCALAR TRIPLE PRODUCT
  
(iii) a and b will be perpendicular if and only if 
1. If a = a1 î + a2 ĵ + a3 k̂ , b = b1 î + b2 ĵ + b3 k̂ and
a1 b 1 + a 2 b 2 + a 3 b3 = 0 
c  c1î  c2 ˆj  c3kˆ , then
  a1 a 2 a 3
(iv) a and b will be parallel if and only if  
b1 b 2 b3 a1 a 2 a3
    
(a  b).c = [a b c]  b1 b 2 b3
VECTOR OR CROSS PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS c1 c 2 c3
    2. [a b c] = volume of the parallelopiped whose coterminous
1. The product of vectors a and b is denoted by a  b .   
    edges are formed by a, b, c
a  b = (| a | |b | sin ) nˆ
3. [a b c] = [b c a] = [c a b] but [a b c] = – [a c b] etc.
   
2. a b = –b × a i.e. change of any two vector in scalar triple product
changes the sign of the scalar triple product.

        
4. If any two of the vectors a, b, c are equal, then [a b c] = 0 a.b '  a.c '  b.a '  b.c '  c.a '  c.b '  0
   
5. The position of dots and cross in a scalar triple product (iii) [ a b c ][ a ' b ' c ']  1
     
can be interchanged. Hence (a  b). c  a.(b  c) .      
(iv) i '  i , j '  j , k '  k
6. The value of a scalar triple product is zero, if two of its       
vectors are parallel. (v) If {a ', b ', c '} is reciprocal system of {a, b, c} and r
             
7. a, b, c are coplanar if and only if [a b c] = 0 is any vector, then r  (r.a) a ' (r.b) b ' (r.c)c '
           
8. Four points A, B, C, D with position vectors a, b, c, d r  (r.a ') a  (r.b ') b ' (r.c ')c
  
respectively are coplanar if and only if [AB AC AD] = 0
      APPLICATION OF VECTOR IN GEOMETRY
i.e. if and only if [b  a c  a d  a] = 0
9. Volume of a tetrahedron with three coterminous edges 1. Vector equation of a straight line passing through a point
    
   1    a and parallel to b is r  a  tb where t is an arbitrary
a , b, c  [ a b c] const.
6
10. Volume of prism on a triangular base with three coterminous 2. Vector equation of a straight line passing through two
     
   1    points a and b is r  a  t(b  a)
edges a , b, c  [ a b c] 
2 3. Vector equation of a plane passing through a point a and
     
VECTOR TRIPLE PRODUCT parallel to two given vectors b and c is r  a  s b  t c ,
      where t and s are arbitrary constant.
If a, b, c be any three vectors, then (a  b)  c and      
   or [ r b c ]  [a b c]
a  (b  c) are known as vector triple product. 4. Vector equation of a plane passing through the points
             
1. a  (b  c) = (a.c) b  (a.b) c a , b, c is r  (1  s  t) a  sb  tc
              
(a  b)  c  (a.c) b  (b.c) a or r.(b  c  c  a  a  b)  [a b c]
     
2. a  (b  c) is a vector in the plane of vectors b and c 5. Vector equation of a plane passing through the point a
  
3. The vector triple product is not commutative i.e. and perpendicular to n is r.n  a.n .
     
a  (b  c)  (a  b)  c Note : Perpendicular distance of the plane from the origin

4. Lagrange's identity : a.n
   = 
    a.c a.d     |n|
(a  b).( c  d)       (a.c)(b.d)  (a.d)(b.c)
b.c b.d 6. Perpendicular distance of a point P(r) from a line passing
 
through a and parallel to b is given by
RECIPROCAL SYSTEM OF VECTORS
           2 1/2
| (r  a)  b |  (r  a).b  

  
= (r  a)   
1. If a, b, c be any three non coplanar vectors so that 2
PM = 
      |b|  | b |  

[a, b, c]  0 then the three vectors a , b , c  defined by  
      7. Perpendicular distance of a point P(r) from a plane passing
 bc  ca  ab   
the equations  a     , b      , c     through a and parallel to b and c is given by
[a, b, c] [a, b, c] [a, b, c]    
(r  a).(b  c)
are called the reciprocal system of vectors to the given PM =  
   |bc|
vectors a, b, c .
8. Perpendicular distance of a point P(r) from a plane passing
2. Properties:   
     through the points a , b and c is given by
(i) a.a '  b.b '  c.c '  1        
(r  a).(b  c  c  a  a  b )
(ii) The scalar product of any vector of one system with a PM =      
vector of the other system which does not correspond |bccaa b|
to it, is zero i.e.

Example 1 : Direction cosines of coordinate axes :
If A (2i + 3j) , B (pi + 9j) and C  ( i – j) are collinear, then x-axis makes 0º, 90º and 90º angles with three coordinates
the find the value of p. axes, so its direction cosines are cos 0º, cos 90º, cos 90º,
  i.e. 1, 0, 0. Similarly direction cosines of y-axis and z-axis
Sol. AB = ( p– 2) i + 6j, AC = i – 4j. Now A, B, C are collinear
are 0, 1, 0 and 0, 0, 1 respectively . Hence
  p2 6 dc's of x-axis = 1, 0, 0 ; dc's of y-axis = 0, 1, 0
 AB || AC    p = –7/2
1 4 dc's of z-axis = 0, 0, 1
Note : (i) The direction cosines of a line parallel to any
Example 2 : coordinates axis are equal to the direction cosines of the
Find the projection of vectors i + j + k on the vector corresponding axis.
i – j + k. (ii) Relation between dc's : 2 + m2 + n2 = 1
(i  j  k).(i  j  k) 1  1  1 1
Sol. Projection =   Direction ratios of a line [DR's] :
|i  j  k | 111 3
Three numbers which are proportional to the direction
Example 3 : cosines of a line are called the direction ratios of that line.
Find the area of a parallelogram whose two adjacent sides If a, b, c are such numbers which are proportional to the
are represented by a = 3i + j + 2k and b = 2i – 2j + 4k . direction cosines , m, n of a line then a, b, c are direction
Sol. Area of parallelogram = | a × b | a b c
 
ratios of the line. Hence a, b, c dr's 
i j k  m n
3 1 2 Further we may observe that in above case
Now a × b = = 8i – 8j – 8k
2 2 4 a b c
a, b, c dr ' s   
 m n
 Area = | 8i – 8j – 8k | = 8 3 units
 m n 2  m2  n 2 1
Example 4 : or   =± =±
If the vertices of any tetrahedron be a = j + 2k , b = 3i +k, a b c a 2  b 2  c2 a  b2  c2
2
c = 4i + 3j + 6k and d= 2i + 3j + 2k then find its volume.

Sol. Let the p.v. of the vertices A,B,C,D with respect to O are a b
a,b,c and d respectively then  =± ,m=± ,
2 2 2
   a b c a  b 2  c2
2
AB = b – a = 3i – j – k, AC = 4i + 2j + 4k & AD = 2i + 2j
Volume of tetrahedron c
n=±
3 1 1 a  b 2  c2
2
1    1 4 2 4 Note : (i) Numbers of dr's are not unique whereas numbers
=  AD AC AD  = = –6
6 6 2 2 0 of dc's are unique. (ii) a2 + b2 + c2 1.
Required volume = 6 units Direction cosines of a line joining two points :

Let P  (x1 , y1, z1) and Q  (x2, y2, z2) ; then
THREE DIMENSIONAL COORDINATE (i) dr's of PQ : (x2 – x1) , (y2 – y1), (z2 – z1)
GEOMETRY x 2 – x1 y 2 – y1 z 2 – z1
(ii) dc's of PQ : , ,
PQ PQ PQ
DIRECTION COSINES & DIRECTION RATIO'S OF A LINE
Direction cosines of a line [Dc's] : Z x 2 – x1 y2 – y1 z 2 – z1

i.e. , ,
The cosines of the angle B  (x 2 – x1 ) 2
 (x 2 – x1 ) 2
 (x 2 – x1 )2
made by a line with A
P
coordinate axes are called the
direction cosines of that line. O ANGLE BETWEEN TWO LINES
Let , ,  be the angles made X
by a line AB with coordinate Y Case-I : When dc's of the lines are given
axes then cos , cos , cos  are If 1 , m1 , n1 and 2, m2, n2 are dc's of given two lines,
the direction cosines of AB which are generally denoted then the angle  between them is given by-
by , m, n. Hence  = cos , m = cos , n = cos  (i) cos  = 1 2 + m1m2 + n1n2
Note: –1 < cos x < 1  n  R, hence values of l, m, n are (ii) sin  = (1m 2 –  2 m1 ) 2  (m1n 2 – m 2 n1 ) 2  (n1 2 – n 2 1 )2
such real numbers which are not less than –1 and not
greater than 1. Hence DC's  [–1, 1]

The value of sin  can easily be obtained by the following Note :
(i) For x-axis,  = , m = 0, n = 0 hence
2 2 2
1 m1 m n1 n 1 Projection of PQ on x-axis = 1.(x2 – x1) + 0 + 0 = (x2 – x1)
form : sin  =  1  1
2 m2 m2 n2 n2 2 Projection of PQ on y-axis = (y2 – y1)
Projection of PQ on z-axis = (z2 – z1)
Case-II : When dr's of the lines are given (ii) PQ2 = (x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2 + (z2 – z1)2
If a1, b1, c1 and a2, b2, c2 are dr's of given two lines, then = the sum of the squares of the projection of PQ on
the angle  between them is given by. coordinate axes
a1a 2  b1b 2  c1c 2  If a, b, c are the projections of a line segment on
(i) cos  = coordinate axes, then length of the segment
a12  b12  c12 a 22  b 22  c22
= a 2  b2  c2
 (a1b 2 – a 2 b1 )2 (iii) If a, b, c are projections of a line segment on coordinate
(ii) sin  = axes then its dc's are
a12  b12  c12 a 22  b 22  c22
a b c
± 2 2 2
,± ,±
CONDITIONS OF PARALLELISM AND a b c a 2  b 2  c2 a 2  b 2  c2
PERPENDICULARITY OF TWO LINES Example 5 :
Find the distance of centroid from x-axis of the triangle
If two lines are parallel then angle between them is 0° and formed by the points (2, –4, 3), (3, – 1, –2) and (–2, 5, 8).
if they are perpendicular then angle between them is 90°. Sol. The centroid of the triangle is
In these cases using above formulae for sin  and cos 
respectively, we shall get the following conditions.  2  3  2 4  1  5 3  2  8 
 , ,  = (1, 0, 3)
Case-I : When dc's of two lines AB and CD, say 1 , m1, n1 3 3 3 
and 2 , m2, n2 are known.
AB | | CD 1 = 2 , m1 = m2, n1 = n2 Its distance from x-axis = 02  32 = 3
AB  CD 1 , 2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0
Case-II : When dr's of two lines AB and CD, say a1, b1 c1
STRAIGHT LINE
a b c
and a2, b2, c2 are known AB | | CD  1  1  1 A straight line in space is characterised by the intersection
a 2 b 2 c2 of two planes which are not parallel and, therefore, the
AB  CD  a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0 equation of a straight line is present as a solution of the
system constituted by the equation of the planes :
a1 x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 ; a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0
PROJECTION OF A POINT ON A LINE This form is also known as unsymmetrical from.
Let P be a point and AB be a P Some particular straight lines :
given line. Draw perpendicular S. No. Straight Lines Equation
PQ from P on AB which meets (i) Through the origin y = mx, z = nx
it at Q. This point Q is called (ii) x-axis y = 0, z = 0
projection of P on the line AB. (iii) y-axis x = 0, z = 0
A Q (iv) z-axis x = 0, y = 0
(v) | | to x-axis y = p, z = q
PROJECTION OF A LINE SEGMENT (vi) | | to y-axis x = h, z = q
JOINING TWO POINTS ON A LINE (vii) | | to z-axis x = h, y = p
Equation of a straight line in symmetrical form :
Let PQ be a line segment where P  (x1, y1, z1) and One point form : Let A(x1,y1,z1) be a given point on the
Q  (x2, y2, z2); and AB be a given line with dc's as , m, n. straight line and ,m,n the d.c's of the line, then its equation
Q x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
is    r (say)
P  m n
It should be noted that P(x1 + r, y1+ mr, z1 + nr) is a
general point on this line at a distance r from the point A
(x1, y1, z1) i.e. AP = r. One should note that for AP = r, ,m,
A P' Q'
n must be d.c.'s not d.r.'s. If a, b, c are direction ratio of the
If the line segment PQ makes  angle with the line AB, then line, then equation of the line is
projection of PQ is P'Q' = PQ cos . On replacing the value x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
of cos  in this, we shall get the following value of P' Q'.    r but here AP  r
a b c
P' Q' = (x2 – x1) + m(y2 – y1) + n (z2 – z1)
Condition in order that the line may lie on the given plane:
Equation of the line through two point A (x1, y1, z1) and
B (x2, y2, z2) x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
The line   will lie on the plane
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1  m n
  Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 if
x 2  x1 y 2  y1 z 2  z1
(i) A + Bm + Cn = 0 and (ii) Ax1 + By1 + Cz1 + D = 0
Reduction of non-symmetrical form to symmetrical form Foot, length and equation of perpendicular from a point to
Let equation of the line in non-symmetrical form be a line : Let equation of the line be
a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 ; a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0
To find the equation of the line is symmetrical form, we xa yb zc
   r (say) ..........(1)
must know (i) its direction ratios (ii) coordinates of any  m n
point on it. and (  ) be the point, Let ,m,n, denote the actual
d.c.'s of the line. Any point on the line (1) is
Direction Ratios : Let , m, n be the direction ratio of the P (r + a, mr + b, nr + c) ...........(2)
line. Since the line in both the planes it must be If it is the foot of the perpendicular, from A on the line, then
perpendicular to normals of both planes, So AP is  to the line, so
a1 + b1m + c1n = 0; a2 + b2m + c2n = 0 (r + a – ) + m (mr + b – ) + n (nr + c – ) = 0
From these equations, proportional values of , m, n, can i.e. r = ( – a)  + ( – b) m + ( – c)n
be found by cross-multiplication as Since, 2 + m2 + n2 = 1
 m n Putting this value of r in (2), we get the foot perpendicular
  from point A to the line
b1c2  b 2 c1 c1a 2  c2 a1 a1b2  a 2 b1
Length : Since foot of perpendicular P is known, length of
Point on the line : Note that as , m, n can not be zero perpendicular,
simultaneously, so at least one must be nonzero.
Let a1b2– a2b1  0. Then the line cannot be parallel to x-y AP = [(r  a   )2 (mr  b  )2  (nr  c   )2 ]
plane so it intersect it. Let it intersect x-y plane in (x1,y1,0).
Then a1x1 + b1y1 + d1 = 0 and a2x1 + b2y1 + d2 = 0 Equation of perpendicular :
Solving these, we get a point on the line y  z
x 
Then its equation becomes = =
r  a   mr  b   nr  c  
x  x1 y  y1 z0
  Equation of any plane through a given line :
b1c 2  b 2 c1 c1a 2  c 2 a1 a1b 2  a 2 b1 Equation of any plane through the line
If   0 take a point on y-z plane as (0, y1, z1) and if m  0, x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
take a point on x-z plane as (x1, 0, z1)   is
 m n
Angle between a line and a plane : A( x – x1) + B(y – y1) + C(z – z1) = 0, where
Let equations of the line and plane be A + Bm + Cn = 0 There can be infinitely many planes
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 through a given line. Particular plane can be found if extra
  & ax + by + cz + d = 0 respectively condition is given
 m n
and  be the angle which line makes with the plane. Condition that two given lines should intersect i.e. be
coplanar i.e. testing of skewness or coplanarity of two
n
given lines. Equation of plane containing two intersecting
Line
lines

Let the two lines be
x  1 y  1 z   1
  ..........(1)
1 m1 n1
Then (/2 – ) is the angle between the line and the normal x   2 y  2 z   2
and   ..........(2)
a  bm  cn 2 m2 n2
to the plane. So sin =
(a 2  b 2  c 2  2  m 2  n 2 These lines will coplanar if
Line is parallel to plane: If  = 0 i.e al + bm + cn = 0  2  1 2  1  2  1

Line is  to the plane: If line is parallel to the normal of the 1 m1 n1
=0
a b c 2 m2 n2
plane i.e. if  
 m n
The plane containing the two lines is PLANE
x  1 y  1 z   1 A geometrical locus is a plane if it is such that if P and Q
1 m1 n1 are any two points on the locus , then every point on the
=0 line PQ is also a point on the locus.
2 m2 n2 Equations of a Plane : The equation of every plane is of
the first degree i.e. of the form ax + by + cz + d = 0, in which
Condition of coplanarity if both lines are in general form: a,b,c, are constants, where a2 + b2 + c2  0
Let the lines be ax + by + cz + d = 0 = a'x + b'y + c'z + d' (i.e. a,b,c,  0 simultaneously).
and x + y + z + = 0 = 'x + 'y + 'z + ' Plane Parallel to the Coordinate Planes :
a b c d (i) Equation of y-z plane is x = 0
a' b' c' d' (ii) Equation of z-x plane is y = 0 .
These are coplanar if     =0 (iii) Equation of x-y plane is z = 0
 ' '  ' ' (iv) Equation of the plane parallel to x-y plane at a distance
c (if c > 0, towards positive z-axis) is z = c.
Skew lines : The straight lines which are not parallel and Similarly, planes parallel to y–z plane and z–x plane are
non-coplanar i.e. non-intersecting are called skew lines. respectively x = c and y = c.
Shortest distance between two skew straight lines : Equation of Planes Parallel to the Axes :
Shortest distance between two skew lines is perpendicular If a = 0, the plane is parallel to x-axis i.e. equation of the
to both. plane parallel to x-axis is by + bz + d = 0
(i) If the equation are in cartesian form : Similarly, equation of plane || to y-axis and || to z-axis are
Suppose the equation of the lines are ax + cz + d = 0 and ax + by + d = 0, respectively.
x  y z  Equation of a Plane through Origin :

  .......(1) Equation of plane passing through origin is ax + by + cz=0
 m n
Equation of a Plane through a given Point :
x  ' y ' z   '
and   ........(2) Let the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 passes through the point
' m' n' (x1,y1,z1) then ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d = 0
Then shortest distance between them is given by Subtracting, we get a(x – x1) + b(y – y1) + c(z – z1) = 0
 ' '    ' which is the required equation.
 m n Equation of a Plane in intercept form :
S.D. =  { (mn '  m ' n) 2 }
' m' n' Equation of the plane which cuts off intercepts a, b, c,
If the lines intersect, the S.D. between them is zero. x y z
from the axis is   1
a b c
 '  '    '
 m n Equation of a Plane in Normal Form :
Therefore =0
' m' n' If the length of the perpendicular distance of the plane
from the origin is p and direction cosines of this
(ii) If the equation are in vector form perpendicular are (,m,n), then the equation of the plane is
Suppose the equation of the lines are x + my + nz = p. In solving problems of plane, first consider
     
r  a1  b1 and r  a 2  b 2 its normal. In the equation ax + by + cz + d = 0, a, b, c are
the direction ratios of the normal of the plane.
Then shortest distance between them is given by
Equation of a Plane through three points :
   
(a 2  a1 ).(b1  b 2 ) The equation of the plane through three non-collinear
S.D. =   points (x1, y1, z1), (x2, y2, z2), (x3, y3, z3) is
b1  b 2
Example 6 : x y z 1
Find the angle between lines 2x = 3y = – z & 6x = – y = – 4z. x1 y1 z1 1
Sol. Equation of given lines is symmetric form are x2 y2 z2 1 = 0
x y z x y z x3 y3 z3 1
  ......(1) ;   .....(2)
3 2 6 2 12 3
Angle between two planes :
If  be the angle between these lines, then
Consider two planes ax + by + cz + d = 0 and
3(2)  2(12)  (6)(3) a'x + b'y + cz' + d' = 0 . Angle between these planes is the
cos = = 0   = 90º angle between their normals.
9  4  36 4  144  9
Volume of a Tetrahedron :
aa '  bb '  cc '
cos  = Volume of the tetrahedron with vertices A (x1, y1, z1),
a 2  b 2  c2 a '2  b '2  c '2 B (x2, y2, z2), C (x3, y3, z3) and D (x4, y4, z4) is given by
x1 y1 z1 1
Planes are perpendicular if aa' + bb' + cc' = 0 and they are
parallel if a/a' = b/b' = c/c' . 1 x2 y2 z2 1
V=
6 x3 y3 z3 1
Planes parallel to a given Plane : x4 y4 z4 1
Equation of a plane parallel to the plane ax + by + cz + d=0
is ax + by + cz + d' = 0 d' is to be found by other given Note : If ax2 + by2 + cz2 + 2fyz + 2gzx + 2hxy = 0 represents
function. a pair of plane, then the angle between the planes is given
A Plane through the line of intersection of two given 2 f 2  g 2  h 2  ab  bc  ca

by tan =
planes: Consider two planes u = ax + by + cz + d = 0 and abc
v = a'x + b'y + c'z + d' = 0
The equation u + v = 0,  a real parameter, represents the Example 7 :
plane passing through the line of intersection of given Find the perpendicular distance of the point (2, 3, – 5) from
planes and if planes are parallel, this represents a plane the plane x+ 2y – 2z = 9
parallel to them.
| 2  2(3)  2(5)  9 | 9
Sol. Required distance = = =3
Perpendicular distance of a point from the plane : 1 4  4 3
Perpendicular distance p, of the point A(x1,y1,z1) from the
plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 is given by Example 8 :
| ax1  by1  cz1  d | Find dc's of the normal to the plane r.(2i – 3j + 6k) + 2 = 0
p and its distance from the origin.
(a 2  b 2  c2 )
2i  3j  6k
Sol. Here n̂ 
7
Bisectors of angles between two planes :
So dc's of the normal = 2/7, – 3/7, 6/7.
Let the equation of the two planes be ax + by + cz + d = 0
and a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 |d| 2
Also distance of the plane from the origin 
Then equation of bisectors of angles between them are |n| 7
ax  by  cz  d a x  b1y  c1z  d1 (*)
given by
2 2
 1
2 SHORT CUT METHODS
(a  b  c ) a12  b12  c12
1. If (, m, n) are the d.c.’s of a line, then the maximum value of
Equation of bisector of the angle containing origin : 1
mn  .
First make both constant terms positive Then +ve sign in 3 3
(*) give the bisector of the angle which contains the origin. 2. The angle between a diagonal of a cube and the diagonal
Bisector of acute/obtuse angle : First making both constant of a face of the cube is cos 1 ( 2 / 3) .
terms positive 3. If a plane meets the co-ordinate axes in A, B, C such that
aa1 + bb1 + cc1 > 0 origin lines in obtuse angle the centroid of the triangle ABC is the point (p, q, r), then
< 0  origin lies in acute angle
x y z
the equation of the plane is   3.
Area of a triangle : Let A (x1, y1, z1), B (x2, y2, z2), C (x3, p q r
y3, z3) be the vertices of a triangle ABC from two vectors 4. A variable plane is at a constant distance p from the origin
  and meets the axes in A, B and C. The locus of the centroid
AB and AC then area is given by of the tetrahedron OABC is x–2 + y–2 + z–2 = 16p–2 .
5. The distance between the parallel planes
i j k
1   1 x 2  x1     |p p |
y2  y1 z 2  z1 r  n  p1 and r  n  p 2 is 1  2 .
| AB × AC | = |n|
2 2 x x y3  y1 z3  z1
3 1

ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES Example 5 :
If ABCDEF is a regular hexagon and
Example 1 :      
Forces 3i+2j +5k and 2i +j +3k are acting at a particle which AB  AC  AD  AE  AF  k AD , then find the value of k.
is displaced from point 2i – j –3k to the point 4i – 3j +k. Find     E D
Sol.  AB  ED and AF  CD , So
the work done by forces.     
Sol. Resultant force F = (3i +2j + 5k) + (2i +j +3k) = 5i +3j + 8k AB  AC  AD  AE  AF
Displacement vector      F C
= ED  AC  AD  AE  CD
d = (4i –3j +k) –(2i – j –3k) = 2i –2j + 4k
    
Work done by force = F.d = 10 – 6+ 32 = 36 units = (AC  CD)  (AE  ED)  AD
A B
   
Example 2 : = AD  AD  AD  3AD  k = 3
If a.b = a.c and a × b = a × c, then correct statement is -
(1) a || (b – c) (2) a  (b  c) Example 6 :
(3) a = 0 or b = c (4) None of these Find the length of diagonal AC of a parallellogram ABCD
Sol. (3). a. b = a.c  a.(b – c) = 0 whose two adjacent sides AB and AD are represented
respectively by 2i + 4j – 5k and i + 2j + 3k.
 a = 0 or b – c = 0 or a  (b  c)   
Sol.  AC  AB  AD = 3i + 6j – 2k
 a = 0 or b = c or a  (b  c) ........(1)  
Also a × b = a × c  a × (b – c) = 0  Length of the diagonal AC  | AC |
 a = 0 or b – c = 0 or a || (b – c)
 a = 0 or b = c or a || (b – c) .......(2)
= 32  62  (2)2 = 7
Observing to (1) and (2) we find that a = 0 or b = c
Example 7 :
Example 3 : Find the equation of the plane through point (4, 2, 4) and
If vectors ai + j + k, i + bj + k and i + j + ck (a  b  c  1) are perpendicular to planes 2x + 5y + 4z + 1 = 0 and
4x + 7y + 6z + 2 = 0 .
1 1 1
coplanar, then find   . Sol. Let equation of the plane be
1 a 1 b 1 c a (x – 4) + b (y – 2) + c (z – 4) = 0 ....... (1)
Sol. Since vectors are coplanar It is perpendicular to given two planes, So we have
2a + 5b + 4c = 0 .......(2)
a 1 1 a 1 1
and 4a + 7b + 6c = 0 .......(3)
1 b 1 1 a b 1 0
 =0 =0 a b c a b c
1 1 c 0 1 b c 1 from (2) & (3)      
2 4 6 1 2 3
[Using R2 – R1, R3 – R2] Putting these proportional values of a, b, c in (1), required
 a (b – 1)(c – 1) – (1 – a) {(c – 1) – (1 –b)} = 0 equation is x + 2y – 3z + 4 = 0.
 a (1 – b)(1 – c) + (1 – a) (1 – c) + (1 – a) (1 – b) = 0
 (a – 1 + 1) (1 – b) (1 – c) + (1– a) (1 – c) + (1–a) (1– b)= 0 Example 8 :
 (1 – b) (1 – c) + (1 – a) (1 – c) + (1 – a) (1 – b) If vectors a = i – j + k, b = i + 2j – k and c = 3i + pj + 5k are
= (1 – a) (1 – b) (1 – c) coplaner, then find the value of p.
1 1 1 Sol. a, b, c are coplanar  [a b c] = 0
   =1
1 a 1 b 1 c 1 1 1
1 2 1
Example 4 :  =0
If G is the centroid of triangle ABC then find the value of 3 p 5
   A
GA  GB  GC .  (10 + p + 3) – (6 – 5 – p) = 0 p = – 6
Sol. If D is middle point of side BC then G
Example 9 :
 1  
GD  (GB  GC) Let a, b, c such that |a| = 1, |b| = 1 and |c| = 2 and if
2 B C a × (a × c) + b = 0 then find acute angle between a and c.
D
 G divides AD in the ratio of 2 : 1 Sol. If angle between a and c is  then -
  a.c = | a | | c | cos  = 1.2 cos  = 2 cos 
 AG  2 GD
but a × (a × c) + b = 0
     
 – GA  GB  GC   GA  GB  GC = 0  (a. c) a – (a.a) c + b = 0
 (2 cos).a – 1. c = – b

 [(2 cos) a –c]2 = [–b]2 The required projection is given by
 4cos2 | a |2 – 2. (2 cos) a.c + |c|2 = |b|2 = (x2 – x1) + m (y2 – y1) + n (z2 – z1)
 4cos2  – 4 cos (2 cos ) + 4 = 1
6 2 3
 4 (1 – cos2 ) = 1 
[ | a | = 1, | b | = 1] = [2 – (–1)] + (5 – 0) + (1 – 3)
 sin =1/2   = /6 7 7 7
6 2 3
Example 10 : = ×3+ ×5+ × –2
7 7 7
If  be the angle between vectors a = i + 2j + 3k and
b = 3i + 2j + k , then find cos. 18 10 6 18  10  6 22
=    
7 7 7 7 7
a.b 3 4  3 5
Sol. cos=  
| a || b | 14 14 7 Example 14 :
Find the equation of the plane which bisects the line
Example 11 : segment joining points (2, 3, 4) and (6, 7, 8)
If i + mj + nk is a unit vector which is perpendicular to perpendicularly.
vectors 2i – j + k and 3i + 4j – k then find the value of |  |. Sol. Mid-point of the line segment = (4, 5, 6) and its dr;s are
Sol. Unit vector perpendicular to vectors 6 – 2, 7 – 3, 8 – 4 i.e., 1, 1, 1 Required plane passes through
(2i  j  k)  (3i  4 j  k) (4, 5, 6) and dr's of its normal are 1, 1, 1; hence its equation
2i – j + k and 3i + 4j – k is = | (2i  j  k)  (3i  4 j  k) | will be 1 (x – 4) + 1 (y – 5) + 1 (z – 6) = 0
 x + y + z – 15 = 0
i(1  4)  j(2  3)  k(8  3) 3i  5j  11k Example 15 :

= = Find the point of intersection of the line
9  25  121 155
x  6 y 1 z  3
3 3   and the plane x + y – z = 3.
 1 0 4
 || =
155 155 Sol. Any point on the line is (– r + 6, –1, 4r –3)
If given line meets given plane at this point, then
Example 12 : (– r + 6) –1– (4r – 3) = 3  r =1
Find the locus of a point, which moves in such a way that Required point of intersection = (5, –1, 1)
its distance from the origin is thrice the distance from
xy-plane. Example 16 :
Sol. Let the point be P (x, y, z), then its distance from origin is A plane meets coordinate axes at points A,B,C. If a,b,c be
centroid of ABC, then find the equation of this plane.
OP = x 2  y2  z2 Sol. Let A (p, 0, 0), B (0, q, 0), C (0, 0, r).Then equation of
The distance of P from xy-plane is z the plane is
x y z
According to question, x 2  y 2  z 2 = 3z   1 .... (1)
p q r
Thus the required locus is x2 + y2 – 8z2 = 0
As given centroid ABC = (a, b, c).Hence
Example 13 : p 0 0 0q0 00 r
Find the projection of the line segment joining the points = a, = b, =r
3 3 3
(–1, 0, 3) and (2, 5, 1) on the line whose direction ratios are  p = 3a, q = 3b, r = 3c
6, 2, 3. Puting value of p, q, r in (1) required equation is
Sol. The direction cosines , m, n of the line are given by
x y z
2 2 2   =3
 m n  m n 1 1 a b c
    
6 2 3 2 2
6 2 3 2 49 7
6 2 3
 = ,m= ,n=
7 7 7

QUESTION BANK
PART - 1 - VECTOR (A) 3 2 sq. units (B) 7 2 sq. units
Q.1 In triangle ABC (Fig), which of the following is not true:
(C) 5 2 sq. units (D) 15 2 sq. units
C 
 
Q.9 Let the vectors a and b be such that | a |  3 and
A B  2  
        |b| then a  b is a unit vector, if the angle be-
(A) AB  BC  CA  0 (B) AB  BC  AC  0 3
 
        tween a and b is –
(C) AB  BC  CA  0 (D) AB  CB  CA  0
     
Q.2 If a and b are two collinear vectors then which of the (A) (B) (C) (D)
6 4 3 2
following are incorrect ? Q.10 Area of a rectangle having vertices A, B, C and D with
 
(A) b  a for some scalar . 1
 ˆ î  1 ˆj  4k,
position vectors  î  ˆj  4k, ˆ î  1 ˆj  4kˆ
 2 2 2
(B) a   b
  1
(C) the respective components of a and b are and  î  ˆj  4kˆ respectively is –
2
proportional.
  (A) 1/2 (B) 1
(D) Both the vectors a and b have same direction but (C) 2 (D) 4
different magnitude. Q.11 The two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are
Q.3 Find the values of x and y so that the vectors 2iˆ  3jˆ and 2iˆ  4jˆ  5kˆ and î  2ˆj  3k.
ˆ Find the unit vector parallel
xiˆ  yjˆ are equal. to its diagonal. Also, find its area.
(A) 2, 3 (B) 1, 2 3ˆ 6ˆ 2 ˆ
(A) i  j  k , 11 5 sq. units
(C) 3, 4 (D) 1, 1 7 7 7
Q.4 Find the sum of the vectors
 
ˆ b  2iˆ  4jˆ  5kˆ and c  î  6jˆ  7kˆ .
a  î  2jˆ  k, (B)
1ˆ 6ˆ 5 ˆ
i  j  k , 7 5 sq. units
7 7 7
(A) 4iˆ  kˆ (B)  4iˆ  ˆj
3ˆ 1ˆ 5 ˆ
(C) i  j  k , 3 5 sq. units
(C) 2iˆ  4j  5kˆ (D) 4iˆ  2ˆj  3kˆ 7 7 7
Q.5 Find the angle between the vectors î  2jˆ  3kˆ and 1ˆ 2ˆ 5 ˆ
(D) i  j  k , 8 5 sq. units
7 7 7
3iˆ  2ˆj  kˆ .
 
(A) cos–1 (1/7) (B) cos–1 (3/7) Q.12 If  is the angle between two vectors a and b , then
–1 (D) cos–1 (4/7)
(C) cos (5/7)
 
Q.6 If a is a non zero vector of magnitude 'a' and  a non a.b  0 only when

zero scalar then  a is unit vector if –  
(A) 0    (B) 0   
(A) = 1 (B)  = –1 2 2
(C) a = |  | (D) a = 1/ |  | (C) 0 <  <  (D) 0  
Q.7 Find  and µ if (2iˆ  6jˆ  27k)
ˆ  (iˆ  ˆj  k)
ˆ 0  
Q.13 Let a and b be two unit vectors and  is the angle
(A)= 3, µ = 27/2 (B)= 1, µ = 15/2  
(C)= 2, µ = 13/2 (D)= 4, µ = 9/2 between them. Then a  b is unit vector if
Q.8 Find the area of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides (A)  = /4 (B)  = /3

are determined by the vectors a  î  ˆj  3kˆ and (C)  = /2 (D)  = 2/3

b  2iˆ  7ˆj  kˆ .

Q.24 Find the cartesian equation of the line which passes
Q.14 The value of î.(ˆj  k)
ˆ  ˆj.(iˆ  k)
ˆ  k.(i
ˆ ˆ  ˆj) is
through the point (– 2, 4, –5) and parallel to the line given
(A) 0 (B) –1 x3 y4 z8
(C) 1 (D) 3 by   .
3 5 6
 
Q.15 If  is the angle between any vectors a and b then x2 y4 z5 x2 y4 z5
(A)   (B)  
    3 5 3 5 3 6
| a . b |  | a  b | when  is equal to – x2 y4 z5 x  2 y 4 z5
(C)   (D)  
(A) 0 (B) /4 3 5 6 3 4 5
(C) /2 (D)  Q.25 Find the values of p so that the lines
1  x 7y  14 z  3 7  7x y  5 6  z
  and   are
3 2p 2 3p 1 5
PART - 2 - BASICS OF 3-D GEOMETRY at right angles.
Q.16 (0, 7, –10), (1, 6, – 6) and (4, 9, – 6) are the vertices of an –
(A) 70/11 (B) 70/9
(A) isosceles triangle. (B) right angled triangle
(C) 11/70 (D) 9/70
(C) equilateral triangle (D) none of these
Q.26 The projection of line joining (3, 4, 5) and (4, 6, 3) on the
Q.17 Find the equation of the set of points which are equidistant
line joining (–1, 2, 4) and (1, 0, 5) is –
from the points (1, 2, 3) and (3, 2, –1).
(A) 4/3 (B) 2/3
(A) x + z = 0 (B) 2x – y = 0
(C) 8/3 (D) 1/3
(C) x – 2z = 0 (D) 3x – z = 0
Q.27 Shortest distance between lines
Q.18 Find the coordinates of the point which divides the line
segment joining the points (– 2, 3, 5) and (1, – 4, 6) in the x6 y2 z2 x  4 y z 1
  and   is
ratio 2 : 3 internally 1 2 2 3 2 2
 4 4 27   4 1 27  (A) 108 (B) 9
(A)  , ,  (B)  , ,  (C) 27 (D) None of these
5 5 5 5 5 5
Q.28 The equation of straight line 3x  2y  z  4  0 ;
 4 1 6   3 2 27  4x  y  2z  3  0 in the symmetrical form is
(C)  , ,  (D)  , , 
5 5 5 5 5 5
x2 y5 z x  2 y 5 z
Q.19 Given that P (3, 2, – 4), Q (5, 4, – 6) and R (9, 8, –10) are (A)   (B)  
collinear. Find the ratio in which Q divides PR. 3 2 5 3 2 5
(A) 1 : 2 internally (B) 1 : 3 internally x  2 y 5 z
(C) 1 : 2 externally (D) 2 : 3 internally (C)   (D) None of these
3 2 5
Q.20 Find the ratio in which the YZ-plane divides the line x y z x y z
segment formed by joining the points (–2, 4, 7) and Q.29 The angle between the lines   &  
1 0 1 3 4 5
(3, –5, 8). is
(A) 1 : 3 (B) 4 : 3 (A) cos–1 (1/5) (B) cos–1 (1/3)
(C) 5 : 2 (D) 2 : 3 (C) cos–1 (1/2) (D) cos–1 (1/4)
Q.21 Find the coordinates of the points which trisect the line Q.30 The angle between the straight lines
segment joining the points P (4, 2, – 6) and Q (10, –16, 6).
x 1 y  2 z  3 x 1 y  2 z  3
(A) (6, 4, 2) ; (8, –10, 2) (B) (3, –4, –2) ; (8, –10, –2)   and   is
(C) (6, –4, –2) ; (8, –10, 2) (D) (3, –1, –2) ; (4, –5, 2) 2 5 4 1 2 3
Q.22 Three vertices of a parallelogram ABCD are A(3, – 1, 2), (A) 45° (B) 30°
B (1, 2, – 4) and C (– 1, 1, 2). Find the coordinates of the (C) 60° (D) 90°
fourth vertex. Q.31 A line with direction cosines proportional to 2, 1, 2 meets
(A) (1, –2, 8) (B) (1, 2, 5) each of the lines given by the equation x = y + 2 = z ;
(C) (2, –3, 8) (D) (3, –5, 6) x + 2 = 2y = 2z. The coordinates of the points of
intersection are –
PART - 3 - LINE IN SPACE (A) (6, 4, 6) , (2, 4, 2) (B) (6, 6, 6) , (2, 6, 2)
(C) (6, 4, 6) , (2, 2, 0) (D) None of these
Q.23 Find the equation of the line which passes through the
point (1, 2, 3) and is parallel to the vector 3iˆ  2jˆ  2k.
ˆ PART - 4 - PLANE
(A) (iˆ  2jˆ  3k)
ˆ   (3iˆ  2jˆ  2k)
ˆ Q.32 The equation to the plane through the point (2, 3, 1) and
(4, –5, 3) and parallel to x-axis is –
(B) (iˆ  2jˆ  3k)
ˆ   (3iˆ  2jˆ  2k)
ˆ (A) x + y + 4z = 7 (B) x + 4z = 7
(C) (iˆ  2jˆ  3k)
ˆ   (3iˆ  2jˆ  2k)
ˆ (C) x – 4z = 7 (D) y + 4z = 7
(D) (iˆ  2jˆ  3k)

ˆ   (3iˆ  2jˆ  2k)
ˆ
Q.33 The equation of a plane passing through the line of Q.36 The plane 2x – 3y + 6z – 11 = 0 makes an angle sin–1(a)
intersection of the planes 2x + 3y – 4z = 1 and with the x-axis. Then the value of a is –
3x – y + z + 2 = 0 is (2x + 3y – 4z – 1) +  (3x – y + z + 2)=0,
then find the value of if it is perpendicular to the plane 3 2
(A) (B)
2x + 3y – 4z = 0 2 3
(A) 1/2 (B) 29/2 (C) 3/7 (D) 2/7
(C) 29 (D) –1/2
Q.34 If (2, 3, – 1) is the foot of the perpendicular from (4, 2, 1) to Q.37 Image point of (5, 4, 6) in the plane x + y + 2z – 15 = 0 is
a plane, then find the equation of the plane – (A) (3, 2, 2) (B) (2, 3, 2)
(A) 2x – y – 2z – 3 = 0 (B) 2x + y – 2z – 9 = 0 (C) (2, 2, 3) (D) (– 5, –4, –6)
(C) 2x + y + 2z – 5 = 0 (D) 2x – y + 2z + 1 = 0 x y z
Q.35 If M denotes the mid-point of the line joining Q.38 The plane    1 cuts the axes in A, B, C then the
2 3 4
A (4iˆ  5jˆ  10k)
ˆ & B (î  2jˆ  k)
ˆ , then the equation area of the ABC is
of the plane through M and perpendicular to AB is – (A) 29 (B) 41
 ˆ  135  0 (C) (D) None of these
(A) r.( 5iˆ  3jˆ  11k) 61
2
x 1 y 1 z  2
  3 ˆ 7 ˆ 9 ˆ  135 Q.39 The angle between the line   and the
(B) r.  i  j  k   0 3 2 4
2 2 2 2
plane 2x  y  3z  4  0 , is

(C) r.(4iˆ  5jˆ  10k)
ˆ 40
 4   4 
 (A) sin 1  (B) sin 1 
(D) r.(î  2jˆ  k)
ˆ 40  406   406 
 4 
(C) sin 1  (D) None of these
 14 229 
Q.1 The equation of the plane passing through the x 1 z
intersection of the planes x + y + z = 6 and Q.5 The line   (y  1)  and the plane
2 3
2x + 3y + 4z + 5 = 0 the point (1, 1, 1) is
3x + 2y – z = 5 intersect in a point. The co-ordinates of the
(A) 20x + 23y + 26z – 69 = 0 (B) 20x + 23y + 26z + 69 = 0
point are
(C) 23x + 20y + 26z – 69 = 0 (D) None of these
(A) (1, 1, 0) (B) (9, –5, 12)
Q.2 The equation of the plane through (2, 3, 4) and parallel to
(C) (2, 0, 1) (D) (–9, 5, –12)
the plane x + 2y + 4z = 5 is
Q.6 The planes bx – ay = n ; cy – bz =  ; az – cx = m intersect
(A) x + 2y + 4z = 10 (B) x + 2y + 4z = 3
in a line then the value of a + bm + cn is equal to
(C) x + y + 2z = 2 (D) x + 2y + 4z = 24
(A) 1 (B) 2
Q.3 The equation of the plane which is parallel to the line
(C) 3 (D) None
x  4 y  3 z 1   
Q.7 If the moduli of the vectors a, b, c are 3, 4, 5 respectively
  and passes through the points          
1 4 7 and a and b + c , b and c + a , c & a + b , b
(0, 0, 0) and (3, –1, 2) is are mutually perpendicular, then the modulus of
(A) x + 19y + 11z = 0 (B) x – 19y – 11z = 0   
a + b + c is
(C) x – 19y + 11z = 0 (D) None of these
(A) 12 (B) 12
x 1 y 1 z  2
Q.4 The angle between the line   and the
3 2 4 (C) 5 2 (D) 50
plane 2x + y – 3z + 4 = 0, is Q.8 Let a = 2i – j + k, b = i + 2j – k and c = i + j + 2k be three
vectors. A vector in the plane of b and c whose projection
 4  1  4 
(A) sin 1  (B) sin 
 406   406  on a is 2 / 3 will be –
(A) 2i + 3j – 3k (B) 2i + 3j + k
1  4  (C) – 2i – j + 5k (D) 2i + j + 5k
(C) sin  (D) None of these
 14 229  Q.9 For any two vectors a and b, (a × b)2 equals
(A) a2b2 – (a.b)2 (B) a2 + b2
2
(C) a – b 2 (D) None of these

         
Q.10 Let, a  a1î  a 2 ˆj  a 3 kˆ , b  b1î  b 2 ˆj  b3 kˆ & Q.17 Let a & b be unit vectors inclined at an angle  to each
     
c  c1î  c2 ˆj  c3kˆ be three non-zero vectors such that other, then | a  b |  1 if –
  
c is a unit vector perpendicular to both a & b . If the  
(A)   (B)  
2
2 3
a1 a2 a3
   2  2
angle between a & b is , then b1 b2 b3 = (C)   (D)   
6 c1 c 2 c3 3 3 3
Q.18 The position vector of coplanar points A, B, C, D are
(A) 0 (B) 1
   
1  2  2 3  2  2 a, b, c and d respectively, in such a way that
(C)
4
|a| |b| (D) | a | | b |
4        
(a  d).(b  c)  (b  d).(c  a)  0, then the point D of
Q.11 The components of a vector a along and perpendicular the triangle ABC is
 (A) Incentre (B) Circumcentre
to a non-zero vector b are –
(C) Orthocentre (D) None of these
          
 a.b   a.b    a.b   a.b   Q.19 a, b & c are three non-zero, non-coplanar vectors and
(A)   2  b & a    2  b (B)   2  b & a    2  b
| b|  |b|  | a |  | a |    
p, q, r are three other vectors such that
 
 a.b 
  a.b   bc ca ab
(C)   2  a    2  a (D) None of these p q r
|a |  | b|  a .b  c , a .b  c , a .b  c .Then [p q r] =
  
Q.12 Given a  î  ˆj  kˆ , b  î  ˆj  kˆ and c  î  2jˆ  kˆ .   1
    (A) a.b  c (B) a .b  c
A unit vector perpendicular to both (a  b) & (b  c) is
(A) î (B) k̂ (C) 0 (D) None of these
Q.20 The equation of the plane passing through the points
(iˆ  ˆj  k)
ˆ
(0, 1, 2) and (–1, 0, 3) and perpendicular to the plane
(C) ĵ (D)
3 2x + 3y + z = 5 is
ˆ  ˆ ˆ  ˆ ˆ  ˆ
Q.13 i  (x  i)  j  (x  j)  k  (x  k) is equal to – (A) 3x  4y  18z  32  0 (B) 3x  4y  18z  32  0

(A) 0 (B) x (C) 4x  3y  17z  31  0 (D) 4x  3y  z  1  0

(C) 2x (D) 0  
Q.21 Let V  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ and W  î  3kˆ . If U is a unit
Q.14 The vectors (2i  mj  3mk) & {(1  m) î  2mjˆ  k}
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
include an acute angle for – vector, then the maximum value of the scalar triple product
(A) all values of m (B) m < – 2 or m > – 1/2   
[U V W] is
 1
(C) m = – 1/2 (D) m   2,   (A) – 1 (B) 10  6 (C) 59 (D) 60
 2
Q.15 The distance between the line 
 Q.22 A non-zero vector a is parallel to the line of intersection
r  (2iˆ  2jˆ  3k)
ˆ   (iˆ  ˆj  4k)
ˆ and the plane
 ˆ ˆ ˆ of the plane determined by the vectors î, î  ˆj and the
r.(i  5j  k)  5 is –
10 10 plane determined by the vectors î  ˆj, î  k.
ˆ The angle
(A) (B)
3 3 3 between a and the vector i  2 j  2k is
(C) 10/9 (D) None of these
    3 2 3  3
Q.16 If a, b & c are three non-coplanar non-zero vectors, then (A) or (B) or (C) or (D) None
4 4 4 4 2 2
         Q.23 The perimeter of the triangle whose vertices have the
(a.a) (b  c)  (a.b) (c  a)  (a.c) (a  b) is equal to –
    position vectors (i  j  k), (5i  3j  3k) and
(A) [b c a] a (B) [c a b] b
(2i  5j  9k), is given by
 
(C) [a b c] c (D) None of these
(A) 15  157 (B) 15  157
(C) 15  157 (D) 15  157

Q.24 The direction cosines of the resultant of the vectors Q.25 The point of intersection of the lines
(iˆ  ˆj  k),
ˆ (î  ˆj  k),
ˆ (iˆ  ˆj  k),
ˆ and (iˆ  ˆj  k)
ˆ are x 1 y  3 z  5 x2 y4 z6
  and   is
3 5 7 1 3 5
 1 1 1   1 1 1 
(A)  , ,  (B)  , , 
2 3 6 6 6 6  1 1 3  1 1 3
(A)  , ,   (B)   ,  , 
2 2 2 2 2 2
 1 1 1   1 1 1 
(C)   , ,  (D)  , ,   1 1 3  1 1 3
6 6 6 3 3 3 (C)  ,  ,   (D)   , , 
2 2 2 2 2 2
(A) 18 (B) 72
Q.1 Let â and bˆ be two unit vectors. If the vectors
  (C) 33 (D) 45
c  aˆ  2bˆ and d  5aˆ  4bˆ are perpendicular to each
        
Q.8 If [a  b b  c c  a]   [a b c]2 , then  is equal to
other, then the angle between â and bˆ is [AIEEE 2012]
[JEE MAIN 2014]
(A) /6 (B) /2
(A) 2 (B) 3
(C) /3 (D) /4
(C) 0 (D) 1
Q.2 A equation of a plane parallel to the plane
x – 2y + 2z – 5=0 and at a unit distance from the origin is x 1 y  3 z  4
Q.9 The image of the line   in the plane
[AIEEE 2012] 3 1 5
(A) x – 2y + 2z – 3 = 0 (B) x – 2y + 2z + 1 = 0 2x – y + z + 3 = 0 is the line – [JEE MAIN 2014]
(C) x – 2y + 2z – 1 = 0 (D) x – 2y + 2z + 5 = 0 x3 y5 z2 x3 y5 z2
(A)   (B)  
x 1 y  1 z 1 x3 yk z 3 1 5 3 1 5
Q.3 If the line   and  
2 3 4 1 2 1 x3 y5 z2 x3 y5 z2
(C)   (D)  
intersection, then k is equal to – [AIEEE 2012] 3 1 5 3 1 5
(A) –1 (B) 2/9 Q.10 The angle between the lines whose direction cosines
(C) 9/2 (D) 0 satisfy the equations  + m + n = 0 and 2 = m2 + n2 is –
    (A) /3 (B) /4 [JEE MAIN 2014]
Q.4 Let ABCD be a parallelogram such that AB  q, AD  p (C) /6 (D) /2
   
and BAD be an acute angle. If r is the vector that Q.11 Let a, b and c be three non-zero vectors such that no
coincides with the altitude directed from the vertex B to    1   
 two of them are collinear and (a  b)  c  | b | | c | a. If
the side AD, then r is given by : [AIEEE 2012]  3

 is the angle between vectors b & c, then a value of
 
  3 (p.q)     p.q   sin is [JEE MAIN 2015]
(A) r  3q    p (B) r   q      p
(p.p)  (p.p) 
 2 2
  (A) (B)
  3 (p.q)  3 3
(C) r  q   p.q
 p
 (D) r  3q    p
 (p.p)  (p.p)
2 3 2 2
Q.5 Distance between two parallel planes 2x + y + 2z = 8 and (C) (D)
3 3
4x + 2y + 4z + 5 = 0 is – [JEE MAIN 2013] Q.12 The distance of the point (1, 0, 2) from the point of
(A) 3/2 (B) 5/2
(C) 7/2 (D) 9/2 x  2 y 1 z  2
intersection of the line   and the
3 4 12
x2 y3 z4 x 1 y  4 z  5
Q.6 If the lines   &   plane x – y + z = 16, is – [JEE MAIN 2015]
1 1 k k 2 1
are coplanar, then k can have – (A) 8 (B) 3 21
[JEE MAIN 2013]
(C) 13 (D) 2 14
(A) any value (B) exactly one value
(C) exactly two values (D) exactly three values Q.13 The equation of the plane containing the line
  2x – 5y + z = 3; x + y + 4z = 5, and parallel to the plane,
Q.7 If the vectors AB  3iˆ  4kˆ and AC  5iˆ  2jˆ  4kˆ are x + 3y + 6z = 1, is [JEE MAIN 2015]
the sides of a triangle ABC, then the length of the median (A) x + 3y + 6z = –7 (B) x + 3y + 6z = 7
through A is – [JEE MAIN 2013] (C) 2x + 6y + 12z = –13 (D) 2x + 6y + 12z = 13

  
x3 y2 z 4
 
a and u  b  24, then | u |2 is equal to
Q.14 If the line, lies in the plane,
2 1 3 (A) 256 (B) 84 [JEE MAIN 2018]
x + my – z = 9, then 2 + m2 is equal to: [JEE MAIN 2016] (C) 336 (D) 315
(A) 18 (B) 5 Q.22 length of the projection of the line segment joining the
(C) 2 (D) 26 points (5, –1, 4) & (4, –1,3) on the plane, x + y + z = 7 is:
   [JEE MAIN 2018]
Q.15 Let a, b, c be three unit vectors such that
(A) 1/3 (B) 2 / 3
   3    
a  (b  c)  (b  c) . If b is not parallel to c, then (C) 2 / 3 (D) 2/3
2
  Q.23 The plane through the intersection of the planes
the angle between a and b is – [JEE MAIN 2016]
x + y + z = 1 and 2x + 3y – z + 4 = 0 and parallel to y-axis
(A) /2 (B) 2/3 also passes through the point : [JEE MAIN 2019]
(C) 5/6 (D) 3/4 (A) (–3, 0, –1) (B) (3, 3, –1)
Q.16 The distance of the point (1, –5, 9) from the plane (C) (3, 2, 1) (D) (–3, 1, 1)
x – y + z = 5 measured along the line x = y = z is :  ˆ ˆ  ˆ ˆ ˆ 
[JEE MAIN 2016] Q.24 Let a  i  j, b  i  j  k and c be a vector such that
(A) 10 3 (B) 10 / 3        2
a  c  b  0 and a  c  4 then | c | is equal to
(C) 20/3 (D) 3 10 (A) 19/2 (B) 8 [JEE MAIN 2019]
   (C) 17/2 (D) 9
Q.17 Let a  2iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ and b  î  ˆj. Let c be a vector Q.25 The equation of the line passing through (–4, 3, 1), parallel
     to the plane x + 2y – z – 5 = 0 and intersecting the line
such that | c  a |  3, | (a  b)  c |  3 and the angle
     x 1 y  3 z  2
between c and a  b be 30°. Then a  c is equal to :   is: [JEE MAIN 2019]
3 2 1
(A) 5 (B) 1/8 [JEE MAIN 2017]
(C) 25/8 (D) 2 x  4 y  3 z 1 x  4 y  3 z 1
(A)   (B)  
Q.18 If the image of the point P (1, –2, 3) in the plane, 1 1 1 3 1 1
2x + 3y – 4z + 22 = 0 measured parallel to the line,
x  4 y  3 z 1 x  4 y  3 z 1
(C)   (D)  
x y z 1 1 3 2 1 4
  is Q, then PQ is equal to : [JEE MAIN 2017]
1 4 5 
Q.26 If the vectors, p  (a  1) î  ajˆ  ak,
ˆ
(A) 42 (B) 6 5  
q  aiˆ  (a  1) ˆj  akˆ and r  aiˆ  ajˆ  (a  1) kˆ
(C) 3 5 (D) 2 42    2
(a  R) are coplanar and 3 (p  q) 2   r  q  0, then
Q.19 The distance of the point (1, 3, –7) from the plane passing the value of is ___. [JEE MAIN 2020]
through the point (1, –1, –1) , having normal perpendicular Q.27 The projection of the line segment joining the points
x 1 y  2 z  4 (1, –1, 3) and (2, –4, 11) on the line joining the points
to both the lines   and
(–1, 2, 3) and (3, –2, 10) is ———. [JEE MAIN 2020]
1 2 3
  
Q.28 Let a, b and c be three vectors such that | a |  3,
x  2 y 1 z  7
  is – [JEE MAIN 2017]     
2 1 1 | b |  5, b  c  0 and the angle between b and c is /3. If
  
(A) 5 / 83 (B) 10 / 74 a is perpendicular to the vector b  c, then
  
(C) 20 / 74 (D) 10 / 83 | a  (b  c) | is equal to __. [JEE MAIN 2020]
Q.20 If L1 is the line of intersection of the planes Q.29 The equation of the plane passing through the point
2x – 2y + 3z – 2 = 0, x – y + z + 1 = 0 and L2 is the line of (1, 2, –3) and perpendicular to the planes
intersection of the planes x + 2y – z – 3 = 0, 3x + y – 2z = 5 and 2x – 5y – z = 7, is [JEE MAIN 2021]
3x – y + 2z – 1 = 0, then the distance of the origin from the (A) 3x – 10y – 2z + 11 = 0 (B) 6x – 5y – 2z – 2 = 0
plane, containing the lines L1 and L2 is: [JEE MAIN 2018] (C) 11x + y + 17z + 38 = 0 (D) 6x – 5y + 2z + 10 = 0
   
1 1 1 1 Q.30 Let three vectors a, b and c be such that c is coplanar
(A) (B) (C) (D)     
2 2 2 4 2 3 2 with a and b, a  c  7 and b is perpendicular to
  
Q.21 Let u be a vector coplanar with the vectors c, where a   î  ˆj  kˆ and b  2iˆ  k,
ˆ then the value
   
a  2iˆ  3jˆ  kˆ and b  ˆj  kˆ . If u is perpendicular to of 2 | a  b  c |2 is ______. [JEE MAIN 2021]

 
 a  b , then the value of
Q.1 If i, j, k are unit vectors along the positive direction of X, r 
[a b c]
Y and Z-axes, then a false statement in the following is –
        
[KCET 2010] (a  b).p  (b  c).q  (c  a).r  [KCET 2012]
 
ˆ ˆ ˆ
(A)  i  ( j  k)  0 ˆ ˆ ˆ 0
(B)  i  ( j  k) (A) 3 (B) 0
(C) 1 (D) 2
(C)  î . (ˆj  k)
ˆ 0 (D)  î . (ˆj  k)
ˆ 0      
Q.10 If (a  b)2  (a . b)2  144 and | a |  4 , then | b | 
  
Q.2 a, b and c are nonzero coplanar vectors, then (A) 12 (B) 16 [KCET 2012]
      (C) 8 (D) 3
[2a  b 3b  c 4c  a]  [KCET 2010]
Q.11 If î  ˆj  kˆ and 2iˆ  3jˆ  kˆ are adjacent sides of a
(A) 25 (B) 0
(C) 27 (D) 9 parallelogram, then the lengths of its diagonals are –
Q.3 A space vector makes the angles 150° and 60° with the (A) 21, 13 (B) 3, 14 [KCET 2012]
positive direction of X- and Y-axes. The angle made by
the vector with the positive direction of Z-axis is – (C) 13, 14 (D) 21, 3
(A) 90° (B) 60° [KCET 2010] Q.12 If the volume of the parallelepiped formed by three non-
(C) 180° (D) 120°   
       coplanar vectors a, b and c is 4 cubic units, then
Q.4 If a, b and c are unit vectors, such that a  b  c  0,
     
   [a  b b  c c  a]  [KCET 2012]
then 3a.b  2b.c  c.a  [KCET 2010]
(A) 8 (B) 64
(A) –1 (B) 1 (C) 16 (D) 4
(C) –3 (D) 3   
       Q.13 If a = (1, 2, 3), b = (2, –1, 1), c = (3, 2, 1) and
Q.5 If a, b & c are unit vectors such that a  b  c  0 0
     
  a  (b  c)   a   b   c , then – [KCET 2013]
then angle between a & b is – [KCET 2011]
(A)  = 1,  = 10,  = 3 (B)  = 0,  = 10,  = –3
(A)  (B) 2/3 (C)  +  +  = 8 (D)  =  =  = 0
(C) /3 (D) /2      
   Q.14 If a  b & (a  b)  (a  m b), then m = ?
Q.6 If a, b & c are noncoplanar, then the value of
(A) –1 (B) 1 [KCET 2013]
   
  b  c    c  a  
 | a |2
a.       b.      is – [KCET 2011] 
 3b.(c  a)   3c.(a  b)  (C) (D) 0
| b |2
(A) 1/6 (B) –1/6       
(C) –1/3 (D) –1/2 Q.15 If a, b, c are unit vectors such that a  b  c  0 then
     
Q.7 If 2iˆ  3j,
ˆ î  ˆj  kˆ and î  4jˆ  2kˆ taken in an order are a b  bc  ca  ? [KCET 2013]
conterminous edges of a parallelepiped of volume 2 Cu (A) 3/2 (B) –3/2
units, then value of  is – [KCET 2011] (C) 2/3 (D) 1/2
  
(A) 4 (B) 3 Q.16 If a is vector perpendicular to both b and c, then –
(C) 2 (D) – 4 [KCET 2013]
      
Q.8 A unit vector perpendicular to both î  ˆj  kˆ and (A) a  (b  c)  0 (B) a  (b  c)  0
       
2iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ is – [KCET 2011] (C) a  (b  c)  0 (D) a  (b  c)  0
Q.17 The distance of the point P (a, b, c) from the x-axis is
3iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ [KCET 2014]
(A) (B) 2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ
6 (A) a 2  b2 (B) b 2  c2
(2iˆ  ˆj  k)
ˆ (C) a (D) a 2  c2
(C) (D) (2iˆ  ˆj  k)
ˆ
6
x y z
     Q.18 Equation of the plane perpendicular to the line  
Q.9 If a, b & c are three non-coplanar vectors and p, q and 1 2 3
   
  bc  ca and passing through the point (2, 3, 4) is [KCET 2014]
r are vectors defined by p     , q     and (A) 2x + 3y + z = 17 (B) x + 2y + 3z = 9
[a b c] [a b c]
(C) 3x + 2y + z = 16 (D) x + 2y + 3z = 20

x 2 y3 z4 x  2 y  3 z 1 x  2 y  3 z 1
Q.19 The line   is parallel to the plane (C)   (D)  
3 4 5 5 4 3 4 3 2
[KCET 2014] Q.29 Foot of perpendicular drawn from the origin to the plane
(A) 2x + 3y + 4z = 0 (B) 3x + 4y + 5z = 7 2x – 3y + 4z = 29 is – [KCET 2015]
(C) 2x + y – 2z = 0 (D) x + y + z = 2 (A) (5, –1, 4) (B) (2, –3, 4)
Q.20 The angle between two diagonals of a cube is (C) (7, –1, 3) (D) (5, –2, 3)
(A) cos–1 (1/3) (B) 30° [KCET 2014]  ˆ ˆ ˆ  ˆ ˆ ˆ 
Q.30 Let a  i  2j  k, b  i  j  k and c  î  ˆj  kˆ , a vector
(C) cos1 (1/ 3) (D) 45°
   1
in the plane a and b whose projection on c is is –
x 2 y3 z4 x 1 y  4 z  5 3
Q.21 Lines   and  
1 1 K K 2 1 [KCET 2015]
are coplanar if – [KCET 2014]
(A) K = 2 (B) K = 0 (A) 3iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ (B) 4iˆ  ˆj  4kˆ
(C) K = 3 (D) K = –1 (C) î  2jˆ  2kˆ (D) 4iˆ  ˆj  4kˆ
Q.22 The area of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides are
Q.31 If cos , cos , cos  are the direction cosines of a vector
î  kˆ and 2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ is [KCET 2014] 
a , then cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2 is equal to
(A) 3 (B) 2 (A) 3 (B) 0 [KCET 2016]
(C) 4 (D) 3 (C) 2 (D) –1
       
Q.23 If a and b are two unit vectors inclined at an angle /3, Q.32 If 2a  b  | a |  | b | then the angle between a and b is
  (A) 0° (B) 60° [KCET 2016]
then the value of | a  b | is [KCET 2014]
(C) 30° (D) 90°
(A) equal to 1 (B) greater than 1  
(C) equal to 0 (D) less than 1 Q.33 If a and b are unit vectors then what is the angle
         
Q.24 The value of [a  b b  c c  a] is equal to – between a and b for 3a  b to be unit vector?
(A) 0 (B) 1 [KCET 2014] (A) 45° (B) 90° [KCET 2016]
 (C) 30° (D) 60°
(C) 2 [a b c] (D) 2      
   Q.34 Suppose a  b  c  0, | a |  3, | b |  5, | c |  7, then the
ˆ | b |  5 and the angle between a and b is
Q.25 If a  î  ˆj  k, 

/6, then the area of the triangle formed by these two angle between a and b is – [KCET 2016]
vectors as two sides is [KCET 2015] (A) /2 (B) /4
(A) 15/2 (B) 15 (C)  (D) /3
Q.35 The vector equation of the plane which is at a distance of
(C) 15/4 (D) 15 3 / 2 3
  14
from the origin and the normal from the origin is
Q.26 Let a  î  2jˆ  3kˆ if b is a vector such that
 2iˆ  3jˆ  kˆ is [KCET 2016]
    
a  b  | b |2 and | a  b |  7 , then | b |   
(A) r  (iˆ  ˆj  k)
ˆ 9 (B) r  (2iˆ  k)
ˆ 3
(A) 7 (B) 14 [KCET 2015]
 
(C) 7 (D) 21 (C) r  (2iˆ  3j  k)ˆ 3 (D) r  (iˆ  2 j)  3
Q.27 If direction cosines of a vector of magnitude 3 are   
Q.36 If a = 3, b = 4, c = 5 each one of a, b, c is perpendicular to
2 a 2   
,  , and a > 0, then vector is – [KCET 2015] the sum of the remaining then | a  b  c | is equal to
3 3 3
(A) 2 / 5 (B) 5 [KCET 2016]
(A) 2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ (B) 2iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ
(C) 5 / 2 (D) 5 2
(C) î  2jˆ  2kˆ (D) î  2jˆ  2kˆ
Q.37 Find the co-ordinates of the foot of the perpendicular
Q.28 Equation of line passing through the point (2, 3, 1) and
drawn from the origin to the plane 5y + 8 = 0
parallel to the line of intersection of the plane
[KCET 2016]
x – 2y – z + 5 = 0 and x + y + 3z = 6 is – [KCET 2015]
(A) (0, 8/5, 0) (B) (0, –8/5, 0)
x  2 y  3 z 1 x  2 y  3 z 1 (C) (0, –18/5, 2) (D) (8/25, 0, 0)
(A)   (B)  
5 4 3 5 4 3

  Q.48 The angle between the lines 2x = 3y = –z and
Q.38 If a and b are unit vectors, then angle between
6x = –y = – 4z is [KCET 2018]
   
a and b for 3a  b to be unit vector is (A) 0° (B) 45°
(C) 90° (D) 30°
(A) 45° (B) 60° [KCET 2017]
Q.49 The value of k such that the line
(C) 90° (D) 30°
  x4 y2 zk
Q.39 If a  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ and b  î  2ˆj  3kˆ are orthogonal,   lies on the plane 2x – 4y + z = 7 is
1 1 2
then value of  is [KCET 2017]
(A) –7 (B) 4 [KCET 2018]
(A) 3/2 (B) 1
(C) – 4 (D) 7
(C) 0 (D) –5/2
Q.50 Foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point (1, 3, 4) to
    
Q.40 If a, b, c are unit vectors such that a  b  c  0, then the plane 2x – y + z + 3 = 0 is [KCET 2019]
      (A) (1, 2, –3) (B) (–1, 4, 3)
the value of a  b  b  c  c  a is equal to [KCET 2017] (C) (–3, 5, 2) (D) (0, – 4, –7)
(A) 3/2 (B) 1
(C) 3 (D) – 3/2
x  5 y 1 z  4
Q.41 The plane 2x – 3y + 6z – 11 = 0 makes an angle sin–1() Q.51 Acute angel between the line   and
with X–axis . the value of  is equal to [KCET 2017] 2 1 1
the plane 3x – 4y – z + 5 = 0 is [KCET 2019]
(A) 2 /3 (B) 2/7
 5   9 
(A) cos 1  (B) cos 1 
(C) 3 / 2 (D) 3/7  2 3   364 
Q.42 The distance of the point (–2, 4, –5) from the line
x3 y4 z8 1  5   9 
(C) sin  (D) sin 1 
3

5

6
is – [KCET 2017]  2 13   364 
Q.52 The distance of the point (1, 2, 1) from the line
37 37
(A) (B) x 1 y  2 z  3
10 10   is – [KCET 2019]
2 1 2
37 37
(C) (D) 5 2 3
10 10 (A) (B)
   3 5
 
Q.43 If | a  b |2  | a  b |2  144 and | a |  4, then the value
 20 2 5
of | b | is [KCET 2018] (C) (D)
3 3
(A) 1 (B) 2 Q.53 XY – plane divides the line joining the points A (2, 3, –5)
(C) 3 (D) 4 and B (–1, –2, –3) in the ratio [KCET 2019]
  (A) 5 : 3 internally (B) 2 : 1 internally
Q.44 If a and b are mutually perpendicular unit vectors, then
    (C) 5 : 3 externally (D) 3 : 2 externally
(3a  2b)  (5a  6b)  [KCET 2018]    
(A) 5 (B) 3 Q.54 If | a |  16, | b |  4 , then | a  b |2  | a  b |2 
(C) 6 (D) 12 (A) 16 (B) 4 [KCET 2019]
Q.45 If the vectors aiˆ  ˆj  k, ˆ î  bjˆ  kˆ and î  ˆj  c kˆ are (C) 64 (D) 8
 
coplanar (a b  c  1), then the value of abc – (a + b+ c) Q.55 If the angle between a and b is 2/3 and the projection
(A) 2 (B) –2 [KCET 2018]   
of a in the direction of b is –2, the | a | 
(C) 0 (D) –1
  (A) 2 (B) 4 [KCET 2019]
Q.46 If a  î  ˆj  2k,
ˆ b  î  ˆj  kˆ are orthogonal and
(C) 1 (D) 3
  Q.56 A unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing the
| a |  | b | then (, µ) = [KCET 2018]
(A) (1/4, 7/4) (B) (7/4, 1/4) vectors î  2ˆj  kˆ and 2iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ is [KCET 2019]
(C) (1/4, 9/4) (D) (–1/4, 9/4)
Q.47 The image of the point (1, 6, 3) in the line  î  ˆj  kˆ î  ˆj  kˆ
(A) (B)
3 3
x y 1 z  2
  is [KCET 2018]
1 2 3  î  ˆj  kˆ  î  ˆj  kˆ
(A) (1, 0, 7) (B) (7, 0, 1) (C) (D)
3 3
(C) (2, 7, 0) (D) (–1, –6, –3)

       
Q.57 [a  2b  c, a  b, a  b  c]  [KCET 2019] 11
 (A) 11/15 (B) [KCET 2021]
  3
(A) 2 [a, b, c] (B) 0
      4 3
(C) 3 [a, b, c] (D) [a, b, c] (C) (D)
5 5 3
Q.58 The two vectors î  ˆj  kˆ and î  3jˆ  5kˆ represent the Q.67 The diagonals of a parallelogram are the
 
two sides AB and AC respectively of a ABC. The
vectors 3iˆ  6ˆj  2kˆ and î  2jˆ  8kˆ then the length of
length of the median through A is [KCET 2020]
the shorter side of parallelogram is [KCET 2021]
14
(A) (B) 14 (A) 2 3 (B) 29
2
(C) 7 (D) 14 (C) 3 5 (D) 4 3
      
Q.59 If a and b are unit vectors and  is the angle between Q.68 If a  b  0 and a  b makes an angle 60° with a, then
    
 (A) | a |  2 | b | (B) 2 | a |  | b | [KCET 2021]
a and b , then sin (/2) is [KCET 2020]
   
    (C) | a |  3 | b | (D) 3 | a |  | b |
  |ab| 
(D) | a  b |
|ab|
(A) | a  b | (B) (C)  
2 2 Q.69 If the area of the parallelogram with a and b as two
  2   2   adjacent sides is 15 sq. units then the area of
Q.60 If | a  b |  | a  b |  144 and | a |  6 then | b | is equal
   
to [KCET 2020] theparallelogram having 3a  2b and a  3b as two
(A) 6 (B) 3 adjacent side in sq. units is [KCET 2021]
(C) 2 (D) 4 (A) 45 (B) 75
Q.61 The point (1, –3, 4) lies in the octant [KCET 2020] (C) 105 (D) 120
(A) Second (B) Third Q.70 The equation of the line joining the points (–3, 4, 11) and
(C) Fourth (D) Eighth (1, –2, 7) is- [KCET 2021]
Q.62 If the vectors 2i  3j  4k, 2i  ˆj  kˆ and î  ˆj  2kˆ are
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ x  3 y  4 z  11 x  3 y  4 z  11
(A)   (B)  
coplanar, then the value of  is [KCET 2020] 2 3 4 2 3 2
(A) 6 (B) –5
(C) –6 (D) 5 x  3 y  4 z  11 x  3 y  4 z  11
(C)   (D)  
Q.63 The distance of the point (1, 2, –4) from the line 2 3 4 2 3 2
x 3 y3 z5 Q.71 The angle between the lines whose direction cosines are
  is [KCET 2020]
2 3 6  3 1 3  3 1  3
 , ,  and  , ,  is – [KCET 2021]
293 293 293 293
(A) (B) (C) (D)  4 4 2   4 4 2 
7 7 49 49 (A)  (B) /2
Q.64 The sine of the angle between the straight line (C) /3 (D) /4
x  2 3 y z  4 Q.72 If a plane meets the coordinate axes at A, B and C in such
  and the plane
3 4 5 a way that the centroid of triangle ABC is at the point
2x – 2y + z = 5 is – [KCET 2020] (1, 2, 3), then the equation of the plane is [KCET 2021]
1 3 4 2 x y z x y z
(A) (B) (C) (D) (A)   1 (B)   1
50 50 5 2 10 1 2 3 3 6 9
Q.65 If a line makes an angle of /3 with each of x and y–axis, x y z 1 x y z
then the acute angle made by z–axis is [KCET 2020] (C)    (D)    1
1 2 3 3 1 2 3
(A) /4 (B) /6
(C) /3 (D) /2 Q.73 The area of the quadrilateral ABCD, when A(0, 4, 1)
 B(2, 3, –1), C (4, 5, 0) and D (2, 6, 2) is equal to
Q.66 A vector a makes equal acute angles on the coordinate [KCET 2021]
  (A) 9 sq. units (B) 18 sq. units
axis. Then the projection of vector b  5iˆ  7ˆj  kˆ on a is
(C) 27 sq. units (D) 81 sq. units

ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE - 1
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
A C D A A C D A D B C A B D C B A C B A D C
Q 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
A A A C A A B B A D D D C D A D A C B
EXERCISE - 2
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
A A D B B B D C C A C A B C B A A D C B B C A A D C
EX ERCISE - 3
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
A C A C B C C C D A A D C B C C A D D D D C B C A B
Q 26 27 28 29 30
A 1 8 30 C 75
EX ERCIS E - 4
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
A C B A C B B A C A D A C B C B B B D C A B D B A C
Q 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
A C B B B D D B C D C D B D D D B A C B B A A C D B
Q 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73
A A D C C B A C D C C C A B A A B B D C B C B A

Chapter
22 Probability
In general if E1, E2, E3,.........En are the exhaustive events
BASIC TERMS
of the sample space then E1 E2 E3...........En = S
1. An Experiment : An action or operation resulting in two or 9. Mutually Exclusive Events: If two events cannot occur
more outcomes is called an experiment simultaneously then they are mutually exclusive. If A and
Ex. Drawing a card from a pack of 52 cards is an experiment B are mutually exclusive, then A B = 
There are 52 possible outcomes. Ex. In drawing a card from a well shuffled pack, the
2. Sample space : The set of all possible outcomes of an following events. A = the card is a spade ; B = the card is
experiment is called the sample space, denoted by S. An a heart are mutually exclusive.
element of S is called a sample point. (i) In a single throw of a coin either the head or the tail
Ex. When we throw a die then any one of the nos. 1, 2, 3, will appear and not both.
4, 5 & 6 will come up. So, the sample space. (ii) In a throw of a cubic die either an odd number or an
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} even number will turn up and not both.
3. Event: Any subset of sample space is an event. Following events are not mutually exclusive.
Ex. If the experiment is done throwing a die which has (a) The card is a heart (b) The card is a king
faces numbered 1 to 6, then S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} The card can be king of heart.
Then A = {1, 3, 5}, B {2, 4, 6}, the null set  and S itself are
MATHEMATICAL DEFINITION OF PROBABILITY
some events with respect to S. The null set  is called the
impossible event or null event. Let the outcomes of an experiment consists of n exhaustive
4. Complement of an Event : The complement of an event A, mutually exclusive and equally likely cases. Then the
denoted by A , A' or Ac , is the set of all sample points of sample spaces S has n sample points. If an event A consists
the space other then the sample points in A. Ex. In the of m sample points , (0 m  n), then the probability of
experiment of casting a fair die. S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} m m
If A = {1, 3, 5, 6} then Ac = {2, 4} event A, denoted by P(A) is defined to be i.e. P(A)=
n n
A Ac = S, A Ac =  Let S = a1, a2.......................an be the sample space
5. Simple Event: An event is called a simple event if it is a
singleton subset of the sample space S. n
P(S) = = 1 corresponding to the certain event.
Ex. When a coin is tossed, sample space S = {H, T} n
Let A = {H} = the event of occurrence of head.
0
and B = {T} = the event of occurrence of tail. P() = = 0 corresponding to the null event  or
Here A and B are simple events. n
6. Compound Event : It is the joint occurrence of two or more impossible event.
simple events. Ex.The event of at least one head appears If A i = {ai}, i = 1, 2 .........n then Ai is the event corresponding
when two fair coins are tossed is a compound event i.e. to a single sample point ai then P(Ai ) = 1/n
A = {HT, TH, HH} 0 P(A)  1
7. Equally Likely Events : A number of simple events are m
said to be equally likely if there is no reason for one event  0  m  n  0  1 0  P(A)  1
n
to occur in preference to any other event. P (A') = 1 – P(A)
Ex. In drawing a card from a well shuffled pack, there are 52 If the event A has m elements, then A' has (n – m) elements
outcomes which are equally likely.
8. Exhaustive Events: All the possible outcomes taken nm m
in S.  P (A') = =1– = 1 – P (A)
together in which an experiment can result are said to be n n
exhaustive. Example 1 :
Ex. A card is drawn from well shuffled pack. Two dice are thrown at a time. Find the probability of the
(i) The following events are exhaustive. following
(a) The card is black (b) The card is red (i) these numbers shown are equal
(ii) The following events are not exhaustive (ii) the difference of numbers shown is 1
(a) The card is heart (b) The card is diamond Sol. The sample space in a throw of two dice
If A and B are exhaustive events of the sample space S, s = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} × {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
then A B = S total no. of cases n (s) = 6 × 6 = 36.
65 PROBABILITY
(i) Here E1= the event of showing equal number on both Distributive laws :
dice = {(1, 1) (2, 2) (3, 3) (4, 4) (5, 5) (6, 6)} (a) A (B  C) = (A B) (A C)
(b) A ( B C) = (A  B) (A C)
n(E1 ) 6 1
 n (E1) = 6 P (E1) =  
n (s) 36 6 General form of addition theorem :
(ii) Here E 2 = the event of showing numbers whose For n events A1, A2, A3,....... An in S, we have
difference is 1. P (A1  A2  A3 A4 .......An)
= {(1, 2) (2, 1) (2, 3) (3, 2) (3, 4) (4, 3) (4, 5) (5, 4) (5, 6) (6, 5)} n
n(E 2 ) 10 5 =  P(Ai )   A(Ai  A j ) 
 n (E2) = 10 p (E2) =   i 1 i j
n (s) 36 18
ODDS AGAINST AND ODDS IN FAVOUR OF AN EVENT  P(Ai  A j  A k )...  ( 1)n 1 P(A1  A 2  A3 ...  A n )
i  j k
Let there be m + n equally likely, mutually exclusive and
If A and B are mutually exclusive, then P (A B) = 0 so that
exhaustive cases out of which an event A can occur in m
P (A ) = P(A) + P(B)
cases and does not occur in n cases. Then by definition of
Special Addition rule : Generalizing if A1, A2, A3,......., An
m are n mutually exclusive events.
probability of occurrences =
mn then P (A1 A2 ...... An) = P(A1) + P(A2) + .... + P(An).
If A is any event is S, then
n P(A) = 1 – P(A)  A A' = s and A  A' = 
The probability of non- occurrence =
mn
 P (A) : P (A' ) = m : n Example 3 :
Thus the odd in favour of occurrences of the event A are One digit is selected from 20 positive integers. What is the
defined by m : n i.e. P (A) : P (A') ; and the odds against the probability that it is divisible by 3 or 4.
occurrence of the event A are defined by n : m i.e. Sol. Let A = event that selected number is divisible by 3
P(A') : P (A). B = event that selected number is divisible by 4
Here, the events are not mutually exclusive then
Example 2 :
6 5 1
In a single cast with 2 dice find the odds against drawing 7 P(A) = , P(B) = , P(AB) =
Sol. E = {(1, 6), (2, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 2), (6, 1)} 20 20 20
 P(A + B) = P (A) + P (B) – P (AB)
6 1
 P (E) =  . 6 5 1 10 1
66 6 = + – = =
20 20 20 20 2
1
1
P (E) 6  5 =5:1
The odds against drawing 7  
P(E) 1 / 6 1 MULTIPLICATION THEOREM
When events are independent :
ADDITION THEOREM If A1, A2 ........, An are independent events then
If A and B are any events in S, then P (A1, A2, ...... An) = P(A1) P(A2) ........ P (An)
P (A B) = P (A) + P (B) – P (A  B) So if A and B are two independent events then happening
of B will have no effect on A. So
S A B P(A/B) = P(A) and P(B/A) = P(B), then
P (A B) = P (A). P(B) or P(AB) = P(A). P(B)
When events are not independent :
The probability of simultaneous happening of two events
A and B is equal to the probability of A multiplied by the
conditional probability of B with respect to A (or probability
A B
of B multiplied by the conditional probability of A with
Since the probability of an event is a nonnegative number, respect to B) i. e. P ( A B) = P(A). P(B/A) or P(B). P (A/B)
it follows that P (A B)  P (A) + P (B) or P (AB) = P(A). P (B/A) or P(B). P (A/B).
For three events A, B and C in S we have
P (A  B C) = P (A) + P (B) + P (C) – P (A B) Example 4 :
– P (B C) – P (C A ) + P (A B C). Let A, B, C be 3 independent events such that
De Morgan's law : P(A) = 1/3, P(B) = 1/2, P(C) = 1/4, Then find probability of
If A and B are two subsets of a universal set U, then exactly 2 events occurring out of 3 events.
(a) (A B)c = Ac Bc (b) (A B)c = Ac Bc
66 PROBABILITY
Sol. P (exactly two of A, B, C occur) a random experiment. If A is any event which occurs with
= P (B C) + P (C A) + P (A  B) – 3P (A  B  C) E1 or E2 or ............ or En, then
= P(B). P(C) + P(C). P(A) + P(A). P(B) – 3P(A). P(B). P(C)
P (E1 ) P (A / E1 ) , i = 1, 2, ........
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 P (E1 / A)  n
=      3   
2 4 4 3 3 2 3 2 4 4  P (E1 ) P (A / E1 )
i 1
Probability of at least one of the n Independent events Example 7 :
If p1, p2, p3, ...... pn are the probabilities of n independent A bag A contains 2 white and 3 red balls and a bag B
events A1, A2, A3 ...... An then the probability of happening contains 4 white and 5 red balls. One ball is drawn at random
of at least one of these event is from one of the bags and it is found to be red. Find the
1 – [(1 – p1) (1 – p2) ...... (1 – pn)] probability that it was drawn from the bag B.
P (A1 + A2 + A3 + ...+ An) Sol. Let E1 = The event of ball being drawn from bag A
= 1– P ( A1 ) P ( A 2 ) P ( A 3 )..P ( A n ) E2 = The event of ball being drawn from bag B
E = The event of ball being red
Example 5 :
Since, both the bags are equally likely to be selected,
A problem of mathematics is given to three students A, B,
and C, Whose chances of solving it are 1/2, 1/3, 1/4 1  E 3  E 5
respectively. Then find the probability that the problem is P (E1 )  P (E 2 )  and P    and P   
2  E1  5  E2  9
solved.
Sol. Obviously the events of solving the problem by A, B and Required probability
C are independent . Therefore required probability
 E 1 5
P (E 2 ) P   
 1   1   1   1 2 3 3 E   E2  2 9 25
= 1   1    1    1    = 1  . .  P 2  = 1 3 1 5  52
 2   3   4   2 3 2 4  E  E  E   
P (E1 ) P    P (E 2 ) P   2 5 2 9
 E1   E2 
CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY BOOLE'S INEQUALITY

Conditional probability : If A and B are any events in S For any two events A and B
then the conditional probability of B relative to A is given P (A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P (A  B)
P(B  A)  P(A  B)  P(A) + P(B) {P(A  B)  0)}
by P (B/A) = . If P(A) 0 For any three events A, B, C
P(A)
P(A  B  C)  P(A) + P (B) + P(C)
Independent Events : If the occurrence of the event A does
In general for any n events A1, A2, ..........An
not depend on the occurrence or the non-occurrence of
P(A1  A2  ..... An)  P(A1) + P(A2) + .......+ P(An)
the event B then A and B are said to be independent events:
Clearly P (B/A) = P(B) and P(A/B) = P(A).
Example 8 :
Note : If A and B are independent, then
If two events such that P (A) = 1/3 and P (B) = 2/3, then
(a) A' and B' are independent
prove that P(A  B)  2/3.
(b) A and B' are independent and
Sol. P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P (AB)
(c) A' and B are independent
and clearly P(AB) 1/3
Hence , P(A  B)  P(B)  P(A  B)  2/3
Example 6 :
Two dice are thrown. Find the probability that the numbers
appeared has a sum of 8 if it is known that the second dice GEOMETRICAL APPLICATIONS
always exhibits 4
The following statements are axiomatic :
Sol. Let A be the event of occurrence of 4 always on the second
(i) If a point is taken at random on a given straight line segment
die = {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4), (4, 4), (5, 4), (6, 4)}  n (A) = 6
AB, the chance that it fails on a particular segment PQ of
and B be the event of occurrences of such numbers on
the line segment is PQ/AB i.e.
both dice whose sum is 8 = {(4, 4)}
Thus, A  B = A  {(4, 4)} = {(4, 4)} n (A  B) = 1 favourable length
probability =
n(A  B) 1 total length
 B
 P   = = (ii) If a point is taken at random on the area S which includes
A n(A) 6
an area , the chance that the point falls on  is /S.
BAYE'S RULE
i.e. favourable area
Let S be the simple space and let E1, E2, ....... En be n total area
mutually exclusive and exhaustive events associated with
67 PROBABILITY
PROBABILITY REGARDING N LETTERS SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS

AND THEIR ENVELOPES (i) Let A and B be two events, then
P(A) + P (A) = 1 ; P(A + B) = 1 – (AB)
If n letters corresponding to n envelopes are placed in the
P(A/B) = P (AB) / P(B); P(A + B) = P(AB) + P( A B) + P (A B )
envelopes at random, then
Probability that all letters are in right envelopes = 1/n!
A  B  P(A)  P(B); P (A B) = P(B) – P (AB)
P(AB)  P(A) P(B)  P(A + B)  P(A) + P(B)
1 P(AB) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A + B)
Probability that all letters are not in right envelopes = 1 –
n! P(Exactly one event) = P (A B) + P (A B)
Probability that no letters is in right envelopes = P(A) + P(B) – 2P(AB)= P(A + B) – P(AB)
1 1 1 1 P(neither A nor B) = P (A B) = 1 – P (A + B)
= – + – ..........+ (–1)n P (A  B) = 1 – P (AB)
2! 3! 4! n!
(ii) Number of exhaustive cases of tossing n coins
Probability that exactly r letters are in right envelopes
simultaneously (or of tossing a coin n times) = 2n
1 1 1 nr 1  (iii) Number of exhaustive cases of throwing n dice
=  2!  3!  4!  .....  ( 1) (n  r)!  simultaneously (or throwing one dice n times) = 6n

(iv) Playing Cards : Total Cards : 52(26 red. 26 black)
Four suits : Heart, Diamond, Spade, Club - 13 cards each
BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION FOR REPEATED TRIALS Court Cards : 12 (4 kings, 4 queens, 4 jacks)
Binomial experiment : Any experiment which has only Honour Cards : 16 (4 aces, 4 kings, 4 queens, 4 jacks)
two outcomes is known as binomial experiment. (v) Expectation : If there are n possibilities A1, A2, ........ An in
Outcomes of such an experiment are known as success an experiment having the probabilities p1, p2, ........... pn
and failure. Probability of success is denoted by p and respectively. If value M1, M2, ........Mn are associated with
probability of failure by q. the respective possibility. Then the expected value of the
p + q = 1 n
If binomial experiment is repeated n times, then experiment is given by  pi .Mi
(p + q)n = nC0 qn + nC1 p qn–1 + nC2 p2 qn–2 r 1
+ ..... + nCr pr qn–r + ........ + nCn pn =1 ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES
Probability of exactly r successes in n trials = nCrprqn–r
Example 1 :
Probability of at most r successes in n trials
A bag contains 5 brown and 4 white socks. A man pulls
n
out 2 socks. Then find the probability that they are of the
=  n C p q n  same colour.
 0
n Sol. Let A event of two socks being brown.
Probability of atleast r successes in n trials =  n C p q n  B event of two socks being white.
 r
5 4
Probability of having Ist success at the rth trials = p qr–1. C2 5.4 5 C 4.3 3
Then P (A) = 9   , P(B) = 9 2  
The mean the variance and the standard deviation of C2 9.8 18 C2 9.8 18
binomial distribution are np, npq, npq .
Now since A and B are mutually exclusive events,
Example 9 : 5 3 4
The mean and variance of a binomial distribution are 4 and required probability = P (A + B) = P (A) + P (B) =  
3 respectively. Find the probability of getting exactly six 18 18 9
successes in this distribution. Example 2 :
Sol. Let n and p be the parameters of the binomial variate. Two dice are thrown together. Find the probability that
Then, np = 4, and npq = 3 atleast one will show its digit greater than 3.
Sol. Total exhaustive cases = 62 = 36
npq 3 3 1 Out of these cases following 9 pairs are not favourable
q =  p = 1 – q = 1 – 
np 4 4 4 (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3)
np = 4 n × (1/4) = 4 n = 16 9 3
So, required probability Required probability = 1  
36 4
6 16 6 6 10
16  1  3 = 16 C  1  3
= C6     6    Example 3 :
 4  4  4  4
Four persons are selected at random out of 3 men, 2 women
and 4 children. Find the probability that there are exactly 2
children in the selection.
68 PROBABILITY
Sol. Total number of ways in which 4 persons can be selected
out of 3 + 2 + 4 = 9 persons = 9C4 = 126. Example 7 :
Number of ways in which a selection of 4 contains exactly Two numbers are selected at random from 40 consecutive
2 children = 4C2 × 5C2 = 60. natural numbers. Find the probability that the sum of the
selected numbers is odd.
60 10
Required probability =  Sol. Total number of selection of 2 numbers from 40 natural
126 21 numbers = 40C2
Example 4 : Now, since the sum of two natural numbers is odd if one of
The probability that an anti aircraft gun can hit an enemy them is even and the other is odd. Also among 40
plane at the first, second and third shot are 0.6, 0.7 and 0.1 consecutive natural numbers 20 are even and 20 are odd.
respectively. Find the probability that the gun hits the Hence number of ways of selection of one even and one
plane. odd number = 20C1 × 20C1
Sol. Let the events of hitting the enemy plane at the first,
20
second and third shot are respectively A, B and C. Then C1  20 C1 20  20  2 20
as given P (A) = 0.6, P (B) = 0.7, P (C) = 0.1  Reqd. probability = 40 = 
C2 40  39 39
Since events A, B, C are independent, so
Required probability = P (A + B + C) = 1 –
Example 8 :
P(A) P(B) P (C)
It has been found that is A and B play a game 12 times, A
= 1 – (1 – 0.6) (1 – 0.7) (1 – 0.1) wins 6 times, B wins 4 times and they draw twice. A and B
= 1 – (0.4) (0.3) (0.9) = 1 – 0.108 = 0.892 take part in a series of 3 games. Find the probability that
they will win alternately.
Example 5 :
A purse contains 4 copper and 3 silver coins and another 6 1
Sol. The probability of A winning in a game = P (A) = 
purse contains 6 copper and 2 silver coins. One coin is 12 2
drawn from any one of these two purses. Find the prob- 4 1
ability that it is a copper coin. The probability of B winning in a game = P (B) = 
12 3
Sol. Let A  event of selecting first purse
B  event of selecting second purse  Reqd. probability = P (A B A) + P (B A B)
C  event of drawing a copper coin from first purse = P (A).P(B).P(A) + P (B).P(A).P(B)
D  event of drawing a copper coin from second purse 1 1 1 1 1 1 5
Then given event has two disjoint cases : AC and BD. =      
2 3 2 3 2 3 36
 Reqd. probability = P (AC + BD)
= P (AC) + P (BD) = P (A) P (C) + P (B) P (D) Example 9 :
1 4 1 6 37 A coin is tossed 7 times. Each time a man calls head. Find
=     the probability that he wins the toss on more occasions.
2 7 2 8 56
Sol. The man has to win at least 4 times.
Example 6 : 4 3 5 2
7  1  1 7  1  1
A box contains 3 white and 2 red balls. If first drawing ball Reqd. probability = C4   .    C5   .  
 2  2  2  2
is not replaced then find the probability that the second
drawing ball will be red. 6 7
 1 1  1
Sol. Let A  the event that drawing ball is white  7 C6   .  7 C7  
 2 2  2
B  the event that drawing ball is red
There are two mutually exclusive cases of the required 1 64 1
= (7C4 + 7C5 + 7C7 + 7C7) . 7  7 
event: WR and RR 2 2 2
R 3 2 6 Example 10 :
Now, P (WR) = P (W) P      If a fair coin is tossed 15 times, what is the probability of
W 5 4 20
getting head as many times in the first ten throws as in the
 R 2 1 2 last five ?
P (RR) = P (R) P      Sol. In the last five throws there can be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 heads
R 5 4 20
and the same should be the case in the first ten throws.
Reqd. probability = P (WR + RR)
Hence the favourable number of cases.
6 2 8 2 m = 5C0 10C0 + 5C1 10C1 + 5C2 10C2 + 5C3 10C3
= P (WR) + P (RR) =   
20 20 20 5 + 5C4 10C4 + 5C5 10C5
= 1 + 50 + 450 + 1200 + 1050 + 252 = 3003
69 PROBABILITY
And the total number of ways n = 215 = 32768 P (B) = probability that a new product is introduced
P (B) = P (B A1) + P (B A2)
m 3003
Hence the required probability =  = P (A1) P (B | A1) + P (A2) . P (B | A2) ......... (1)
n 32768 Now as per hypothesis
P (B | A1) = 0.8, P (B | A2) = 0.3
Example 11 : Hence from (1), P (B) = 0.6 × 0.8 + 0.4 × 0.3 = 0.60
Two friends Ashok and Baldev have equal number of sons.
There are 3 tickets for a cricket match which are to be Example 14 :
distributed among the sons. The probability that 2 tickets There is 30% chance that it rains on any particular day.
go to the sons of the one and one ticket go to the sons of What is the probability that there is at least one rainy day
the other is 6/7. Find how many sons each of the two within a period of 7 days ? Given that there is at least one
friends have. rainy day, what is the probability that there are at least two
Sol. Let each of them have n sons each. Hence we have to rainy days?
distribute 3 tickets amongst the sons of Ashok and Baldev,
in such a manner that one ticket goes to the sons of one 3 7
Sol. p (r) = , so p( r ) 
and two tickets to the sons of other. 10 10
1 to Ashok's sons and 2 to Baldev's son + 2 to Ashok's son The probability of at least one rainy day in 7 days
and 1 to Baldev's son = Total number of ways of 7
distributing the ticket as per directions.  7
P (A) = 1   
nC . nC + nC . nC = 2 . nC . nC = m  10 
1 2 2 1 1 2
But in all 3 tickets are to be distributed amongst 2n sons of Now the probability that at least two rainy days in 7 days
both. Hence total number of ways is 2nC3 = n
7 6
 7 7  3 7
m 6
 given P (B) = 1     C1    
Hence required probability =  10   10   10 
n 7
Hence,
n
C1.n C2 6
 2. 2n  ; 7. n (n  1) .n  3. 2n(2n  1)(2n  2) 7 6
7  7  3 7
C3 2 6 1     7 C1    
P (B  A)  10   10   10 
Cancel n (n – 1) from both sides P (B / A)  
P(A) 7
or 7n = 4 (2n – 1) or n = 4  7
1  
 10 
Example 12 :
Example 15 :
If the integers m and n are chosen at random between 1
Five cards are drawn successively with replacement from
and 100, then find the probability that a number of the
a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. What is the probability
form 7m+7n is divisible by 5.
that
Sol. 72 = 49, 74 = 49 × 49 = 2401
(i) all the five cards are spades?
 76, 7s, 714 all end with 9
(ii) only 3 cards are spades?
78, 712, 716 all end with 1
(iii) none is a spade?
Now 7m + 7n will be divisible by 5 if one ends with 9 and
Sol. Let p be the probability of success.
other ends with 1 so that the sum has 0 in the end.
 m can be 2, 6, 10, 14, .......... 98 (25) 13 1 1 3
n can be 4, 8, 12, 16, .......... 100 (25) Then p   and q  1   , n = 5
52 4 4 4
But m and n can interchange The probability of getting r successes is given by
2  25  25 1 5r r
p   3  1
100  100 8 P (X = r) = 5Cr   .   where r = 0, 1, 2, ........, 5
4 4
Example 13 : 0 5
5  3  1 1 1
Two sets of candidates are competing for the positions on (i) P (X = 5) = C5   .   1  1  
the board of directors of a company. The probabilities that  4  4 1024 1024
the first and second sets will win are 0.6 and 0.4 respectively. 2 3
If the first set wins the probability of introducing a new 5  3  1  9 1 45
(ii) P (X = 3) = C3   .    10   
product is 0.8 and the corresponding probability if the  4  4 16 64 512
second set wins is 0.3. What is the probability that the
5 0
new product will be introduced ? 5  3  1 243 243
(iii) P (X = 0) = C0   .   1  1 
Sol. Let P (A1) = probability that the first set wins = 0.6  4  4 1024 1024
P (A2) = probability that the second set wins = 0.4
70 PROBABILITY
QUESTION BANK
Q.1 If P (A) = 1/2, P (B) = 0 then P (A/B) is – Q.12 Three letters are to be sent to different persons and
(A) 0 (B) 1/2 addresses on the three envelopes are also written.
(C) not defined (d) 1 Without looking at the addresses, the probability that
Q.2 Suppose that A, B, C are events such that the letters go into the right envelope is equal to
P (A) = P (B) = P (C) = 1/4, P (AB) = P (CB)=0, P(AC)=1/8 (A) 1/27 (B) 1/9
then P (A + B) = (C) 4/27 (D) 1/6
(A) 0.125 (B) 0.25 Q.13 In a simultaneous throw of three coins, what is the
(C) 0.375 (D) 0.5 probability of getting at least 2 tails
Q.3 A card is drawn at random from a pack of cards. The (A) 1/8 (B) 1/4
probability of this card being a red or a queen is (C) 1/2 (D) None of these
(A) 1/13 (B) 1/26 Q.14 A man and a woman appear in an interview for two
(C) 1/2 (D) 7/13 vacancies in the same post. The probability of man’s
Q.4 If A and B an two events such that selection is 1/4 and that of the woman’s selection is 1/3.
What is the probability that none of them will be selected
5 1 1 (A) 1/2 (B) 1/12
P (A  B)  , P (A  B)  and P (B)  , then
6 3 3 (C) 1/4 (D) None of these
P (A) = Q.15 If A and B are two events such that A  B, then
(A) 1/4 (B) 1/3
P (B/A) =
(C) 1/2 (D) 2/3
(A) 0 (B) 1
Q.5 If P(A) = 1/5, P (B) = 1/2 and A and B are mutually exclusive
(C) 1/2 (D) 1/3
then P (A  B) equals-
Q.16 A bag contains 5 blue, 4 white, and 4 red balls. Three
(A) 1/6 (B) 1/10
balls are drawn at random then find the probability that
(C) 7/10 (D) 1/4
all the drawn balls are blue.
Q.6 One card is drawn from a pack of playing cards, then the
(A) 3/143 (B) 1/143
probability that it is a card of king is-
(C) 5/143 (D) 9/143
(A) 1/12 (B) 1/13
Q.17 The letters of the word ‘SHANU’ are written in a row
(C) 1/2 (D) 1/4
randomly. Then find the probability that vowels occupies
Q.7 If P (A) =3/8 , then find the odds in against of A -
the even places.
(A) 3 : 5 (B) 4 : 5
(A) 7/10 (B) 3/10
(C) 3 : 4 (D) 5 : 3
(C) 1/21 (D) 1/10
Q.8 An integer is chosen at random from the numbers 1, 2,
Q.18 One number is selected from first 20 positive integers.
....... 25 the probability that the chosen number is divisible
What is the probability that it is divisible by 3 or 4.
by 3 or 4, is –
(A) 1/5 (B) 1/2
(A) 2/25 (B) 11/25
(C) 3/16 (D) 1/9
(C) 12/25 (D) 14/25
Q.19 If the probability for A to fail in an examination is 0.2 and
Q.9 Two squares are chosen at random on a chess-board.
that of B to fail is 0.3, then the probability that either A or
The probability that they have a side in common, is
B fails is-
(A) 1/9 (B) 2/7
(A) 0.5 (B) 0.44
(C) 1/18 (D) None of these
(C) 0.56 (D) None of these
Q.10 The probability that a certain beginner at golf gets a good
Q.20 If two dice are thrown together then what is the probability
shot if he uses the correct club is 1/3 and the probability
that the sum of their numbers is greater than 9.
of a good shot with an incorrect club is 1/4. In his bag are
(A) 1/2 (B) 1/4
5 different clubs, only one of which is correct for the shot
(C) 1/6 (D) 2/6
in question. If he chooses a club at random and takes a
Q.21 A card is drawn at random from a pack of card. What is
stroke, then the probability that he gets a good shot, is
the probability that the drawn card is neither a heart nor
(A) 1/3 (B) 1/12
a king
(C) 4/15 (D) 7/12
(A) 4/13 (B) 9/13
Q.11 Two cards are drawn one by one at random from a pack
(C) 1/4 (D) 13/26
of 52 cards. The probability that both of them are king, is
Q.22 X speaks truth in 60% and Y in 50% of the cases. The
(A) 2/13 (B) 1/169
probability that they contradict each other narrating the
(C) 1/221 (D) 30/221
same incident is –
(A) 1/4 (B) 1/3
(C) 1/2 (D) 2/3
71 PROBABILITY
Q.23 In a class of 125 students 70 passed in Mathematics, 55 Q.32 If two cards are drawn from a pack of cards then the
in Statistics and 30 in both. The probability that a student probability of getting at least one Ace is -
selected at random from the class has passed in only one (A) 1/5 (B) 33/221
subject is – (C) 3/16 (D) 1/9
(A) 13/25 (B) 3/25 Q.33 A card is drawn from a pack of playing cards. Find the
(C) 17/25 (D) 8/25 probability that the drawn card is a court card when it is
Q.24 In a college, 25% of the boys and 10% of the girls offer black.
Mathematics. The girls constitute 60% of the total number (A) 3/26 (B) 3/13
of students. If a student is selected at random and is (C) 1/2 (D) None of these
found to be studying Mathematics, the probability that Q.34 If A and B are two events such that P(A) = 1/2, P(B)= 1/3
the student is a girl, is and P(A B) = 7/12 then P (A/B) equals-
(A) 1/6 (B) 3/8 (A) 3/4 (B) 1/4
(C) 5/8 (D) 5/6 (C) 1/2 (D) None of these
Q.25 A box containing 4 white pens and 2 black pens. Another Q.35 Two dice are thrown. Then the probability that the
box containing 3 white pens and 5 black pens. If one pen numbers appeared has a sum 8 if it is known that the
is selected from each box, then the probability that both second die always exhibits 4, is-
the pens are white is equal to (A) 1/3 (B) 2/3
(A) 1/2 (B) 1/3 (C) 1/6 (D) 1/2
(C) 1/4 (D) 1/5 Q.36 Two cards are drawn one by one from a pack of 52 cards.
Q.26 A basket contains 5 apples and 7 oranges and another If the first card is not replaced in the pack , then what is
basket contains 4 apples and 8 oranges. One fruit is the probability that first card is that of a king and second
picked out from each basket. Find the probability that card is that of a queen?
the fruits are both apples or both oranges (A) 4/664 (B) 5/663
(C) 6/663 (D) 4/663
24 56
(A) (B)
Q.37 For any two events A and B, P 
144 144 A 
equals-
 A  B 
68 76
(C) (D) P(A) P(B)
144 144 (A) (B)
P(A  B) P(A  B)
Q.27 A bag contains tickets numbered from 1 to 20. Two tickets
are drawn. The probability that both the numbers are P(A) P(A  B)
prime, is (C) (D)
P(A  B) P(A  B)
(A) 14/95 (B) 7/95
(C) 1/95 (D) None of these Q.38 A person can kill a bird with probability 3/4. He tries 5
Q.28 Three mangoes and three apples are in a box. If two fruits times. What is the probability that he may not kill the bird
are chosen at random, the probability that one is a mango 243 781
and the other is an apple is (A) (B)
1024 1024
(A) 2/3 (B) 3/5
(C) 1/3 (D) None of these 1 1023
(C) (D)
Q.29 5 cards are drawn from a pack of 52 cards what is the 1024 1024
probability that these 5 will contain just one king? Q.39 Six cards are drawn simultaneously from a pack of playing
1243 1243 cards. What is the probability that 3 will be red and 3
(A) (B) black
10829 8829
26
3243 1243 C3
(C) (D) (A) 26C6 (B)
52
10829 10829 C6
Q.30 A committee of five is to be chosen from a group of 9
26
people. The probability that a certain married couple will C3  26 C3
(C) (D) 1/2
either serve together or not at all, is 52
C6
(A) 1/2 (B) 5/9
(C) 4/9 (D) 2/9 Q.40 A box contains 15 tickets numbered 1, 2, ....... 15. Seven
Q.31 A bag contains 3 white and 7 red balls. If a ball is drawn tickets are drawn at random one after the other with
at random, then what is the probability that the drawn replacement. The probability that the greatest number
ball is either white or red on a drawn ticket is 9, is
(A) 0 (B) 3/10 (A) (9/10)6 (B) (8/15)7
(C) 7/10 (D) 10/10 (C) (3/5)7 (D) None of these
72 PROBABILITY
Q.1 If A and B are events such that P(A/B) = P(B/A), then (A) 7 (B) 8
(A) A  B but A  B (B) A = B (C) 9 (D) 6
(C) A  B =  (D) P(A) = P(B) Q.12 A man alternately tosses a coin and throws a dice
Q.2 The probability of obtaining an even prime number on beginning with the coin. The probability that he gets a
each die, when a pair of dice is rolled is – head in the coin before he gets a 5 or 6 in the dice is
(A) 0 (B) 1/3 (A) 3/4 (B) 1/2
Q.3 Two events A and B will be independent, if Q.13 Two dice are rolled one after the other. The probability
(A) A and B are mutually exclusive that the number on the first is smaller than the number on
(B) P (A'B') = [1 – P(A)] [1 – P(B)] the second is
(C) P(A) = P(B) (D) P(A) + P (B) = 1 (A) 1/2 (B) 7/18
Q.4 Two numbers are selected at random from 1, 2, 3 ......100 (C) 3/4 (D) 5/12
and are multiplied, then the probability correct to two Q.14 Three six faced fair dice are thrown together. The
places of decimals that the product thus obtained is probability that the sum of the numbers appearing on the
divisible by 3, is dice is k (3  k  8), is
(A) 0.55 (B) 0.44
(C) 0.22 (D) 0.33 (k  1) (k  2) k (k  1)
Q.5 The probability of solving a question by three students (A) (B)
432 432
1 1 1
are , , respectively. Probability of question is k2
2 4 6 (C) (D) None of these
432
being solved will be
(A) 33/48 (B) 35/48 Q.15 Out of 21 tickets marked with numbers from 1 to 21, three
(C) 31/48 (D) 37/48 are drawn at random. The chance that the numbers on
Q.6 In an entrance test there are multiple choice questions. them are in A.P., is
There are four possible answers to each question of (A) 9/1330 (B) 9/133
which one is correct. The probability that a student knows (C) 10/133 (D) None of these
the answer to a question is 90%. If he gets the correct Q.16 Three squares of a chess board are chosen at random,
answer to a question, then the probability that he was the probability that two are of one colour and one of
guessing, is another is
(A) 37/40 (B) 1/37 (A) 16/21 (B) 8/21
Q.7 Find the probability that a leap year will not have 53 Q.17 A pair of fair dice is rolled together till a sum of either 5 or
Mondays. 7 is obtained. Then the probability that 5 comes before 7
(A) 1/7 (B) 5/7 is
(C) 4/7 (D) 1/2 (A) 1/5 (B) 2/5
Q.8 Two dice are thrown together 4 times. The probability (C) 4/5 (D) None of theses
that both dice will show same numbers twice is- Q.18 A student appears for test I, II and III. The student is
(A) 1/3 (B) 25/36 successful if he passes either in tests I and II or test I and
(C) 25/216 (D) None of these III. The probabilities of the student passing in tests I, II,
Q.9 If two events A and B are such that III are p, q and 1/2 respectively. If the probability that the
student is successful is 1/2, then
P(A)  0.3, P(B)  0.4 & P(A  B)  0.5 then P 
B  (A) p = 1, q = 0

 A  B  (B) p = 2/3, q = 1/2
(A) 0.9 (B) 0.5 (C) There are infinitely many values of p and q
(C) 0.6 (D) 0.25 (D) All of the above
Q.10 Bag A contains 4 green and 3 red balls and Bag B contains Q.19 For the three events A, B and C, P (exactly one of the
4 red and 3 green balls. One bag is taken at random and a events A or B occurs)= P (exactly one of the events B or
ball is noted it is green. The probability that it comes C occurs)= P (exactly one of the events C or A occurs)= p
from Bag B is – and P (all the three events occur simultaneously) = p2,
(A) 2/7 (B) 2/3 where 0 < p < 1/2. Then the probability of at least one of
(C) 3/7 (D) 1/3 the three events A, B and C occurring is
Q.11 A rifle man is firing at a distant target and has only 10%
chance of hitting it. The minimum number of rounds he 3p  2p 2 p  3p 2 p  3p 2 3p  2p 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
must fire in order to have 50% chance of hitting at least 2 4 2 4
once is –
73 PROBABILITY
3 1 1 Q.23 One hundred identical coins each with probability p of
Q.20 If P(B)  , P(A  B  C)  and P(A  B  C)  , showing up heads are tossed once. If 0 < p < 1 and the
4 3 3
probability of heads showing on 50 coins is equal to that
then P(B  C) is of heads showing on 51 coins, then the value of p is
(A) 1/12 (B) 1/6 (A) 1/2 (B) 49 / 101
(C) 1/15 (D) 1/9 (C) 50 / 101 (D) 51 / 101
Q.21 A box contains 100 tickets numbered 1, 2 ...... 100. Two Q.24 Suppose X follows a binomial distribution with parameters
tickets are chosen at random. It is given that the maximum
P (X  r)
number on the two chosen tickets is not more than 10. n and p, where 0 < p < 1. If is independent
The minimum number on them is 5 with probability P (X  n  r)
(A) 1/8 (B) 13/15 of n and r, then
(C) 1/7 (D) None of these (A) p = 1/2 (B) p = 1/3 (C) p = 1/4 (D) None of these
Q.22 A pack of playing cards was found to contain only 51 Q.25 A locker can be opened by dialing a fixed three digit code
cards. If the first 13 cards which are examined are all red, (between 000 and 999). A stranger who does not know
then the probability that the missing cards is black, is the code tries to open the locker by dialing three digits at
(A) 1/3 (B) 2/3 random. The probability that the stranger succeeds at
25 the kth trial is
C13 (A) k / 999 (B) k / 1000
(C) 1/2 (D) 51
C13 (C) (k – 1) / 1000 (D) None of these
Q.1 Three numbers are chosen at random without replacement the variance of the number of green balls drawn is :
from {1, 2, 3, ..., 8}. The probability that their minimum is (A) 4 (B) 6/25 [JEE MAIN 2017]
3, given that their maximum is 6, is – [AIEEE 2012] (C) 12/5 (D) 6
(A) 3/8 (B) 1/5 Q.7 If two different numbers are taken from the set
(C) 1/4 (D) 2/5 {0, 1, 2, 3, ……., 10} ; then the probability that their sum
Q.2 A multiple choice examination has 5 questions. Each as well as absolute difference are both multiple of 4, is :
question has three alternative answers of which exactly (A) 14/45 (B) 7/55 [JEE MAIN 2017]
one is correct. The probability that a student will get 4 or (C) 6/55 (D) 12/55
more correct answers just by guessing is Q.8 For three events A, B and C, P (Exactly one of A or B
(A) 17/35 (B) 13/35[JEE MAIN 2013] occurs) = P (Exactly one of B or C occurs) = P (Exactly
(C) 11/35 (D) 10/35 one of C or A occurs) = 1/4 and P (All the three events
Q.3 Let A and B be two events such that occur simultaneously) = 1/16 . Then the probability that
1 1 1 at least one of the events occurs, is : [JEE MAIN 2017]
P (A  B)  , P (A  B)  and P (A)  , where A (A) 7/64 (B) 3/16
6 4 4
(C) 7/32 (D) 7/16
stands for the complement of the event A. Then the events
Q.9 A bag contains 4 red and 6 black balls. A ball is drawn at
A and B are – [JEE MAIN 2014]
random from the bag, its colour is observed and this ball
(A) mutually exclusive and independent.
along with two additional balls of the same colour are
(B) equally likely but not independent.
returned to the bag. If now a ball is drawn at random from
(C) independent but not equally likely.
the bag, then the probability that this drawn ball is red,
(D) independent and equally likely.
is: [JEE MAIN 2018]
Q.4 If 12 identical balls are to be placed in 3 identical boxes,
(A) 1/5 (B) 3/4
then the probability that one the boxes contains exactly
(C) 3/10 (D) 2/5
3 balls is [JEE MAIN 2015]
Q.10 Two cards are drawn successively with replacement from
(A) 55 (2/3)10 (B) 220 (1/3)12
a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Let X denote the random
(C) 22 (1/3)11 (D) (55/3) (2/3)11
variable of number of aces obtained in the two drawn
Q.5 Let two fair six-faced dice A and B be thrown
cards. Then P (X = 1) + P(X = 2) equals [JEE MAIN 2019]
simultaneously. If E1 is the event that die A shows up
(A) 52/169 (B) 25/169
four, E2 is the event that die B shows up two and E3 is the
(C) 49/169 (D) 24/169
event that the sum of numbers on both dice is odd, then
Q.11 Let P (A) = 1/3, P (B) = 1/6, where A and B are independent
which of the following statements is NOT true ?
events then [JEE MAIN 2020]
(A) E2 and E3 are independent [JEE MAIN 2016]
(A) P (A/B) = 1/6 (B) P (A/B') = 1/3
(B) E1 and E3 are independent
(C) P (A/B') = 2/3 (D) P (A/B) = 5/6
(C) E1, E2 and E3 are independent
Q.12 Let A and B are two events such that P(exactly one)= 2/5,
(D) E1 and E2 are independent
P (A B) = 1/2 then P (A B) = [JEE MAIN 2020]
Q.6 A box contains 15 green and 10 yellow balls. If 10 balls
(A) 1/10 (B) 2/9 (C) 1/8 (D) 1/12
are randomly drawn, one-by-one, with replacement, then
74 PROBABILITY
Q.13 In a box, there are 20 cards, out of which 10 are lebelled as number of times is : [JEE MAIN 2021]
A and the remaining 10 are labelled as B. Cards are drawn (A) 1/32 (B) 5/16
at random, one after the other and with replacement, till a (C) 3/16 (D) 1/2
second A-card is obtained. The probability that the Q.15 Let Bi (i = 1, 2, 3) be three independent events in a sample
second A-card appears before the third B-card is : space. The probability that only B1 occur is , only B2
(A) 11/16 (B) 13/16 [JEE MAIN 2020] occurs is  and only B3 occurs is . Let p be the probability
(C) 9/16 (D) 15/16 that none of the events Bi occurs and these 4 probabilities
Q.14 An ordinary dice is rolled for a certain number of times. If satisfy the equations ( – 2) p =  and ( – 3) p = 2
the probability of getting an odd number 2 times is equal (All the probabilities are assumed to lie in the interval
to the probability of getting an even number 3 times, P (B1 )
then the probability of getting an odd number for odd (0,1)). Then is equal to______.:[JEE MAIN 2021]
P (B3 )
Q.1 A and B are two events such that P (A)  0, P (B/A) if Q.10 If P (A B) = 7/10 and P (B) = 17/20, where P stands for
(i) A is a subset of B [KCET 2014] probability then P (A | B) is equal to – [KCET 2016]
(ii) A  B =  are respectively (A) 17/20 (B) 1/8
(A) 1, 1 (B) 0 and 1 (C) 7/8 (D) 14/17
(C) 0, 0 (D) 1, 0 Q.11 A box has 100 pens of which 10 are defective. The
Q.2 Two dice are thrown simultaneously. The probability of probability that out of a sample of 5 pens drawn one by
obtaining a total score of 5 is – [KCET 2014] one with replacement and atmost one is defective is
(A) 1/9 (B) 1/18 4
(C) 1/36 (D) 1/12 9 1 9 
(A) (B)   [KCET 2017]
Q.3 If the events A and B are independent if P (A') = 2/3 and 10 2  10 
P (B') = 2/7, then P (A  B) is equal to [KCET 2014]
5 4 5
(A) 4/21 (B) 5/21  9 1 9  1 9 
(C)      (D)  
(C) 1/21 (D) 3/21  10  2  10  2  10 
Q.4 A box contains 100 bulbs, out of which 10 are defective. Q.12 The probability distribution of X is [KCET 2017]
A sample of 5 bulbs is drawn. The probability that none X 0 1 2 3
is defective is [KCET 2014] P(X) 0.3 x 2k 2k
(A) 9/10 (B) (1/10)5 The value of k is
(C) (9/10)5 (D) (1/2)5 (A) 0.7 (B) 0.3
Q.5 If two dice are thrown simultaneously, then the probability (C) 1 (D) 0.14
that the sum of the numbers which come up on the dice Q.13 Two events A and B will be independent if[KCET 2017]
to be more than 5 is – [KCET 2015] (A) P (A'  B') = 1 (1 – P (A)) (1 – P (B)).
(A) 5/36 (B) 1/6 (B) P (A) + P (B) = 1.
(C) 5/18 (D) 13/18 (C) P (A) = P (B).
Q.6 A man takes a step forward with probability 0.4 and one (D) A and B are mutally exclusive.
step backward with probability 0.6, then the probability Q.14 The probability of happening of an event A is 0.5 and
that at the end of eleven steps he is one step away from that of B is 0.3 . If A and B are mutually exclusive
the starting point is – [KCET 2015] events,then the prabability of neither A nor B is
(A) 11C5 × (0.48)5 (B) 11C5 × (0.24)5 (A) 0.4 (B) 0.5 [KCET 2018]
(C) 11C5 × (0.12)5 (D) 11C6 × (0.72)6 (C) 0.2 (D) 0.9
Q.7 The probability distribution of x is Q.15 In a simultaneous throw of a pair of dice, the probability
x 0 1 2 3 of getting a total more than 7 is [KCET 2018]
[KCET 2015] (A) 7/12 (B) 5/36
P (x) 0.2 k k 2k (C) 5/12 (D) 7/36
find the value of k Q.16 If A and B are mutually exclusive events, given that
(A) 0.2 (B) 0.3 P (A) = 3/5, P (B) = 1/5, then P (A or B) is [KCET 2018]
(C) 0.4 (D) 0.1 (A) 0.8 (B) 0.6
Q.8 A box contains 6 red marbles numbers from 1 through 6 (C) 0.4 (D) 0.2
and 4 white marbles 12 through 15. Find the probability Q.17 For the probability distribution given by
that a marble drawn ‘at random’ is white and odd numbered X  xi 0 1 2
(A) 5 (B) 1/5 [KCET 2015] 25 5 1
(C) 6 (D) 1/6 Pi
36 18 36
Q.9 The coefficient of variation of two distributions are 60
and 70. The standard deviation are 21 and 16 respectively, the standard deviation () is – [KCET 2018]
then their mean is [KCET 2016] 1 1 5 5
(A) 23 (B) 22.85 (A) (B) (C) (D) None
(C) 35 (D) 28.25 3 3 2 36
75 PROBABILITY
Q.18 A bag contains 17 tickets numbered from 1 to 7. A ticket Then the probability of the problem is solved by any two
is drawn at random, then another ticket is drawn without of them is [KCET 2020]
replacing the first one. The probability that both the (A) 1/12 (B) 1/4
tickets may show even numbers by [KCET 2018] (C) 1/24 (D) 1/8
(A) 7/34 (B) 8/17 Q.26 If A, B, C are three mutually exclusive and exhaustive
(C) 7/16 (D) 7/17 events of an experiment such that P (A) = 2P (B) = 3P (C),
Q.19 A flashlight has 10 batteries out of which 4 are dead. If 3 then P(B) is equal to [KCET 2020]
batteries are selected without repalcement and tested, (A) 1/11 (B) 2/11
then the probability that all 3 are dead is [KCET 2018] (C) 3/11 (D) 4/11
(A) 1/30 (B) 2/8 Q.27 Given that A and B are two events such that P (B) = 3/5
(C) 1/15 (D) 1/10 P(A / B) = 1/2 and P (A B) = 4/5 then P(A) =
Q.20 If A and B are two events of a sample space S such that (A) 3/10 (B) 1/2 [KCET 2021]
P(A) = 0.2, P (B) = 0.6 and P (A | B) = 0.5 then P(A' | B)= (C) 1/5 (D) 3/5
(A) 1/2 (B) 3/10 [KCET 2019] Q.28 If A, B and C are three independent events such that
(C) 1/3 (D) 2/3 P(A) = P(B) = P(C) = P then P (at least two of A, B, C
Q.21 A man speaks truth 2 out of 3 times. He picks one of the occur)=
natural numbers in the set S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} and (A) P3 – 3P (B) 3P – 2P2 [KCET 2021]
reports that it is even. The probability that it is actually 2
(C) 3P – 2P 3 (D) 3P2
even is [KCET 2019] Q.29 Two dice are thrown. If it is known that the sum of
(A) 1/10 (B) 2/5 numbers on the dice was less than 6 the probability of
(C) 3/5 (D) 1/5 getting a sum as 3 is
Q.22 A die is thrown 10 times, the probability that an odd (A) 1/18 (B) 5/18 [KCET 2021]
number will come up atleast one time is [KCET 2020] (C) 1/5 (D) 2/5
1 1023 11 1013 Q.30 A car manufacturing factory has two plants X and Y.
(A) (B) (C) (D) Plant X manufactures 70% of cars and plant Y
1024 1024 1024 1024
Q.23 If A and B are two events such that P(A) = 1/3, manufactures 30% of cars. 80% of cars at plant X and
P (B) = 1/2 and P (A B) = 1/6, then P (A'/B) is 90% of cars at plant Y are rated as standard quality. A car
(A) 2/3 (B) 1/3 [KCET 2020] is chosen at random and is found to be of standard quality.
(C) 1/2 (D) 1/12 The probability that it has come from plant X is
Q.24 Events E1 and E2 from a partition of the sample space S. (A) 56 / 73 (B) 56 / 84 [KCET 2021]
A is any event such that P (E1) = P (E2)= 1/2, (C) 56 / 83 (D) 56 / 79
P (E2 / A) = 1/2 and P (A / E2) = 2/3, then P (E1 /A) is – Q.31 In a certain town 65% families own cellphones, 15000
[KCET 2020] families own scooter and 15% families own both. Taking
(A) 1/2 (B) 2/3 into consideration that the families own at least one of
(C) 1 (D) 1/4 the two, the total number of families in the town is
Q.25 The probability of solving a problem by three persons A, (A) 20000 (B) 30000 [KCET 2021]
B and C independently is 1/2, 1/4 and 1/3 respectively. (C) 40000 (D) 50000
ANSWER KEY
EX ERCIS E - 1
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A C D D C C B D C C C C D C A B C D B B C
Q 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
A B C A B C D A B C C D B B A C D C C C C
EXERCISE - 2
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
A D D B A A B B C D C A A D A C A D D A A B B D A B
EXERCISE - 3
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
A B C C D C C C D D B B A A D 6
EXERCISE-4
Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
A D A B C D B A B BC D C D A C C A B A A A C B A A B C B C C C B
76 PROBABILITY
Re-imagining Education RAPID REVISION - MATHEMATICS
RAPID REVISION
11. Into function : If f : A  B is such that there exists atleast
LOGARITHM one element in co–domain which is not the image of any
1. Base 10 : If 10n = x, then log10 x = n element in domain, then f(x) is into.
(The log10 x is also written as log x) 12. If a function is onto, it cannot be into and vice versa.
2. Base e : A polynomial of degree even will always be into.
If em = y, then loge y = m (The loge y is also written as ln y) 13. If a set A contains n distinct elements then the number
1 of different functions defined from A  A is nn & out of
3. Change of base : log a x  (x, a  0,  1) it n ! are one one.
log x a
14. The composition of functions f : A  B and g : B  C is the
log a x  log b x  log a b ; loge x = 2.303 log10 x function gof : A  C given by gof (x) = g (f (x))  x  A.
4. Properties of log : 15. Let f : A  B be a one–one & onto function, then their
exists a unique function g : B  A such that f (x) = y 
 x
log (xy) = log x + log y ; log   = log x – log y g(y) = x, x  A & y  B. Then g is said to be inverse of f.
 y 16. If f & g are two bijections f : A  B , g : B  C then the
inverse of gof exists and (gof)–1 = f–1 o g–1 .
1
log xy = y log x ; log n x  log a x 17. If f (–x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of ‘f’ then f is said to be
a n an even function.
log a N 18. If f (–x) = –f (x) for all x in the domain of ‘f’ then f is said to
5. a =N , a>0 , a1 & N>0
be an odd function.
19. A function f(x) is called periodic if there exists a positive
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS number T (T > 0) called the period of the function such
1. Reflexive Relation : R : X  Y is said to be reflexive if that f (x + T) = f(x), for all values of x within the domain
every element in set X, must be a related to itself. of x.
2. Transitive Relation : R : X  Y is transitive iff (x, y)  R 1
20. f (x) has a period p, then & f (x) also has a period p
and (y, z)  R (x, z)  R for all (x, y) and (y, z)  R. i.e. x R f (x)
y and y R z  x R z. 21. If f(x) has a period T then f(ax + b) has a period T/a (a > 0)
3. Equivalence Relation : A relation R from a set X to set
Y (R : X  Y) is said to be an equivalence relation iff it is
reflexive, symmetric as well as transitive. TRIGONOMETRY
4. One – One Function (Injective mapping) : 1. (a) sin n  = 0; cos n  = (-1)n ; tan n  = 0, where n  I
A function f : A  B is said to be a one–one function or (2n  1)  (2n  1) 
injective mapping if different elements of A have different (b) sin = (–1)n & cos = 0, where n I
2 2
f images in B . Thus for x1, x2  A & f(x1) , f (x2)  B ,
2. cos ( ± ) = cos cos   sin  sin 
f (x1) = f(x2)  x1 = x2 or x1  x2  f (x1)  f (x2) .
5. Any function which is entirely increasing or decreasing in 3. sin (  ) = sin  cos   cos  sin 
whole domain, then f (x) is one–one. tan   tan 
6. If any line parallel to x-axis cuts the graph of the function 4. tan (  ) 
1  tan  tan 
atmost at one point, then the function is one–one.
7. Many–one function : AB AB
5. sin A  sin B  2sin cos
A function f : A  B is said to be a many one function 2 2
if two or more elements of A have the same f image in B . AB AB
Thus f : A  B is many one if for ; x1, x2  A , f(x1) = f(x2) 6. sin A  sin B  2 cos sin
2 2
but x1  x2 .
8. Any continuous function which has atleast one local AB AB
7. cos A  cos B  2 cos cos
maximum or local minimum, then f(x) is many–one . 2 2
9. If a function is one–one, it cannot be many-one and vice
AB AB
versa. 8. cos A  cos B  2sin sin
10. Onto function (Surjective mapping) : 2 2
If the function f : A  B is such that each element in B 9. sin + sin ( + ) + sin ( +2) +........ to n terms
(co-domain) is the f image of atleast one element in A, then   n  1     n  
we say that f is a function of A 'onto' B . Thus f : A  B is sin      sin
  2     2  
surjective iff  b  B,  some a  A such that f (a) = b = ;2n
if range = co–domain, then f(x) is onto. sin ( / 2)
77
10. cos + cos ( + ) + cos ( +2) +........ to n terms
a b c abc
24. R=   ; R=
  n  1     n   2sin A 2 sin B 2 sin C 4
cos     sin
  2     2   R is the radius of circumcircle &  is area of triangle.
= ;  2n 25. Radius of the incircle ‘r’ is given by :

sin    abc
2
(a) r = where s =
s 2
11. sin 3A = 3 sinA – 4 sin3A
12. cos 3A = 4 cos3A – 3 cosA A B C
(b) r = (s – a) tan = (s – b) tan = (s – c) tan
13. A + B + C =  then tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC 2 2 2
 26. Radius of the Ex-circles r1 , r2 & r3 are given by :
14. A+B+C = then tanA tanB + tanB tanC + tanC tanA=1
2   
15. If sin  = sin    = n  + (–1)n  (a) r1 = ; r2 = ; r3 =
sa sb sc
   A B C
where     ,  , n  I . (b) r1 = s tan ; r2 = s tan ; r3 = s tan
 2 2 2 2 2
16. If cos  = cos    = 2 n  ±  where   [0, ] , nI. 27. Perimeter (P) and area (A) of a regular polygon of n sides
   inscribed in a circle of radius r are given by
17. If tan  = tan    = n  +  where    ,  , nI
2 2  1 2 2
P = 2nr sin and A = nr sin
a b c n 2 n
18. Sine rule :  
sin A sin B sin C QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
19. Cosine Rule :
b  b2  4 ac
b2  c2  a 2 c2  a 2  b2 1. Solution of QE , ax2 + bx + c= 0 is x =
(i) cos A = (ii) cos B = 2a
2bc 2ca
The expression b2 – 4ac = D is called the discriminant
20. Projection Formula :
of the quadratic equation.
(i) a = b cos C + c cos B (ii) b = c cos A + a cos C
2. If  &  are the roots of the quadratic equation
(iii) c = a cos B + b cos A
ax2 + bx + c = 0, then;
21. Napier’s Analogy – tangent rule :
(i) +  = – b/a (ii)  = c/a (iii) –  = D / a .
BC bc A CA ca B 3. A quadratic equation whose roots are  &  is
(i) tan = b  c cot (ii) tan = c  a cot
2 2 2 2 (x – ) (x – ) = 0 i.e. x2 – (+ ) x +  = 0
i.e. x2 – (sum of roots) x + product of roots = 0.
AB ab C
(iii) tan = a  b cot 4. Let  be the common root of ax2 + bx + c = 0 &
2 2 ax2 + bx + c = 0 ; a 2 + b+ c = 0 ; a2 + b + c = 0.
22. Trigonometric Functions Of Half Angles :
2  1
(s  b) (s  c) (s  c) (s  a) By Cramer’s Rule  
A B bc   b c a c  ac  ab   a b
(i) sin = ; sin =
2 bc 2 ca the condition for a common root is
(ca – ca)2 = (ab– ab) (bc– bc).
A s (s  a) B s (s  b) 5. f (x , y) = ax2 + 2 hxy + by2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c may be resolved
(ii) cos = ; cos =
2 bc 2 ca into two linear factors is that ;
a h g
A (s  b) (s  c)  h b f
(iii) tan   abc + 2 fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0 or = 0.
2 s (s  a) s (s  a) g f c
6. If 1, 2, 3, ......n are the roots of the equation;
abc
where s = & = area of triangle. f(x) = a0xn + a1xn-1 + a2xn-2 + .... + an-1x + an = 0 where
2
a0, a1, .... an are all real & a0  0 then,
(iv) Area of triangle = s (s  a) (s  b) (s  c) .
a a a
 1 = – 1 ,  1 2 = + 2 , 1 2 3 = – 3 , .......,
a0 a0 a0
23. m-n rule : In any triangle ,
(m + n) cot   m cot   n cot  an
1 2 3 ........n = (–1)n a
 n cot B  m cot C 0
78
(i) If  is a root of the equation f(x) = 0, then the 8. If A, B, C & D are four points representing the complex
polynomial f (x) is exactly divisible by (x –) or (x –) numbers z1, z2 , z3 & z4 then
is a factor of f (x) and conversely . z 4  z3
(ii) If there be any two real numbers 'a' & 'b' such that AB | | CD if z  z is purely real ;
2 1
f(a) & f(b) are of opposite signs, then f (x) = 0 must
have atleast one real root between 'a' and 'b' . z 4  z3
AB  CD if z  z is purely imaginary
(iii) Every equation f(x) = 0 of degree odd has atleast one 2 1
real root of a sign opposite to that of its last term. 9. If z1, z2, z3 are the vertices of an equilateral triangle where
(iv) Even degree polynomial whose last term is –ve & z0 is its circumcentre then
coefficient of highest degree term is +ve has at least
(a) z 12 + z 22 + z 32 – z1 z2 – z2 z3 – z3 z1 = 0
two real roots, one +ve & one –ve.
7. Let f (x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a > 0 & a, b, c  R. (b) z 12 + z 22 + z 32 = 3 02
(i) Conditions for both the roots of f (x) = 0 to be greater
than a specified number ‘d’ are b2 – 4ac  0; f (d) > 0 10. If a, b, c are three real nos. such that az1 + bz2 + cz3=0,
& (– b/2a) > d. where a + b + c = 0 and a,b,c are not all simultaneously
(ii) Conditions for both roots of f (x) = 0 to lie on either zero, then the complex numbers z1 , z2 & z3 are collinear.
side of the number ‘d’ (in other words the number ‘d’ 11. The equation of a line passing through z1 & z2 can be
lies between the roots of f (x) = 0) is f (d) < 0. z z 1
(iii) Conditions for exactly one root of f (x) = 0 to lie in z1 z1 1
the interval (d , e) i.e. d < x < e are b2 – 4ac > 0 & expressed in the determinant form as = 0.
z2 z2 1
f (d) . f (e) < 0.
(iv) Conditions that both roots of f (x) = 0 to be confined This is also the condition for three complex numbers to be
between the numbers p & q are (p < q). b2 – 4ac  0; collinear.
f (p) > 0; f (q) > 0 & p < (– b/2a) < q. 12. The equation of circle having centre z0 & radius  is
| z – z0| =  .
COMPLEX NUMBERS 13. The equation of the circle described on the line segment
1. Let z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id. Then z  z2 
(i) z1 + z2 = (a + c) + i (b + d) joining z1 & z2 as diameter is : arg = ±
z  z1 2
(ii) z1 z2 = (ac – bd) + i (ad + bc)
2. For complex number z = a + ib (a  0, b  0), or (z – z1) ( z – z 2) + (z – z2) ( z – z 1) = 0
14. The three cube roots of unity are
1 a b
or z–1 = 2 2
i 2 . 1 1
z a b a  b2 1, (1  3), (1  3) (i..e., 1, , 2) which are the
3. For integer k, i4k = 1, i4k + 1 = i, i4k + 2 = – 1, i4k+3 = – i 2 2
Conjugate complex, z  a  ib.  2   2 
same as 1, cos    i sin   & cos  4   i sin  4 
4.
(i) z + z = 2 Re(z)  3  3  3  3
(ii) z – z = 2i Im(z) 15. The following factorisation should be remembered :
(iii) z z = a2 + b2 which is real (a, b, c  R &  is the cube root of unity)
a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a – b) (a – ²b);
(iv) If z lies in the 1st quadrant then z lies in the 4th
x2 + x + 1 = (x – ) (x – 2);
quadrant and – z lies in the 2nd quadrant.
a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a + b) (a + 2b);
5. If z = x + iy then amp(z) = tan–1 (y/x).
a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = (a + b + c) (a + b + ²c) (a + ²b + c)
(i) amp (z1 . z2) = amp z1 + amp z2 + 2 k ; k  I
16. De Moivre’s theorem : For all real values of n,
(ii) amp (z1/z2) = amp z1 – amp z2 + 2 k; k  I
(iii) amp(zn) = n amp(z) + 2k, where proper value of k (cos   i sin ) n  cos n  i sin n
must be chosen so that RHS lies in (–, ].
6. Trignometric / Polar Representation :
z = r (cos  + i sin ) where | z | = r ; arg z =  ; SEQUENCE AND SERIES
z = r (cos – i sin ) 1. A.P. : nth term an = a + (n – 1) d.
Note: cos  + i sin  is also written as CiS . n n
Sum Sn of the first n terms Sn  [2a  (n  1) d]  (a  )
2 2
eix  eix eix  eix
Also cos x = & sin x = are known 2. G.P. : nth term =arn–1
2 2
The sum Sn of the first n terms of G.P. is given by
as Euler's identities.
7. Exponential Representation : a (r n  1) a (1  r n )
Sn  or , if r  1
z = rei ; | z | = r ; arg z =  ; z = re– i r 1 1 r
79
3. H.P. is a series in which reciprocal of its terms are in A.P. 8. For (x < 1). (i) (1 + x)–1 = 1 – x + x2 – x3 + x4 – .... 
1 1 1 (ii) (1 – x)–1 = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 + .... 
The standard from of a H.P. is    ...... (iii) (1 + x)–2 = 1 – 2x + 3x2 – 4x3 + .... 
a a  d a  2d
ab (iv) (1 – x)–2 = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + ..... 
2 ac a
If a, b, c are in HP  b = or = bc. 9. If x be so small that its squares and higher powers may be
ac c neglected then (1 + x)n = 1 + nx.
4. A series whose each term is formed, by multiplying
corresponding terms of an A.P. and a G.P., is called an x x 2 x3
10. ex = 1 +    ....... ; where x may be any real
Arithmetic-geometric series. 1! 2! 3!
Summation of n terms : n
 1
or complex & e = Limit 1  
a dr(1  r n 1 ) [a  (n  1)d] n n n
Sn    .r
1 r (1  r)2 1 r
x x2 2 x3 3
11. ax = 1 + ln a  ln a  ln a  ....... where a > 0.
5. A, G, H are AM, GM and HM respectively between two 1! 2! 3!
ab 2ab x 2 x3 x 4
numbers 'a' and 'b' then A = ,G= ab , H = 12. ln (1+ x) = x –    .......  where –1 < x  1
2 ab 2 3 4
(i) A  G  H (ii) G2 = A.H.
n n (n  1)
PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS
6. (i) r= 2
(sum of the first n natural nos.) 1. The no. of permutations of n different things taken r at a
r 1
n!
time, where repetition is not allowed nPr = .
nn (n  1) (2n  1) (n  r)!
(ii)  r2 =
6 2. The number of combinations of n different things taken r
r 1
n n!
BINOMIAL THEOREM at a time, C r  r! (n  r)! , 0  r  n
1. (a + b)n = nC0an + nC1an – 1 b + nC2 an – 2b2 3. (i) nCr = nCn–r ; nC0 = nCn = 1 (ii) nCr + nCr–1 = n+1Cr
4. nC is maximum if :
+ ...+ nCn – 1a.bn – 1 + nCnbn. r
2. The general term of an expansion (a + b)n is n n 1 n 1
(i) r = if n is even. (ii) r = or if n is odd.
Tr + 1 = nCran – r. br. 2 2 2
5. The number of permutations of n different things, taken r
3. In the expansion (a + b)n, if n is even, then the middle term at a time, where repetition is allowed, is nr.
n 
th 6. The number of permutations of n objects taken all at a
is the   1 term. If n is odd, then the middle terms are time, where p1 objects are of first kind, p2 objects are of
2
the second kind, ..., pk objects are of the kth kind and rest,
th th
 n  1  n 1  n!
  and   1 terms. if any, are all different is .
2   2  p1 !p 2 !......p k !
4. Greatest binomial coefficients. 7. Number of ways in which (m + n + p) different things can
be divided into three groups containing m , n & p things
n
(i) If n is even: When r = i.e. nCn/2 takes maximum value. (m  n  p)!
2 respectively is , m  n  p.
m!n!p!
n
n 1 n 1 C n 1  n C n 1
(ii) If n is odd : r = or i.e. . (3n)!
2 2 2 2 If m = n = p then the number of groups = .
n!n!n!3!
n
5. If ( A  B) = I + f, where I & n are positive integers, However, if 3n things are to be divided equally among
n being odd and 0 < f < 1, then (I + f) . f = Kn where (3n)!
three people then the number of ways = .
A – B2 = K > 0 & A – B < 1. (n!)3
If n is an even integer, then (I + f) (1 – f) = Kn. 8. Number of permutations of n things taken all at a time
6. (i) C0 + C1 + C2 + ....... + Cn = 2n when p of them are similar & of one type, q of them are
(ii) C0 + C2 + C4 + ....... = C1 + C3 + C5 + ....... = 2n–1 similar & of another type, r of them are similar & of a third
(2 n) ! type & the remaining n – (p + q + r) are all different is
(iii) C02 + C12 + C22 + .... + Cn2 = 2nCn =
n! n! n!
7. (2n)! = 2n . n! [1. 3. 5 ...... (2n – 1)] .
p!q!r!
80
9. Given n different objects, the number of ways of selecting 6. Equation of a line making intercepts a and b on the x-and
atleast one of them is , nC1 + nC2 + nC3 +.....+ nCn = 2n – 1.
x y
This can also be stated as the total number of combinations y-axis, respectively, is  1.
of n distinct things. a b
10. Total number of ways in which it is possible to make a 7. xcos + ysin = p is the equation of the straight line
selection by taking some or all out of p + q + r +...... things, where the length of the perpendicular from the origin O on
where p are alike of one kind, q alike of a second kind , r the line is p and this perpendicular makes angle  with
alike of third kind & so on is given by : positive side of x–axis .
(p + 1) (q + 1) (r + 1).... –1. 8. The perpendicular distance (d) of a line Ax + By + C = 0
11. Number of ways in which it is possible to make a selection | Ax1  By1  C |
of m + n + p = N things , where p are alike of one kind , m from a point (x1, y1) is given by d  .
alike of second kind & n alike of third kind taken r at a time A 2  B2
is given by coefficient of xr in the expansion of 9. Distance between the parallel lines Ax + By + C1 = 0 and
(1 + x + x2 +.... + xp) (1 + x + x2 +.... + xm) (1 + x + x2 +..... + xn). | C1  C2 |
12. Number of ways in which n distinct things can be Ax + By + C2 = 0, is given by d  .
2 2
distributed to p persons if there is no restriction to the A B
number of things received by men = pn. 10. Let the given line ax + by + c = 0 divide the line segment
13. Number of ways in which n identical things may be joining A(x1, y1) & B(x2, y2) in the ratio m : n, then
distributed among p persons if each person may receive
m a x  b y1  c
none , one or more things is ; n+p–1Cn.  1 . If A & B are on the same side of the
n a x 2  b y2  c
14. Number of ways in which a composite number N can be
resolved into two factors which are relatively prime (or given line then (m/n) is negative but if A & B are on
coprime) to each other is equal to 2n–1 where n is the opposite sides of the given line , (m/n) is positive
number of different prime factors in N. 11. The equation of a family of lines passing through the
point of intersection of
POINTS AND STRAIGHT LINES a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 & a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 is given by
(a1x + b1y + c1) + k(a2x + b2y + c2) = 0,
1. If P(x , y) divides the line joining A(x1 , y1) & B(x2 , y2) in
where k is an arbitrary real number.
m x 2  n x1 m y 2  n y1 12. Equations of the bisectors of angles between the lines
the ratio m : n, then x = ; y= .
mn mn ax + by + c = 0 & ax + by + c= 0 (ab  ab) are :
m m ax  by  c a  x  b y  c
If is positive, the division is internal, but if is 
n n 2 2
negative, the division is external . a b a 2  b2
2. If A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), C(x3, y3) are the vertices of triangle 13. A homogeneous equation of degree two of the type
ABC, whose sides BC, CA, AB are of lengths a, b, c ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 always represents a pair of straight
respectively, then the coordinates of the centroid are : lines passing through the origin & if :
(a) h2 > ab  lines are real & distinct .
 x1  x 2  x 3 y1  y 2  y3 
 ,  (b) h2 = ab  lines are coincident .
3 3
(c) h2 < ab  lines are imaginary with real point of
& the coordinates of the incentre are : intersection i.e. (0, 0)
14. If y = m1x & y = m2x be the two equations represented by
 ax1  bx 2  cx 3 ay1  by 2  cy3 
 a  b  c , a  b  c  2h a
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, then; m1 + m2 =  & m1 m2 = .
b b
Note that incentre divides the angle bisectors in the
15. If  is the acute angle between the pair of straight lines
ratio (b + c) : a ; (c + a) : b & (a + b) : c.
represented by, ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, then
3. Orthocentre , Centroid & circumcentre are always collinear
& centroid divides the line joining orthocentre & 2 h2  a b
cercumcentre in the ratio 2 : 1 . tan  = ab .
In an isosceles triangle G, O, I & C lie on the same line.
The condition that these lines are:
m 2  m1 (a) At right angles to each other is a + b = 0. i.e.
4. Angle between lines L1 & L2 is tan   .
1  m1m 2 co-efficient of x2 + coefficient of y2 =0.
5. Equation of the line passing through the points (x1, y1) (b) Coincident is h2 = ab.
(c) Equally inclined to the axis of x is h = 0. i.e. coeff.
y 2  y1 of xy = 0.
and (x2, y2) is given by y  y1  (x  x1 ) .
x 2  x1 Note: A homogeneous equation of degree n represents n
straight lines passing through origin.
81
16. The equation to the straight lines bisecting the angle 6. The length of a tangent from an external point (x1 , y1)
between the straight lines, to the circle S  x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is given by
x 2  y2 xy L= x12  y12  2 g x1  2 f1 y  c = S1 .
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is = .
ab h Square of length of the tangent from the point P is also
17. The product of the perpendiculars, dropped from (x1, y1) called the power of point w.r.t. a circle. Power of a point
to the pair of lines represented by the equation, remains constant w.r.t. a circle.
7. The locus of the point of intersection of two perpendicular
a x12  2 h x1 y1  b y12 tangents is called the director circle of the given circle.
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is .
The director circle of a circle is the concentric circle having
(a  b) 2  4 h 2
radius equal to 2 times the original circle.
CIRCLE 8. The equation of the chord of the circle
1. The circle with centre (h, k) & radius ‘r’ has the equation S  x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 in terms of its mid point
; x1  g
(x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2. M (x1, y1) is y – y1 = – y  f (x – x1).
2. The general equation of a circle is x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c=0 1
9. If two tangents PT1 & PT2 are drawn from the point
with centre as : (–g, –f) & radius = g2  f 2  c .
P (x1, y1) to the circle S  x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, then
3. The equation of circle with (x1 , y1) & (x2 , y2) as its
the equation of the chord of contact T1T2 is :
diameter is : (x – x1) (x – x2) + (y – y1) (y – y2) = 0.
4. Tangent & Normal xx1 + yy1 + g (x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c = 0.
(i) The equation of the tangent to the circle 10. If through a point P in the plane of the circle , there be
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 at its point (x1 , y1) is drawn any straight line to meet the circle in Q and R,
xx1 + yy1 + g (x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c = 0. the locus of the point of intersection of the tangents
(ii) The equation of the tangent to the circle at Q & R is called the polar of the point P; also P is
x2+ y2 = a2 at its point (x1 , y1) is, x x1 + y y1 = a2. called the pole of the polar.
Hence equation of a tangent at (a cos , a sin ) is ; 11. Pole of a given line Ax + By + C = 0 w.r.t. any circle
x cos  + y sin  = a. The point of intersection of the  A a 2 Ba 2 
tangents at the points P() and Q() is x2 + y2 = a2 is   C ,  C  .
     
a cos 2 a sin 2
, . 12. The radical axis of two circles is the locus of points whose
   
cos 2 cos 2 powers w.r.t. the two circles are equal. The equation of
(iii) y = mx + c is always a tangent to the circle radical axis of the two circles S1 = 0 & S2 = 0 is given ;
x2+y2 = a2 if c2 =a2(1 + m2) & the point of contact is S1 – S2 = 0 i.e. 2 (g1 – g2) x + 2 (f1 – f2) y + (c1 – c2) = 0.
(–a2m / c, a2 / c) 13. Radical axis is always perpendicular to the line joining
(iv) If a line is normal / orthogonal to a circle then it
the centres of the two circles.
must pass through the centre of the circle. Using
14. The common point of intersection of the radical axes
this fact normal to the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c=0
of three circles taken two at a time is called the radical
y1  f centre of three circles.
at (x1 , y1) is y – y1 = x  g (x – x1).
1
5. A family of circles : CONIC SECTIONS
(i) The equation of the family of circles passing through GENERAL
the points of intersection of two circles S1 = 0 & 1. The general equation of a conic with focus (p, q) & directrix
S2 = 0 is S1 + K S2 = 0 (K  –1). lx + my + n = 0 is :
(ii) The equation of the family of circles passing (l2 + m2) [(x – p)2 + (y – q)2] = e2 (lx + my + n)2
through the point of intersection of a circle S = 0 &  ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
a line L = 0 is given by S + KL = 0. 2. When the focus lies on the directrix.
(iii) The equation of a family of circles passing through In this case D  abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0 & the
two given points (x1 , y1) & (x2 , y2) can be written general equation of a conic represents a pair of straight
x y 1 lines if : e > 1 the lines will be real & distinct intersecting at
S. e = 1 the lines will coincident.
x1 y1 1
(x – x1) (x – x2) + (y – y1) (y – y2) + K =0 e < 1 the lines will be imaginary.
x2 y2 1
where K is a parameter.
82
3. When the focus does not lie on directrix. (iii) y + tx = 2at + at3 at (at2, 2at).
a parabola an ellipse a hyperbola rectangular Note : Point of intersection of normals at t1 & t2 are,
hyperbola
a (t 12 + t 22 + t1t2 + 2) ; – a t1 t2 (t1 + t2).
e = 1 ; D  0, 0 < e < 1 ; D  0 ; e > 1 ; D  0 e > 1 ; D 
0 12. Three Very Important Results :
h2 = ab h2 < ab h2 > ab h2 > ab ; (i) If t1 & t2 are the ends of a focal chord of the parabola
a+b=0 y2=4ax then t1t2=–1. Hence the co-ordinates at the
PARABOLA extremities of a focal chord can be taken as (at2,2at) &
1. Standard equation of a parabola is y2 = 4ax.  a 2a
For this parabola: (i) Vertex is (0, 0) (ii) focus is (a, 0)  2 ,  t  .
(iii) Axis is y = 0 (iv) Directrix is x + a = 0 t
2. The distance of a point on the parabola from the focus is (ii) If the normals to the parabola y² = 4ax at the point t1,
called the focal distance of the point. meets the parabola again at the point t 2 , then
3. A chord of the parabola, which passes through the focus
 2
is called a focal chord. t2 =   t1   .
4. A chord of the parabola perpendicular to the axis of the  t1 
symmetry is called a double ordinate. (iii) If the normals to the parabola y² = 4ax at the points t1
5. A double ordinate passing through the focus or a focal & t2 intersect again on the parabola at the point 't3'
chord perpendicular to the axis of parabola is called the then
latus rectum. For y2 = 4ax. t1 t2 = 2; t3 = – (t1 + t2) and the line joining t1 & t2
(i) Length of the latus rectum = 4a. passes through a fixed point (–2a, 0).
(ii) Ends of the latus rectum are L(a, 2a) & L' (a, – 2a). 13. The equation to the pair of tangents which can be drawn
6. (i) Perpendicular distance from focus on directrix = half from any point (x1, y1) to the parabola y² = 4ax is given by
the latus rectum. : SS1 = T2 where : S  y2 – 4ax; S1 = y12 – 4ax1
(ii) Vertex is middle point of the focus & the point of T  y y1 – 2a(x + x1).
intersection of directrix & axis. 14. Locus of the point of intersection of the perpendicular
(iii) Two parabolas are laid to be equal if they have the tangents to the parabola y² = 4ax is called the director
same latus rectum. circle. It’s equation is x + a = 0 which is parabola’s own
7. The line y = mx + c meets the parabola y2 = 4ax in two directrix.
points real, coincident or imaginary according as 15. Equation to the chord of contact of tangents drawn from a
a point P(x1, y1) is yy1 = 2a (x + x1).

a  c m  condition of tangency is, c = m . 16. Equation of the chord of the parabola y² = 4ax whose
8. Length of the chord intercepted by the parabola on the 2a
middle point is (x1, y1) is y – y1 = (x – x1).
y1
 4  2
line y = m x + c is :  2  a(1  m )(a  mc) . 17. The locus of the middle points of a system of parallel
m chords of a Parabola is called a diameter. Equation to the
Note:Length of the focal chord making an angle  with the diameter of a parabola is y = 2a/m, where m = slope of
x-axis is 4aCosec2  parallel chords.
9. The equations x = at2 & y = 2at together represents the 18. Any tangent to a parabola & the perpendicular on it from
parabola y2 = 4ax, t being the parameter. The equation of a the focus meet on the tangtent at the vertex.
chord joining t1 & t2 is 2x – (t1 + t2) y + 2 at1 t2 = 0. 19. If the tangents at P and Q meet in T, then :
Note: If the chord joining t1, t2 & t3, t4 pass through a (i) TP and TQ subtend equal angles at the focus S.
point (c, 0) on the axis, then t1t2 = t3t4 = – c/a. (ii) ST2 = SP. SQ & (iii) The triangles SPT and STQ are
10. Tangents to the Parabola y2 = 4ax : similar.
(i) y y1 = 2 a (x + x1) at the point (x1, y1) 20. Tangents and Normals at the extremities of the latus rectum
of a parabola y2 = 4ax constitute a square, their points of
a  a 2a intersection being (–a, 0) & (3a, 0).
(ii) y = mx + (m  0) at  2 , m 
m m 21. If normal drawn to a parabola passes through a point
(iii) t y = x + at2 at (at2, 2at). P(h, k) then k = mh – 2am – am3 i.e. am3 + m(2a – h) + k= 0.
Note : Point of intersection of the tangents at the point t1 Then gives m1 + m2 + m3 = 0 ;
& t2 is [at1 t2, a (t1 + t2)]. 2a  h k
m1m2 + m2m3 + m3m1 = ; m1 m2 m3 =  , where
11. Normals to the parabola y2 = 4ax : a a
m1, m2, & m3 are the slopes of the three concurrent normals
y1
(i) y – y1 =  (x – x1) at (x1, y1)
2a
(ii) y = mx – 2am – am3 at (am2, – 2am)
83
ELLIPSE 3. Two hyperbolas such that transverse & conjugate axes of
1. An ellipse is the set of all points in a plane, the sum of one hyperbola are respectively the conjugate & the
whose distances from two fixed points in the plane is a transverse axes of the other are called Conjugate
constant. 2 2 2 2
2. The equations of an ellipse with foci on the x-axis is hyperbolas of each other. eg. x  y  1 &  x2  y2  1
2 2 a b
a b
x2 y2 are conjugate hyperbolas of each.
  1 ; a > b , b2 = a2 (1 – e2).
a 2 b2 If e1& e2 are the eccentrcities of the hyperbola & its
conjugate then e1–2 + e2–2 = 1.
3. The eccentricity of an ellipse is the ratio between the
4. The particular kind of hyperbola in which the lengths of
distances from the centre of the ellipse to one of the foci
the transverse & conjugate axis are equal is called an
and to one of the vertices of the ellipse.
equilateral hyperbola. Note that the eccentricity of the
x2 y2 2b 2 rectangular hyperbola is 2 and the length of its latus
4. Latus rectum of the ellipse   1 is
b2 a2 a rectum is equal to its transverse or conjugate axis
x 2 y2 5. Equation of the tangent to the hyperbola
5. y = mx + c is tangent to the ellipse 2  2  1 if
a b x 2 y2 x x1 y y1
c2 = a2m2 + b2. 2
 2  1 at the point (x1, y1) is 2  2  1 .
a b a b
x x1 y y1 y2 x2
6.
2
 2
 1 is tangent to the ellipse at (x1, y1). 6. Equation of the tangent to the hyperbola   1 at
a b a 2 b2
x cos  y sin  x secθ y tan θ
7.   1 is tangent to the ellipse at the point
a b the point (a sec , b tan ) is   1.
a b
(a cos , b sin ).
8. (i) Equation of the normal at (x1, y1) is 2 2 2
7. y = mx  a m  b can be taken as the tangent to the
2 2
a x b y
 = a2 – b 2 = a2 e2 . x2 y2
x1 y1 hyperbola 1.
(ii) Equation of the normal at the point (acos , bsin ) is a 2 b2
x 2 y2
; ax sec  – by cosec  = (a2 – b2). 8. (i) The eq. of the normal to the hyperbola 2  2  1
a b
(iii) Equation of a normal in terms of its slope 'm' is
a 2 x b2 y
at the point P(x1, y1) on it is   a 2  b 2 = a2 e2.
(a 2  b 2 )m x1 y1
y = mx –
a 2  b2 m2 (ii) The equation of the normal at the point
9. The portion of the tangent to an ellipse between the point P (a sec, b tan) on the hyperbola
of contact & the directrix subtends a right angle at the x2 y2 ax by
corresponding focus. 2
 2
 1 is   a 2  b 2 = a2 e2 .
HYPERBOLA a b sec  tan 
1. A hyperbola is the set of all points in a plane, the difference 9. (i) A hyperbola and its conjugate have the same
of whose distances from two fixed points in the plane is a asymptote.
constant. (ii) The equation of the pair of asymptotes differ the
2. The equation of a hyperbola with foci on the x-axis is hyperbola & the conjugate hyperbola by the same
constant only.
x2 y2 b2 (iii) Asymptotes are the tangent to the hyperbola from the
  1 ; e 2=1+
a 2 b2 a2 centre.
Foci : (ae, 0) & (– ae, 0). Vertices : (a, 0) & (– a, 0). 10. If the angle between the asymptote of a hyperbola
Transverse axis : The line segment of length 2a in which x2 y2
both foci lie is called the T.A. of the hyperbola.   1 is 2 then e = sec.
Conjugate axis : The line segment between the two points a 2 b2
(0, – b) & (0, b) is called as the C.A. of the hyperbola. 11. Rectangular hyperbola referred to its asymptotes as axis
of coordinates.
x2 y2 2b 2 (i) Equation is xy = c2 with parametric representation
Latus rectum of the hyperbola :   1 is .
a2 b2 a x = ct, y = c/t, t  R – {0}.
(ii) Equation of a chord joining the points P (t1) & Q(t2) is
x y
Two asymptotes :  0 1
a2 b2 x + t1t2y = c(t1 + t2) with slope m = – .
t1t 2
84
(iii) Equation of the tangent at P (x1, y1) is of column in A is equal to the number of rows in B. If
A = [aij]mxn & B = [bij]nxp then their product AB = C = [cij],
x y x
  2 & at P (t) is + ty = 2c. n
x1 y1 t
will be matrix of order m x p, (AB)ij = cij =  a ir brj
r 1
c
(iv) Equation of normal : y – = t2 (x – ct) 3. For any positive integers m, n
t
(i) Am An = Am+n (ii) (Am)n = Amn = (An)m
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC (iii) n = , m = 
FUNCTIONS (iv) A° = nwhere A is a square matrices of order n.
1. Some properties of inverse trigonometric functions : 4. Transpose of a matrix : The matrix obtained from a given
sin–1 x + cos–1x = /2; x  [–1,1]
matrix A by changing its rows into columns or columns
tan–1x + cot–1x = /2 ; xR
sec–1x + cosec–1x = /2; x  (– , – 1]  [1, ] into rows is called transpose of matrix A and is denoted by
2. tan–1 x + tan–1 y AT or A'. If order of A is m× n, then order of AT is n × m.
(i) (AT)T = A (ii) (A ± B)T = AT ± BT
 1  x  y 
 tan  , if xy  1 (iii) (AB)T = BT AT (iv) (kA)T = k(A)T
  1  xy 
 (v) IT = I (vi) tr (A) = tr (A)T
 xy
    tan 1  , if x  0, y  0 and xy  1 (vii) (A1A2A3.....An–1 An)T = AnT An–1T.....A3TA2TA1T
  1  xy 
 5. Adjoint of matrix : If every element of a square matrix A be
 xy
  tan 1  , if x  0, y  0 and xy  1 replaced by its cofactor in | A |, then the transpose of the
  1  xy 
matrix so obtained is called the adjoint of matrix A and it is
denoted by adj A.
x 6. A (adj. A)=(adj. A).A = |A| In , A be a square matrix of order
3. sin–1 x = cos
1
1  x 2 = tan 1
1 x 2 n.
7. If A and B are non singular square matrices of same order,
1 x 2
1
 1   1 then (i) | adj A | = | A |n – 1
1
= cot = sec   = cosec–1  x 
x  1 x2  (ii) adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A)
(iii) adj (KA) = Kn–1 (adj A), K is a scalar
1
 x   1  8. Inverse of a matrix : If A and B are two matrices such that
4. tan–1 x = sin   = cos 1  
 1  x2   1  x2  AB = I = BA then B is called the inverse of A and it is
denoted by A–1, thus A–1 = B  AB = I = BA
 1  x2  adj.A
1  1  1 1 A–1 = . Thus A–1 exists  | A |  0
= cot   = sec 1  x 2 = cos ec   |A|
 x  x 
9. Orthogonal matrix if AAT = 1.
5. If tan–1 x + tan–1 y + tan–1 z =  then x + y + z = xyz 10. Idempotent matrix if A2 = A.
 11. Involutory Matrix if A–1 = A
6. If tan–1 x + tan–1 y + tan–1 z = then xy + yz + zx = 1 12. Nilpotent Matrix if Ap = 0 ; p  N
2
13. Hermition Matrix if A = A. i.e. aij = a ji  i, j
3 14. For symmetric matrix A = AT
7. sin–1 x + sin–1 y + sin–1 z = x=y=z=1
2 For skew sym. matrix : A = –AT.
8. cos–1 x + cos–1 y + cos–1 z = 3 x = y = z = –1 15. Any square matrix can be represented as the sum of a
symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
MATRICES 16. Inverse of a square matrix, if it exists, is unique.
1. A matrix which has m rows and n columns is called a matrix
DETERMINANTS
i  1, 2,....m
of order m × n. A = [aij]m × n where a11 a12 a13
j  1, 2,....n
Here aij denotes the element of ith row and jth column. a 21 a 22 a 23
1. Let  =
a 31 a 32 a 33
2. Multiplication of matrices : If A and B be any two matrices,
To find its value we expand it by any row or column as the
then their product AB will be defined only when number
sum of three determinants of order 2. If we expand it by
85
a 22 a 23 a 21 a 23 a 21 a 22
(iv) If D = 0 but atleast one of D1, D2 , D3 is not zero then
first row, = a11 a a 33 – a12 a 31 a 33 + a 31 a 32
32 the equations are inconsistent and have no solution.
2. Minor : The Determinant that is left by cancelling the row LIMIT
and column intersecting at a particular element is called
the minor of that element. 1. lim f (x)  lim f (x)  lim f (x)
xa  xa  x a
3. Cofactor : The cofactor of an element aij is denoted by Fij
& is equal to (–1)i + j Mij where M is a minor of element aij Note : lim  x  a . Let Lim f (x)   and Lim g(x)  m .
xa x a x a
4. Multiplication of two determinants:
If  and m are finite then :
a1 b1 c1 1 m1 n1
a 2 b2 c2
×
 2 m2 n 2
= (i) Lim  f (x)  g(x)    m .
x a
a 3 b3 c3  3 m3 n 3
(ii) Lim f (x).g(x)  .m .
x a
a1 1  b1  2  c1  3 a1 m1  b1m 2  c1m3 a1 n1  b1n 2  c1n 3
a 2 1  b2  2  c2  3 a 2 m1  b 2 m 2  c 2 m3 a 2 n1  b 2 n 2  c 2 n 3 f (x) 
(iii) Lim  , provided m  0 .
a 3 1  b3  2  c3  3 a 3 m1  b3 m 2  c3m3 a 3 n1  b3 n 2  c3 n 3 x a g(x) m
5. System of linear equation (in two variables) : (iv) Lim k f (x)  k Lim f (x) = k ; where k is a constant .
(i) Consistent Equations : Definite & unique solution. x a x a
[intersecting lines]
(v) Lim
x a
[f(x) + k] = Lim
x a
f(x) + k, where k is a constant .
(ii) Inconsistent Equation : No solution. [ Parallel line ]
(iii) Dependent equation : Infinite solutions.[ Identical
(vi) If f(x)  g(x) , then Lim
x a
f(x)  Lim
x a
g(x).
lines] Let a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 & a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
2. Limit in Case of Composite Function :
a1 b c
then  1  1  Given equations are  
a 2 b2 c2 Lim f  g(x)   f  Lim g(x) ; provided f is continuous at x.
xa x  a 
a1 b c
inconsistent &  1  1  Given sin x x sin 1 x x
a 2 b2 c2 3. L im  L im  L im  L im 1  1
x0 x x  0 sin x x 0 x x  0 sin x
equations are dependent (where x is measured in radian)
6. Cramer’s rule :  1
x
Let ,a1x + b1y + c1z = d1 ...(I) ; a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 ...(II) 4. L im 1    L im (1  x)1/ x  e ,
x   x x 0
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3 ...(III)
x ax
 a  1
D1 D2 D3 lim 1    lim1  x   lim 1  
a/x
Then, x = , Y= , Z= .  ea
D D D
x   x x 0 x   x
a1 b1 c1 ax 1 xn  an
d1 b1 c1 5. lim  ln a ; lim  na n 1
x0 x x a x  a
Where D = a 2 b2 c2 ; D = d 2
1
b2 c2 ;
a3 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3 6. lim f (x)  A & lim  (x)  B
xa xa
a1 d1 c1 a1 b1 d1 then lim [f (x)] (x)  e B ln A  A B

xa
D2 = a 2 d2 c 2 ; D3 = a 2 b2 d2
a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3
CONTINUITY AND
Note : DIFFERENTIABILITY OF FUNCTION
(i) If D  0 and alteast one of D1 , D2 , D3  0 , then the
1. All Polynomials, Trigonometrical functions, exponential
given system of equations are consistent and have
and Logarithmic functions are continuous in their domain.
unique non trivial solution .
2. If f (x) is continuous and g (x) is discontinuous at x = a then
(ii) If D  0 & D1 = D2 = D3 = 0, then the given system
the product function  (x) = f (x) g (x) is not necessarily be
of equations are consistent and have trivial solution
only.  
(iii) If D = D1 = D2 = D3 = 0, then the given system of discontinuous at x = a. e.g. f (x) & g(x)  sin x , x  0
equations are consistent and have infinite solutions.  0 , x  0
86
3. For any positive integer n and any continuous function f,
dx dy
[f (x)]n and n f (x) are continuous. When n is even, the 4. Length of Sub–tangent = y dy ; Sub–normal = y ;
dx
inputs of f in n f (x) are restricted to inputs x for which
  dx  2 
f (x) 0. y 1    
Length of tangent =
4. If f (x) and g (x) are continuous, then so are f (x) + g (x),   dy  
f (x) – g (x), and f (x) . g (x).
5. If f (x) and g (x) are continuous, so is g (x) / f (x), so long as   dy  2 
the inputs x do not yield outputs f (x) = 0. Length of normal = 1   dx  
y
6. The intermediate value theorem:  
Suppose f(x) is continuous on an interval I, a & b are any 5. Orthogonal trajectory : Any curve which cuts every
two points of I. Then if y0 is a number between f(a) & f(b), member of a given family of curves at right angle.
their exists a number c between a and b such that f(c) = y0. 6. Increasing/Decreasing :
7. Derivability & Continuity : (i) If f (x) > 0 for all x in an interval I then f (x) is increasing.
(i) If f (a) exists then f(x) is derivable at x = a  f (x) is
(ii) If f (x)< 0 for all x in an interval I then f (x) is decreas-
continuous at x = a.
(ii) If a function f is derivable at x then f is continuous at x. ing.
8. If f (x) is derivable for every point of its domain of definition, (iii) If f (x) = 0 for all x in an interval I then f (x) is constant.
then it is continuous in that domain. 7. Concave Up/Concave Down ;
The Converse of the above result is not true .
(i) If f (x) > 0 for x in an interval I then f (x) is concave up.
9. The functions f(x) = | x | & g(x) = x sin (1/x) ; x  0 & g(0)=0
are continuous at x = 0 but not derivable at x = 0. (ii) If f (x)<0 for x in an interval I then f(x) is concave
10. for a function f : Differentiability  Continuity down
Continuity   derivability ; 8. 1st Derivative Test : If x = c is a critical point of f (x) then
x = c is –
Non derivibality   discontinuous
(i) a relative max. of f (x) if f (x) > 0 to the left of x = c and
But discontinuity Non derivability
f (x) < 0 to the right of x = c.
(ii) a relative min. of f (x) if f (x) < 0 to the left of x = c and
DIFFERENTIATION AND f  (x) > 0 to the right of x = c.
APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES (iii) not a relative extrema of f (x) if f (x) is the same sign on
1. If f (x) and g (x) are differentiable functions : both sides of x = c.
(i) (cf) = cf (x) (ii) (f ±g )=f (x) ± g (x) 9. 2nd Derivative Test : If x = c is a critical point of f (x) such
that f (c) = 0 then x = c is –
 f   f g  fg  (i) a relative maximum of f (x) if f (c) < 0 .
(iii) (fg) =f  g + f g (iv)    (ii) a relative minimum of f (x) if f (c) > 0 .
 g g2 (iii) may be a relative maximum, relative minimum, or
neither if f (c) = 0 .
d n d
(v) (x )  nx n 1 (vi) (f (g(x)))  f  (g(x))g (x) 10. Mean value theorem : If f (x) is continuous on the closed
dx dx interval [a,b] and differentiable on the open interval (a,b)
d 1 then there is a number
2. (i) (sin–1x) = , –1 < x < 1
dx 1  x2 f (b)  f (a)
a < c < b such that f  (c) 
ba
d 1
(ii) (cos–1x) = – , –1 < x < 1 11. Rolle’s theorem : If a function f (x) is differentiable in an
dx 1  x2 interval (a, b) and also f (a) = f (b), then there exist at least
d 1 one value x1 of x in the interval (a, b) such that f ' (x1) = 0.
(iii) (tan–1x) = Isolating the real roots of an equation f (x) = 0
dx 1 x2
3. (i) If y = f (x) then the equation of the tangent line at x =a Suppose a & b are two real numbers such that ;
is given by y =f (a) + f (a) (x – a) . (i)f (x) & its first derivative f (x) are continuous for ax  b.
(ii) f (a) is the instantaneous rate of change of f (x) at x= (ii) f (a) & f (b) have opposite signs.
a. (iii) f  (x) is different from zero for all values of x b/w a & b.
Then there is one & only one real root of the equation
f (x) = 0 between a & b.
87
f (x) f  (a) f  (a) dx

12. L’ Hospital’s rule : lim
x  a (x)
 =
 (a)  (a)
(xiii)  2 2
  n | x  x2  a2 |  C
x a
if f (a) = 0 or ,  (a) = 0 or , f ' (a) = 0 or ,  ' (a) = 0 or 
13. Given a fixed point A(x1, y1) and a moving point P(x, f (x)) 1  x  x
on the curve y = f(x). Then AP will be maximum or minimum (xiv)  2
dx  sin 1    c   cos 1    c
2  a  a
a x
if it is normal to the curve at P.
3. Integration by Substitution : The substitution u = g (x)
(i) If the sum of two positive numbers x and y is constant
then their product is maximum if they are equal, i.e. b g(b)
will convert  f (g(x)) g (x) dx   f (u) du using
1
x + y = c , x > 0 , y > 0 , then xy = [ (x + y)2 – (x – y)2 ] a g(a)
4
(ii) If the product of two positive nos. is constant then du= g'(x) dx.
their sum is least if they are equal. i.e. 4. Integration by parts :
(x + y)2 = (x – y)2 + 4xy b b
b
 u dv  uv   v du and  u dv  uv a   v du .
a a
INTEGRAL CALCULUS
Choose u and dv from integral and compute du by
1. Fundamental theorem of calculus :
x differentiating u and compute v using v   dv
Part I : If f (x) is continuous on [a, b] then g (x) =  f (t) dt 5. Integration by Partial fraction :
a
P(x)
is also continuous on [a, b] and If integrating  Q(x) dx where the degree of P (x) is smaller
x
d than the degree of Q (x). Factor denominator as completely
dx a
g  (x)  f (t) dt  f (x) .
as possible and find the partial fraction decomposition of
the rational expression. Integrate the partial fraction
Part II : f (x) is continuous on [a, b], F (x) is an anti-derivative decomposition (P.F.D.).
b 6. Integrals of the type :
of f (x) i.e. F(x)   f (x) dx then  f (x) dx  F(b)  F(a) f  (x)
2. Some standard integrals :

a (i)
 [ f(x)]n f (x) dx OR
  f (x) n
dx, put f (x) = t
& proceed
x n 1 dx
(i)  x n .dx 
n 1
 c (n  1) (ii)  x  ln | x |  c dx dx
(ii)  ax2  bx  c ,  ax 2  bx  c
,
(iii)  e dx  e  c
x x
ax  ax 2  bx  c dx
(iv)  a dx 
x
 c  a x log a e  c Express ax2 + bx + c in the form of perfect square &
log e a
then apply the standard results .
(v)  sin x dx   cos x  c (vi)  cos x dx  sin x  c px  q px  q
(iii)  ax2  bx  c dx ,  dx .
ax 2  bx  c
(vii)  tan x dx   ln | cos x |  c
Express px +q = A(differential coefficient of denominator) + B
(viii)  sec x dx  log (sec x  tan x)
(iv)  ex [f(x) + f (x)] dx = ex . f(x) + c
(ix)  cot x dx  ln | sin x |  c
(v)  [f(x) + xf (x)] dx = x f(x) + c
(x)  cos ec x dx   log(cos ec x  cot x)
1 1  x
(vi)  dx
nN
(xi)  2 dx  tan 1    c x ( x n 1)
x a 2 a  a
Take xn common & put 1 + xn = t .
dx 1 ax
(xii)
 a 2  x 2  2a ln ax
c
88
b b
dx dx (d)  f (x) dx  f (a  b  x) dx
(vii)  a  b sin 2 x OR  a  b cos 2
x a a
na a
r r
Multiply N. . & D. . by sec² x & put tan x = t .
(e)  f (x) dx  n  f (x) dx
0 0
dx dx  a
(viii)  a  b sin x OR  a  b cos x a
 2 f (x) dx, If f (x) is even function,i.e. f (  x)  f (x)
(f)  f (x) dx   0
a 
Convert sines & cosines into their respective tangents 0, If f (x) is odd function, i.e. f (x)   f (x)
x
of half the angles , put tan =t 2a  a
2
f (x) dx  2 f (x) dx, If f (2a  x)  f (x)

a .cos x  b.sin x  c
(g) 
 00,
(ix)   .cos x  m.sin x  n
dx . 0
 If f (2a  x)   f (x)
g(x)
d d
Express Nr  A(Dr) + B (Dr) + c & proceed . 8. Leibnitz rule :  F(t) dt  g (x)F(g(x))  f (x)F(f (x))
dx f (x)
dx
dx
 (ax  b)
dx 1 r  n 1  r 
 If a series can be put in the form n  f  n 
ax 
(x) &
px  q 2
 bx  c px  q 9.
r 0
put px + q = t2 . 1
1 r n  r 
dx 1 or n  f  n  , then its limit as n   is  f (x) dx
(xi)  2
, put ax + b =
t r 1 0
(ax  b) px  qx  r
b
dx 1 10. Net area :  f (x) dx represents the net area between f (x)
 , put x =
ax 2
 bx  c  2
px  qx  r t a
and the x-axis with area above x-axis positive and area
x below x-axis negative.
(xii)  x
dx or   x     x 
11. (i) Whole area of the ellipse, x2/a2 + y2/b2 = 1 is  ab.
put x =  cos2  +  sin2  (ii) Area enclosed between the parabolas y2 = 4 ax &
x x2 = 4 by is 16ab/3.
 x
dx or   x     x   (iii) Area included between the parabola y2 = 4 ax & the
line y = mx is 8 a2/3 m3.
put x =  sec2   tan2 
dx DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
  x     x   ; put x – = t2 or x – = t2 .
dy
1. A differential equation of the form  Py  Q , where P
7. Some properties of definite integral dx
(a) If an interval [a, b] (a < b), f (x)  (x) , then and Q are constants or functions of x only is called a first
order linear differential equation.
a b
 f (x) dx   (x) dx (a)

dy
 f (x) : y=  f (x) dx  c
b a dx
(b) If m and M are the smallest and greatest values of a
 
dy dy
function f (x) on an interval [a, b] and a b, then (b)  f (x) g(y)   f (x) dx  c
dx g (y)
a
m(b  a)   f (x) dx  M(b  a)
 
dy dv
b (c)  f (ax  by  c) :  dx
dx a  b f (v)
b c b (d) An equation in x and y is said to be homogeneous if
(c)  f (x) dx   f (x) dx   f (x)
a a c
89
7. Scalar triple product :
dy f (x, y) 
it can be put in the form dx  g (x, y) where f (x ,y) 
(i) If a  a1î  a 2 ˆj  a 3 kˆ , b  b1î  b 2 ˆj  b3 kˆ and
and g (x ,y) are both homogeneous functions of the 
c  c1î  c 2 ˆj  c3 kˆ then
same degree in x & y.
a1 a 2 a3
 
dx dv    
 c (a  b).c  [a b c]  b1 b2 b3
x f (v)  v
c1 c2 c3
(e) A differential equation of the form
   
dy a1x  b1x  c1 (ii) If a , b , c are non-coplanar then [ a b c ]  0 for

dx a 2 x  b 2 x  c 2 , 
right handed system & [ a b c ]  0 for left handed
a1 b1 system.
where  can be reduced to homogeneous (a) [i j k] = 1
a 2 b2
 
(b) [ K a b c ]  K[ a b c ]
dY dy
form by using x = X + h , y = Y + k so that  .     
dX dx (c) [ (a  b) c d ]  [a c d ]  [ b c d ]
2. Linear differential equations : (iii) [a b c] = volume of the parallelopiped whose
  
dy coterminous edges are formed by a, b, c
 Py  Q ; y e p dx   Q e  p dx  c 
dx   
(iv) a, b, c are coplanar if and only if [a b c] = 0
e
P dx is called the integrating factor for this equation.    
(v) Four points A, B, C, D with position vectors a, b, c, d
  
VECTOR ALGEBRA resp. are coplanar if and only if [AB AC AD] = 0
     
  i.e. if and only if [b  a c  a d  a] = 0
1. Scalar Product : a  b  ab cos  (here  is the angle
between the vectors) (vi) Volume of a tetrahedron with three coterminous edges
     1   
   a  b  a , b, c  [ a b c]
2. Vector component of a along b =   2  b 6
 b 
8. Vector triple product :
         
   a b  b (i) a  (b  c) = (a.c) b  (a.b) c
and perpendicular to b = a –  2  .       
 b 
(a  b)  c  (a.c) b  (b.c) a
       
3. Vector product : c  a  b  ab sin  nˆ
(ii) a  (b  c) is a vector in the plane of vectors b and c
   (iii) The vector triple product is not commutative i.e.
4. If a , b & c are the pv’s of 3 points A, B & C then the
     
1       a  (b  c)  (a  b)  c
vector area of triangle ABC = a  b  b  c  c  a  .
2   9. Lagrange's identity :
   
The points A, B & C are collinear if     a.c a.d    
      (a  b).( c  d)       (a.c)(b.d)  (a.d)(b.c)
a b  bc  ca  0 b.c b.d
5. Area of any quadrilateral whose diagonal vectors are 10. Reciprocal system of vectors :
  1     
If a, b, c be any three non coplanar vectors so that
d1 & d2 is given by d1  d 2
2    
      [a b c]  0 then the three vectors a ' b 'c ' defined by the
6. Given vectors x1 a  y1 b  z1 c , x 2 a  y 2 b  z 2 c ,  
    
      bc  ca  ab
x 3 a  y3 b  z3 c , where a, b, c are non-coplanar vectors, equations a '     , b '     , c '     are
[a b c] [a b c] [a b c]
x1 y1 z1 called the reciprocal system of vectors to the given
x2 y2 z2   
will be coplanar if and only if =0 vectors a, b, c .
x3 y3 z3
90
11. Application of vector in geometry : 5. Equation of a line through a point (x1, y1, z1) and having
(i) Vector equation of a straight line passing through two
      x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
points a and b is r  a  t(b  a) direction cosines , m, n is  
 m n
(ii) Vector equation of a plane passing through the points 6. Equation of a plane if the length of the perpendicular from
      
the origin on the plane is p and d.c's of the perpendicular
a, b, c is r  (1  s  t)a  sb  tc
        as l, m, n is lx + m y + n z = p
or r.(b  c  c  a  a  b)  [a b c] 7. Parallel and perpendicular planes – Two planes
(iii) Vector equation of a plane passing through the point a1 x + b1 y + c1z + d1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0 are
    perpendicular if a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0 parallel if
a and perpendicular to n is r.n  a.n
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 d1
(iv) Perpendicular distance of a point P(r) from a line   and coincident if   
  a 2 b2 c2 a 2 b 2 c2 d 2
passing through a and parallel to b is given by
8. Distance between two parallel planes ax + by + cz + d1 = 0
        2 1/2
| (r  a)  b |  2  (r  a).b   d1  d 2
PM =  =  (r  a)     and ax + by + cz + d2 = 0 is
|b|
  | b |   a  b2  c2
2
(v) Perpendicular distance of a point P(r) from a plane

   9. Consider two planes ax + by + cz + d = 0 and
passing through a and parallel to b and c is given
a'x + b'y + cz' + d' = 0 . Angle between these planes is the
    angle between their normals.
(r  a).(b  c)
by PM =  
|bc| aa '  bb '  cc '
cos  =
(vi) Perpendicular distance of a point P(r) from a plane a  b  c2 a '2  b '2  c '2
2 2
  
passing through the points a , b and c is given by 10. Perpendicular distance p, of the point A(x1,y1,z1) from the
        plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 is given by
(r  a).(b  c  c  a  a  b ) | ax1  by1  cz1  d |
PM =       p
|bccaa b|
(a 2  b 2  c2 )
11. The equation of bisectors of angles
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
ax  by  cz  d a1x  b1 y  c1z  d1
1. The coordinates of the point R which divides the line 
segment joining two points P (x1, y1, z1) and Q (x2, y2, z2) (a 2  b2  c2 ) a12  b12  c12
internally and externally in the ratio m : n are given by
12. Equation of a plane through the intersection of two planes
 mx 2  nx1 my2  ny1 mz 2  nz1  P1 and P2 is given by P1 + P2 = 0
 m  n , m  n , m  n  and 13. General equation of the plane containing the line
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
 mx 2  nx1 my 2  ny1 mz 2  nz1    is
 m  n , m  n , m  n  , respectively..  m n
A (x – x1) + B (y – y1) + c (z – z1) = 0 where A+ bm + cn=0
2. The coordinates of the centroid of the triangle, whose      
vertices are (x1, y1, z1), (x2, y2, z2) and (x3, y3, z3), are 14. Shortest distance between r  a1  b1 and r  a 2  b 2
   
 x1  x 2  x 3 y1  y 2  y3 z1  z 2  z3  (b1  b 2 ).(a 2  a1 )
 , ,  . is  
3 3 3 | b1  b 2 |
3. If , m, n are the direction cosines and a, b, c are the direction 15. The eq. of a plane through a point whose position vector
ratios of a line then    
is a and perpendicular to the vector N is (r  a).N  0
a b c
 ,m ,n 16. Vector equation of a plane that passes through the
a 2  b2  c2 a 2  b 2  c2 a 2  b2  c2  
intersection of planes r.n1  d1 and r.n 2  d 2 is
4. If 1, m1, n1 and 2, m2, n2 are the direction cosines of two
lines; and  is the acute angle between the two lines; then
cos  = | 12 + m1m2 + n1n2 |.
91
  
r.(n1  n 2 )  d1  d 2 , where  is any nonzero constant. or equivalently,  2x  E (X   ) 2

17. The distance of a point whose position vector is a from
  n
the plane r.nˆ  d is | d  a.nˆ | . The non-negative no.  x  Var(X)   (xi  )2 p (xi )
in
18. Skew line : Two straight lines are said to be skew lines if
they are neither parallel nor intersecting. is called the standard deviation of the random variable X.
9. Trials of a random experiment are called Bernoulli trials, if
 (x 2  x1 )(m1n 2  m 2 n1 ) they satisfy the following conditions :
Shortest distance :
 (m1n 2  m 2 n1 ) 2 (a) There should be a finite number of trials.
(b) The trials should be independent.
(c) Each trial has exactly two outcomes : success or failure.
PROBABILITY (d) The probability of success remains the same in each
trial.
n(A) For Binomial distribution
1. Probability of an event : P(A) 
n(S) B (n, p), P (X = x) = nCx qn–x px, x = 0, 1,..., n (q = 1 – p)
where, n (A) = number of elements in the set A,
n (S) = number of elements in the set S. STATISTICS
2. If A and B are any two events, then 1. Mean deviation for ungrouped data
P (A or B) = P (A) + P(B) – P(A and B)
M.D.(x) 
 | xi  x | , M.D.(M) 
 | xi  M |
equivalently, P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B) n n
3. If A and B are mutually exclusive, then 2. Mean deviation for grouped data
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B).
M.D.(x) 
 fi | xi  x | , M.D.(M) 
 fi | x i  M | .
4. If A is any event, then P (not A) = 1 – P(A)
N N
5. The conditional probability of an event E, given the 3. Variance and standard deviation for ungrouped data
occurrence of the event F is given by
1 1
P (E  F)
, P(F)  0
2 
n
 (xi  x)2 ;   n
 (x i  x)2
P(E | F) =
P(F)
4. Variance & standard deviation of a discrete freq.
6. Theorem of total probability : Let {E1, E2, ...,En) be a
distribution
partition of a sample space and each of E1, E2, ..., En has
1 1
nonzero probability. Let A be any event associated with S, 2 
n
 fi (xi  x)2 ;   N
 fi (x i  x)2
then P(A) = P(E1) P (A | E1) + P (E2) P (A | E2)
+ ... + P (En) P(A | En) 5. Variance and standard deviation of a continuous frequency
7. Bayes' theorem : If E1, E2, ..., En are events which distribution
constitute a partition of sample space S, i.e. E1, E2, ..., En 1
are pairwise disjoint and E1  E2 ...  En = S and A be
2 
1
 fi (xi  x)2 ;   N
 fi x i2  ( f i x i ) 2
n
any event with nonzero probability, then

P(Ei ) P (A | Ei ) 6. Coefficient of variation (C.V.) =  100, x  0
P (Ei | A)  x
n
For series with equal means, the series with lesser standard
 P(E j ) P(A | E j ) deviation is more consistent or less scattered.
j1
8. Let X be a random variable whose possible values x1, x2,

x3 , ..., x n occur with probabilities p 1 , p 2 , p 3 , ... p n
MATHEMATICAL REASONING
respectively. The mean of X, denoted by µ, is the number 1. Negation of a statement p: If p denote a statement, then
the negation of p is denoted by ~p.
n
2. The contrapositive of a statement p q is the statement
 x i pi . The mean of a random variable X is also called ~ q  ~ p . The converse of a statement p  q is the
i 1
statement q  p.
the expectation of X, denoted by E (X).
n
The variance of X,  2x  Var(X)   (x i   ) 2 p (x i )
in
92

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CRASH COURSE

(For JEE, Board & KCET )

Without your involvement you

Cloud-Tutors Powered By Connecting The Dots.

19. Area Bounded by Curve

20. Differential Equation

21. Vectors & 3-Dimensional Geometry

Appendix : Rapid Revision for Mathematics

Cloud-Tutors Powered By Connecting The Dots.

INDEFINITE INTEGRATION 14.  cos ec x cot x dx   cos ec x  c

(ii)  [f (x)  g(x)]dx   f (x)dx   g(x) dx 1  x  x

1 Integrals of the form  {f (x)}n f '(x) dx :

f '(x) Integrals of the form  sin m x cosn x dx ; m , n N:

sec 2 x (i) Obtain the integral, say,  sin m x cos n x dx

Integrals of the form  ax 2  bx  c dx : 1

1 Two standard forms of an Integral :

= ex f (x) –  e x f '(x) dx +  e x f '(x) (on integrating by parts)

expression and Q is a linear expression. Example 13 :

= 2[t2et – (2t)et + 2et] = (2x – 4 x + 4) e x

1 Sol. Let I =  sin x dx

[P- 1]  f (x)dx   f (t)dt  /2  /2

 in place of  nlim   ,

Sol. Since x – [x] is a periodic function with period one unit. 0

10 1 1 1  SHORT CUT METHODS

  [sin (log x)  cos (log x)] dx Sol. Put x – = t2 dx = 2t dt

Example 13 :  (1  e   e2   e3  e t (sin 6 at  cos 4 at) dt

1 1 1 (A) sin x – 6 tan–1 (sin x) + c

PART - 2 - DEFINITE INTEGRATION

(C) /6 (D) / 3 Q.39 2k  4k  6k  ....  (2n)k ; (k 1) is equal to –

Q.4 The value of the definite integral  ln (1  3 tan x) dx 3 log 3

 /3 [JEE MAIN 2016]

x 1 Q.11 If n N and In =  (log x) n dx, then In + nIn–1 =

 sin x  cos x  which one of the following is true? [KCET 2013]

(A) x + sin x + C (B) x – sin x + C

(C) (x  1) x 2  2x  5  2log | x  1  x 2  2x  5 |  C  sin x  1

 ex   ex  x 3 cos 3x x 2 sin 3x 2x cos 3x 2 sin 3x

= A log | x – 1 | + B log | x + 2 | + C log | x – 3 | + K 1 

(A) 5  2  3 (B) 5  2  3  cos (tan 1 (x 4 )) cos (tan 1 (x 4 ))

1  cos (tan 1 (x 3 )) sin (tan 1 (x 4 ))

29 AREA BOUNDED BY CURVE

area between them is bounded

30 AREA BOUNDED BY CURVE

2 2 (D) 2 [3  2 2] square units

31 AREA BOUNDED BY CURVE

33 AREA BOUNDED BY CURVE

e–y .e–x = c – x e–(x + y) = – (x – c) (x – c) ex+y +1 = 0

(A) (1  x 2 )1 (B) (1  x 2 ) 1 dx  x

EXERCISE - 3 (PREVIOUS YEARS AIEEE / JEE MAIN QUESTIONS)

EXERCISE - 4 [PREVIOUS YEARS KARNATAKA CET QUESTIONS]

Chapter Vectors & 3-Dimensional

45 VECTORS & 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

46 VECTORS & 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

c = 4i + 3j + 6k and d= 2i + 3j + 2k then find its volume.

Required volume = 6 units Direction cosines of a line joining two points :

Direction cosines of a line [Dc's] : Z x 2 – x1 y2 – y1 z 2 – z1

47 VECTORS & 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

Line is parallel to plane: If  = 0 i.e al + bm + cn = 0  2  1 2  1  2  1

x  y z  Equation of a Plane through Origin :

A Plane through the line of intersection of two given 2 f 2  g 2  h 2  ab  bc  ca

51 VECTORS & 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY