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PAGE
.General Aptitude.
Q.1 to Q.5 Carry ONE Mark Each
Question 1
If '  ' denotes increasing order of intensity, then the meaning of the words
[talk  shout  scream] is analogous to [please  ______  pander].
Which one of the given options is appropriate to fill the blank?
(A) flatter (B) flutter
(C) fritter (D) frizzle
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given : If  denotes increasing order of intensity.
[Talk  Shout  Scream]
From option (A) :
Flatter : To praise someone in order to make them feel attractive or important. Sometime in a way that
is not sincere.
NOTE : Pander and flatter are semantically related in same cases you can use pander instead a verb
flatter.
Hence option (A) is correct
From option (B) :
Flutter : To move or make something move quickly and lightly especially through the air
Hence, option (B) is Incorrect
From option (C)
Fritter : Can be both a Noun and a verb. As a Noun it refers to a small piece of food. Such as fruit meat
or vegetables that is coated in batter and fried until crisp. As a verb. It means to waste time, money or
energy on trifling matters or activities that have little or no value.
Hence option (C) is incorrect
From option (D) :
Frizzle : To become or make something crisp (Pleasantly dry and hard) or slightly burned by frying or
grilling.
Hence option (D) is incorrect.
Question 2
P and Q have been allotted a hostel room with two beds, a study table, and an almirah. P is an avid bird-
watcher and wants to sit at the table and watch birds outside the window. Q does not mind that as long as
his bed is close to the ceiling fan.
Which one of the following arrangements suits them the most?
(A) (B)
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2
(C) (D)
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given :
(i) Two beds
(ii) A study table
(iii)An almirah
an avid bird watcher
 “P” wants to sit at the table

watch birds outside the window
 Q does not mind that as long as his bed is close to the ceiling fan.
From, the given explanation (above), option (A) arrangement suits them the most.
Hence the correct option is (A).
Question 3
The decimal number system uses the characters 0, 1, 2, …., 8, 9, and the octal number system uses the
characters 0, 1, 2, …., 6, 7.
For example, the decimal number 12 ( 110  2 10 ) is expressed as 14 ( 1 8  4  8 ) in the octal
1 0 1 0
number system.
The decimal number 108 in the octal number system is
(A) 168 (B) 108
(C) 150 (D) 154
Ans. (D)
Sol. : Method 1 :
Decimal to octal conversion using by Direct method :
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3
To Convert a Decimal Number to an octal Number directly you must start dividing the Number by 8 unit
you get 0 as the quotient. This is a straight forward method that Involves dividing the Number to be
Converted
Step 1 : If decimal Number is N. Divide it by 8. Because the octal Number Systems base is 8.
Step 2 : Note the value of the residual which will be one of the flowing: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7. Divide the
remaining decimal number unit it Equals 0 and record the remainder of each step.
Step 3 : Then from bottom to top write the remainder which will be the Equivalent octal number of the
provided decimal Number.
Given : Decimal Number = 108
(108)10  (154)8
: Method 2 :
Convert Decimal to Binary to octal :
Step 1 : Divide the Number by 2
Step 2 : Get the Integer quotient for Next Iteration.
Step 3 : Get the remainder for the Binary digit
Step 4 : Repeat the above steps unitl the quotient is Equal to 0.
Given : Decimal Number = 108
(108)10  (1101100)1
Now Convert Binary number into an octal Number
(108)10  (154)8
Hence the correct option is (D).
Question 4
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4
A shopkeeper buys shirts from a producer and sells them at 20% profit. A customer has to pay Rs. 3,186.00
including 18% taxes, per shirt. At what price did the shopkeeper buy each shirt from the producer ?
(A) Rs. 2,500.00
(B) Rs. 1,975.40
(C) Rs. 2,250.00
(D) Rs, 2,548.80
Ans. (C)
Sol. As we know that :
Profit = S.P  C.P
S.P  C.P
% Profit 
C.P
Given : Profit (%)  20%
Let : C.P  x
S.P
0.2  1
C.P
S.P
 1.2
C.P
where, SP = Selling Price
CP = Cost Price
3186
 1.2
18 x
x
100
3186
 1.2
1.18x
3186
x
1.18 1.2
x  2250
Hence the correct option is (C).
Question 5
If, for non - zero real variables x, y and real parameter a  1,
x : y  (a  1) : (a 1)
Then, the ratio ( x  y ) : ( x  y ) is

2 2 2 2
(A) 2a : (a2  1)
(B) a : (a 2  1)
(C) 2a : (a2 1)
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5
(D) a : (a 2 1)
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given : If for Non-zero real variable x, y and real parameter a >1,
x : y  (a  1) : (a 1)
x (a  1)

y (a  1)
2
x
 y  1
x y
2 2
 
x 2  y 2  x 2
 y  1
 
 a  1  2 
   1
x 2  y 2  a  1  

x y
2 2
 a  1  2

   1
 a  1  
(a  1)2  (a  1) 2

(a  1)2  (a  1) 2
x2  y 2 4a 2a
 2  2
x y
2 2
2a  2 a  1
Hence the correct option is (A)
Q.6 to Q.10 Carry TWO Marks Each
Question 6
In the given text, the blanks are numbered (i) – (iv). Select the best match for all the blanks.
Following a row __(i)__ the shopkeeper __(ii)__ the price of a frying pan, the cook stood __(iii)__ a row
to withdrawn cash ___(iv)___the ATM booth.
(A) (i) with (ii) over (iii) at (iv) with
(B) (i) at (ii) over (iii) over (iv) in
(C) (i) with (ii) over (iii) in (iv) at
(D) (i) over (ii) with (iii) over (iv) at
Ans. (C)
Sol. The prepositions in option (C) accurately represent the relationships between the actions and locations in
the context.
Question 7
In the following figure.
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6
CD  5 cm. BE  10 cm, AE  12 cm.

DAB  DCB, and DAE  DBC  900
Points AFCD create a rhombus.
The length of BF (in cm) is

(A) 3 (B) 2
(C) 4 (D) 6
Ans. MTA
Sol. Given figure is represent the geometry similar to the Rhombus.
Note :
1. Diagonals of a rohmbus intersect each other at 900 .
2. All sides of a rohmbus are equal in length.
3. Adjacent angles add up to 1800 .
So, in a rhombus → from figure.
𝐶𝐷 = 𝐴𝐷 = 𝐴𝐹 = 𝐹𝐶
Given :
(i) 𝐶𝐷 = 5 cm
(ii) 𝐴𝐸 = 12 cm
(iii)𝐵𝐸 = 10 cm
then 𝐶𝐷 = 𝐴𝐷 = 𝐴𝐹 = 𝐹𝐶 = 5 cm
(iv) ∠𝐷𝐴𝐵 = ∠𝐷𝐶𝐵 and
∠𝐷𝐴𝐸 = ∠𝐷𝐵𝐶 = 900
then ∠𝐷𝐵𝐶 = ∠𝐷𝐵𝐴 = ∠𝐴𝐵𝐹 = ∠𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 900
In △ D𝐴𝐸 :
(𝐷𝐸)2 = (𝐷𝐴)2 + (𝐴𝐸)2
𝐷𝐸 = √(5)2 + (12)2 = 13 cm
 𝐷𝐸 = 𝐷𝐵 + 𝐵𝐸 ⇒ 𝐷𝐵 = 𝐷𝐸 − 𝐵𝐸
𝐷𝐵 = 13 − 10 = 3 cm
 𝐷𝐵 = 3 cm = 𝐵𝐹
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7
𝐷𝐵 = 𝐵𝐹
From property –1 above.
𝐷𝐵 = 𝐵𝐹 = 3 cm
Statement - I : In △ 𝐴𝐵𝐹
(𝐴𝐹)2 = (𝐴𝐵)2 + (𝐵𝐹)2
𝐴𝐵 = √(𝐴𝐹)2 − (𝐵𝐹)2
𝐴𝐵 = √(5)2 − (3)2 = 4 cm
∵ 𝐴𝐹 = 𝐶𝐷 = 5 cm
𝐴𝐵 = 4 cm
Statement - II : In △ 𝐴𝐵𝐸 (= 900 )
(𝐴𝐸)2 = (𝐴𝐵)2 + (𝐵𝐸)2
𝐴𝐵 = √(𝐴𝐸)2 − (𝐵𝐸)2
𝐴𝐵 = √(12)2 − (10)2 = √44 cm
For the same figure value of “𝐴𝐵” is came different.
∵ 𝐴𝐵 = 4 cm ≠ 𝐴𝐵 = √44 cm
So, this reasons the given data and given figure did not match properly hence M.T.A.
Question 8
The chart below shows the data of the number of cars bought by Millennials and Gen C people in a country
from the year 2010 to 2020 as well as the yearly fuel consumption of the country (in Million liters).
Considering the data presented in the chart, which one of the following options is true?
(A) The percentage increase in fuel consumption from 2010 to 2015 is more than the percentage increase
in fuel consumption from 2015 to 2020.
(B) The increase in the number of Millennial car buyers from 2015 to 2020 is less than the decrease in
the number of Gen X car buyers from 2010 to 2015.
(C) The increase in the number of Millennial car buyers from 2010 to 2015 is more than the decrease in
the number of Gen X car buyers from 2010 to 2015.
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(D) The decrease in the number of Gen X car buyers from 2015 to 2020 is more than the increase in the
number of Millennial car buyers from 2010 to 2015.
Ans. (C)
Sol. (i) The increase in the number of Millennial car buyers from 2010 to 2015
= 45000 – 20000 = 25000
(ii) The decrease in the number of Gen X Car buyers from 2010 to 2015
= 40000 – 30000 = 10000
So, the increase in the number of millennial car buyers from 2010 to 2015 is more than the decrease in the
number of Gen X Car buyers from 2010 to 2015.
Hence, the correct option is (C).
Question 9
The assembly shown below has three teethed circular objects (Pinions) and two teethed flat objects
(Racks), which are perfectly mating with each other. Pinions can only rotate clockwise or anti-clockwise
staying at its own center. Racks can translate towards the left () or the right () direction.
If the object A (Rack) is translating towards the right () direction, the correct statement among the
following is
(A) Object B translates towards the right direction.
(B) Object B translates towards the left direction.
(C) Object R rotates in the anticlockwise direction.
(D) Object Q rotates in the clockwise direction.
Ans. (B)
Sol. Object 𝐵 translate towards the left direction
Hence the correct option is (B).
Question 10
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9
A surveyor has to measure the horizontal distance from her position to a distant reference point C. Using
her position as the center, a 200 m horizontal line segment is drawn with the two endpoints A and B.
Points A, B and C are not collinear. Each of the angles CAB and CBA are measured as 87.80. The
distance (in m) of the reference point C from her position is nearest to
(A) 2603 (B) 2606
(C) 2306 (D) 2063
Ans. (A)
Sol. According to given data:
C
0 0
87.8 87.8
A 100 x 100 B
𝑐𝑥
tan θ =
𝐴𝑥
𝑐𝑥
tan (87.80 ) =
100
𝑐𝑥 = 100 × tan(87.80 )
𝑐𝑥 = 2603
.Technical Section.
Q.11 to Q.35 Carry ONE Mark Each
Question 11 [Mathematics : Linear Algebra]
Which one of the following matrices has an inverse ? (1 Mark)
 1 4 8 1 2 3
(A)  0 4 2 (B) 2 4 6
   
0.5 2 4   3 2 9 
1 4 8  1 4 8 
(C) 0 4 2  (D) 0 4 2 
   
1 2 4   3 12 24 
Ans. (C)
Sol. The inverse of a non-singular square matrix is given by.
Adj  A
A1   A  0 
A
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Checking from the options :

From option (A) :
 1 4 8
A   0 4 2 
0.5 2 4 
Applying elementary transformation
R1  R1  2R3
 0 0 0
A   0 4 2 
0.5 2 4 
Determinant of A = 0
Hence, A is singular matrix and it's inverse does not exist.
From option (B) :
1 2 3
A   2 4 6 
 3 2 9 
R2  R2  2R1
1 2 3 
A  0 0 0 
 3 2 9 
From option (C) :
1 4 8 
A  0 4 2 
1 2 4 
Determinant  116  4   4  0  2   8  0  4
 12  8  32
  12   0
Hence, A is non singular matrix and it's inverse will exist.
From option (D) :
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11
1 4 8 
A  0 4 2 
3 12 24
R3  R3  3R1
1 4 8 
A  0 4 2 
0 0 0 
Hence, A is singular matrix and it's inverse does not exist.
 Key Point
(i) If the determinant A  0, then A is a singular matrix
(ii) If the determinant A  0, then A is a non singular matrix
Question 12 [Network Theory : Basic of Network]

The number of junctions in the circuit is
(A) 6 (B) 7
(C) 8 (D) 9
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given :
Given circuit is shown below.
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12
Concept :
• In an electrical network the junction of branches at a common point is called Node.
A junction is a point where at three circuit path meet.
• Branch : A branch is a single element (or) component in a circuit.
If several elements in the circuit carrying same circuit they can also reffered as branch.
Example :
1.
2.
3.
Note : A node is a point in a network where two or more elements are joined.
Principle node : Junction of three or more elements.
Example :
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13
() Branches = 6
() Node = 2
() Principle Node = 4
Key Point :
A principal node is a junction where current can combine or divide.
Given : Circuit shown in below figure.
B C
A D
D
E F
Number of branches (b)  10
Number of Node ( N )  3
Number of principal node (or) junction = 6
A node is a point where two or more circuit elements are connected to it. If only two circuit elements are
connected to node, then it is said to be simple node.
It three or more circuit elements are connected to a node then it is said to be principal node.
Question 13 [Network Theory : Basic of Network]
All the elements in the circuits are ideal. The power delivered by the 10 V source in watts is
(A) 0 (B) 50
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14
(C) 100 (D) Dependent on the value of 

Ans. (A)
Sol. Given circuit is shown below
 VA 2Ω
10 V +
– 1Ω 10 A
Using nodal analysis :

Applying KCL at node VA
VA  10 VA
  10
 1
VA 10  VA  10
(1  )VA  (10  10)
(1  )VA  (  1)10
VA  10V
Now we can say that there is no rate of resistance  therefore we can neglect this resistance.
10  VA
I  0 Amp

The power delivered by the 10V source
P10V ( del )  10( I )
P10V ( del )  10(0)  0 Watt
Hence, the correct option is (A).
Question 14 [Network Theory : Transient]
The circuit shown in the figure with the switch S open, is in steady state. After the switch S is closed, the
time constant of the circuit in seconds is
(A) 1.25 (B) 0

(C) 1 (D) 1.5
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given circuit is shown below.
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15
For t  0 (transient) :
For R-L Network :

Leq Leq
Time constant   
Req RTH
Where RTh  Thevenin resistance across the inductor where all independent sources are deactivated.
Redraw (or) modify the network
RTh  1  1  2
• For Leq :
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16
1 5
Leq  1  1   H
2 2
Leq 5 5
Time constant    1.25
RTh 2 2 4
Question 15 [Signals & Systems : Convolution]
Suppose signal y (t ) is obtained by the time-reversal of signal x(t ) . i.e., y(t )  x(t ),   t   . Which
one of the following options is always true for the convolution of x(t) and y(t) ?
(A) It is an even signal (B) It is an odd signal
(C) It is a causal signal (D) It is an anti - causal signal
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given :
If y  t   x  t  , then
y t   x t   ?
Let :
z t   y t   x t  … (1)
(i) Time scaling property :
1
x  at   y  at   z  at 
a
Put, a  1
x  t   y  t   z  t 
(ii) Commutative property :
x t   y t   y t   x t 
From equation (1)
z  t   y  t   x  t   x  t   x  t  …. (2)
Put, t  t
z  t   y  t   x  t 
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z  t   x  t   x  t 
From commutative property :
z  t   x  t   x  t  …. (3)
From equation (2) and (3)
z  t   z  t 
Question 16 [Signals & Systems : Laplace Transform]
If u(t ) is the unit step function, then the region of convergence (ROC) of the Laplace transform of the
signal.
x(t )  et [u (t  1)  u (t  10)] is
2
(A)   Re(s)   (B) Re(s)  10

(C) Re(s)  1 (D) 1  Re(s)  10
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given :
x  t   et u  t  1  u  t  10 
2
x  t    e2  u  t  1  u  t  10  
t
u(t  1)  u (t  10)
t
0 1 10
e t u(t 1)  u(t  10)
2
High Value
7.39
t
1 10
This is finite duration signal.
 ROC of transform of a bounded finite duration signal is entire s-plane.
Question 17 [Machine : Induction Machine]
A three phase, 50 Hz, 6 pole induction motor runs at 960 rpm. The stator copper loss, core loss and the
rotational loss of the motor can be neglected. The percentage efficiency of the motor is
(A) 92 (B) 94
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18
(C) 96 (D) 98
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given :
(i) f  50 Hz
(ii) P6
(iii) Nr  960 rpm
(iv) The stator copper loss and the rotational loss of the motor can be neglected.
Ns  Nr
Slip ( s ) 
Ns
120 f 120  50
Ns    1000 rpm
P 6
1000  960
Slip ( s)   0.04
1000
P
Efficiency    out  1  s 
Pin
  1  0.04   0.96
%    96%
Question 18 [Machine : Transformer]
Which one of the following options represents possible voltage polarities in a single phase two winding
transformer? Here. V p is the applied primary voltage. E p is the induced primary voltage. Vs is the open
circuit secondary voltage, and Es is the induced secondary voltage.
(A)
(B)
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19
(C)
(D)
Ans. MTA
Question 19 [Power System]
The figure show the single line diagram of a 4 - bus power network. Branches b1 , b2 , b3 and b4 have
impedance 4 z, z, 2 z and 4z per - unit (pu), respectively, where z  r  jx, with r  0 and x  0 . The
current drawn from each load bus (marked as arrows) is equal to I pu, where I  0 . If the network to
operate with minimum loss, the branch that should be opened is
(A) b1 (B) b2
(C) b3 (D) b4
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given :
Branches b1, b2 , b3 and b4 have impedance 4 z, z, 2 z, and 4z per unit respectively, where z  r  jx with
r  0 and x  0 .
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A
B
b1 b2
I I
D b b4
3
C
I
(i) If b1 branch is removed :
r
I 3I I
I
2r 2I 4r
 
Total power loss PL1 =  3I  r   2 I  4r   I  2r
2 2 2
  9  16  2  I 2 r
PL1  27 I 2 r
(ii) If b2 branch is removed :
3I
I I
2I I
 
Total power loss PL2   3I   4r    2I   2r    I 
2 2 2
 I 2 r  36  8  4 
PL2  48I 2 r
(iii) If b3 branch is removed :

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21
2I
I
I I
I
Total power loss  PL3    I  4r   2 I  r   I  4r
2 2 2
PL3  12 I 2 r
(iv) If b4 branch is removed :
I
2I
I I
I
 
Total power loss PL4   2I  4r   I   2r    I 
2 2 2
 I 2 r 16  2  1
PL4  19 I 2 r
By opening branch b3 power loss is minimum.

Question 20 [Control System : Block Diagram]
c( s )
For the block - diagram shown in figure, the transfer function is
R( s )
–
R(s ) + – C (s )
G ( s)
+
G (s) G( s)
(A) (B) 
1  2G ( s) 1  2G ( s)
G (s) G( s)
(C) (D) 
1  2G ( s) 1  2G ( s)
PAGE
22
Ans. (D)
Sol. Given block diagram is shown below
–
R (s ) + – G ( s)
C (s )
+
From block diagram
C (s )   R(s )  C (s )
–
R (s ) +
R( s)  C (s)  –
G (s )
+ C (s )
C (s)  G(s)[C (s)  R(s)  C (s)]

C(s)  G(s)[2C(s)  R(s)]
C(s)  2G(s)C(s)  G(s) R(s)
C(s)[1  2G(s)]  G(s) R(s)
C ( s) G ( s)

R( s) 1  2G( s)
Hence, the correct option is (D).
Question 21 [Control System : Second Order System]
2n *
Consider the standard second - order system of the form with the poles p and p having
s  2n s  n
2 2
negative real parts. The pole locations are also shown in the figure. Now consider two such second - order
systems as defined below :
System 1 : n  3rad/sec and   600
Which one of the following statements is correct ?
PAGE
23
(A) Settling time of system 1 is more than that of system 2.

(B) Settling time of system 2 is more than that of system 1.
(C) Settling times of both the systems are the same.
(D) Settling time cannot be computed from the given information.
Ans. (B)
n 2
Sol. Given : Consider the standard second order system of the form with the pole P and P*
s  2n S  n
2 2
having negative real parts.

The pole location are also shown in the below figure.
j


n 0
p*
Setting Time : Time required by the response to reach and steady within specified range of % to 5% of
its final value.
4
For 2% tolerance : ts  4  (Approx)
n
3
For 5% tolerance : ts  3  (Approx)
n
Where   Time constant
PAGE
24
1

n
Key Point :
1. For all positive value of  system are static.
2. Pole away from origin are called insignificant pole and does not affect the stability of the system.
3.   cos1 ()
According to question :
System 1 : n  3rad/sec
n  3rad/sec
  cos1 ()
  cos   cos(600 )  0.5
4
ts (1)   2.67sec
0.5  3
System 2 :
n  1rad/sec
  cos   cos(700 )
  0.34
4
ts( 2)   11.76sec
0.34 1
Hence, the correct option is (B)
Question 22 [Control System]
Consider the cascaded system as shown in the figure. Neglecting the faster component of the transient
response, which one of the following options is a first - order pole - only approximation such that the
steady – state values of the unit step response of the original and the approximated systems are same ?
1 2
(A) (B)
s 1 s 1
1 2
(C) (D)
s  20 s  20
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given :
The cascaded system as shown in the below figure.
PAGE
25
Before approximation :
C ( S  40)
T ( s)  
R ( S  1)( S  20)
40
DC gain ( S  0)  2
20
After approximation :
 S 
40   1
T ( s)   40 
 S 
( S  1)20   1
 20 
DC gain (S  0)  2
2
T ( s) 
( S  1)
Hence, the correct option is (B).
 Key Point
For a periodic
• The value of DC gain should be some after approximation.
• For approximation of transfer function. We can neglect the insignificant pole.
• For existence of the dominant pole concept the ratio of the insignificant pole to the
significant should be greater than equal to 4
• Significant should is also referred as the dominant pole and exist nearer to the origin on the left
hand side of the j - Axis for a stable system
Question 23 [Measurement : (CT/PT)]

The table lists two instrument transformers and their features :
Instrument transformers Features
(P) Primary is connected in parallel to the grid
(X) Current transformer (CT) (Q) Open circuited secondary is not desirable
(Y) Potential transformer (PT) (R) Primary current is the line current
(S) Secondary burden affects the primary current
(A) X matches with P and Q; Y matches with R and S.
(B) X matches with P and R; Y matches with Q and S.
PAGE
26
(C) X matches with Q and R; Y matches with P and S.

(D) X matches with Q and S; Y matches with P and R.
Ans. (C)
Question 24 [Digital Electronics : K-Map]
Simplified form of the Boolean function
F ( P, Q, R, S )  PQ  PQS  PQRS  PQRS is
(A) PS  QS (B) PQ  QS
(C) PQ  RS (D) PS  QR
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given function F is in SOP form :
F  P, Q, R, S   PQ  PQS  PQRS  PQRS
: Method 1 :
 PQ  PQS  PQS  R  R 
OR Law :
(1) 1  A  1
(2) A A 1
(3) A A  A
(4) A 0  A
F  P, Q, R, S   PQ  PQS  PQS
 PQ  S  S   PQS  PQS
 PQS  PQS  PQS  PQS

 PS  Q  Q   QS  P  P 
 PS  QS
: Method 2 :
 PQ  R  R   S  S   PQS  R  R   PQRS  PQRS
F  P, Q, R, S   PQRS  PQRS  PQRS  PQRS  PQSR  PQSR  PQRS  PQRS

k-map of function f in SOP form is :
PAGE
27
F  P, Q, R, S   PS  QS
Question 25 [Digital Electronics]
In the circuit, the present value of Z is 1. Neglecting the delay in the combinatorial circuit, the values of
S and Z respectively, after the application of the clock will be
(A) S  0, Z  0 (B) S  0, Z  1
(C) S  1, Z  0 (D) S  1, Z  1
Ans. (C)
 Initially 𝑧 = 1
𝑆 =𝑥⊕𝑦⊕𝑧
𝑆 = (𝑥 ⊕ 𝑦) ⊕ 𝑧
𝑆 = (𝑥𝑦‾ + 𝑥‾𝑦) ⊕ 𝑧
[∴ 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 1]
PAGE
28
𝑆 = (1 ⊕ 𝑧) = (1𝑧‾ + 0)
𝑆 = 𝑧‾ = 0
 One clock pulse :
𝑄=𝐷=𝑆=0
Hence the Correct option is (C).
Question 26 [Digital Electronics : Combination Circuit]
To obtain the Boolean function F ( X , Y )  XY  X , the inputs PQRS in the figure should be
(A) 1010 (B) 1110

(C) 0110 (D) 0001
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given : F  X , Y   XY  X
Truth table is shown below :

X Y Selected F
Input
0 0 I0 P
0 1 I1 Q
1 0 I2 R
1 1 I3 S
PAGE
29
F  XY  X …(i)
The output of 4 X 1 Mux is given by,
F  S1S0 I 0  S1S0 I1  S1S0 I 2  S1S0 I 3
F  XYI 0  XYI1  XYI 2  XYI 3
F  XYP  XYQ  XYR  XYS …(ii)
Comparing equation (i) and (ii)
P  1, Q  1, R  1, S  0

Question 27 [Power Electronics]
If the following switching devices have similar power ratings, which one of them is the fastest ?
(A) SCR (B) GTO
(C) IGBT (D) Power MOSFET
Ans. (D)
Sol. Power MOSFET :
(1) It has very fast switching speed
(2) A MOSFET has a shorter turn – OFF time than an IGBT
(3) Compared to IGBT. MOSFET has a larger forward voltage drop.
Hence the correct option is (D)
Question 28 [Power Electronics : AC Voltage Controller]
A single - phase triac based AC voltage controller feeds a series RL load. The input AC supply is 230 V,
50 Hz. The values of R and L are 10  and 18.37 mH, respectively. The minimum triggering angle of the
triac to obtain controllable output voltage is
(A) 150 (B) 300
(C) 450 (D) 600
Ans. (B)
Sol. Given :
(i) R  10 
(ii) L  18.37 mH
PAGE
30
(iii) f  50 Hz
(iv) AC supply = 230 V
RL – Load
Case 1 : (  ) , V0 is controlled .
In steady state current will lag voltage by certain angle  as shown in figure below
 L 
Where   tan 1  
 R 
 2 50 18.37 103 
  tan 1  
 10 
  29.9890
Hence the correct option is (B)
Question 29 [MSQ] [Mathematics : Probability]
Let X be a discrete random variable that is uniformly distributed over the set {10, 9,...,0,...,9,10} .
Which of the following random variables is/are uniformly distributed ? (1 Mark)
(A) X2 (B) X3
(C) ( X  5)2 (D) ( X  10)
2
Ans. (B, D)
Sol. Given : X is discrete random variable that is uniformly distributed over the set
10, 9,....., 0,.......9,10
PAGE
31
1
Probability of getting either 10 or 9 or probability of getting either 0, or 9 or 10, all are same i.e. .
(21)
From option (A) :
X 2  100,81,....., 0,.......81,100
Here, probability of getting every number are not same because all the values are not different, therefore
X 2 is not uniformly distributed.
From option (B) :
X 3  1000, 729,......., 0,......729,1000
Similarly, probability of getting every numbers are same because all the values are different. Therefore,
X 3 is uniformly distributed.
From option (C) :
 X  5
2
  15 ,  14 ,...... 5 ,..... 4 , 5 
2 2 2 2 2
 225,196,......25,......16, 25
Here, probability of getting every numbers are not same because all values are not different. Therefore,
 X  5
2
is not uniformly distributed.
From option (D) :
 X  10 
2

 0, 1 ,....... 10  ,....... 19  ,  20 
2 2 2 2

Here, probability of getting every numbers are same because all values are different.
Hence, the correct options are (B) and (D).
Question 30 [MSQ] [Mathematics : Complex Variable]
Which of the following complex functions is/are analytic on the complex plane ? (1 Mark)
(A) f ( z)  j Re( z) (B) f ( z)  Im( z)
f ( z)  e f ( z)  z 2  z
z
(C) (D)
Ans. (D)
Sol. Given :
z  x  jy
For the function to be analytic. It must satisfy Cauchy – Riemann equations.
u v u v
 , 
x y y x
Checking from options :
From option (A) :
f ( z)  j Re( z)
PAGE
32
f ( z)  jx
Since, there is only imaginary part. Therefore Cauchy – Riemann equation does not satisfied.
From option (B) :
f ( z)  Im( z)
f ( z)  jy
Since, there is only imaginary part. Therefore Cauchy – Riemann equation does not satisfied.
From option (C) :
f ( z)  e
z
z  x  jy
z  x2  y 2
x2  y 2
f ( z)  e
Since, there is only real part. Therefore, Cauchy – Riemann equation does not satisfied.
From option (D) :
f ( z)   z 2  z 
  x  jy    x  jy 
2
 x2  y 2  2 jxy  x  jy
f ( z )   x 2  y 2  x   j  2 xy  y 
f ( z)  u  jv

Here, u  x 2  y 2  x 
v   2 xy  y 
u v
  2 x  1 ,  2x 1
x y
u v
  (2 x  1)
x y
u v
 2 y  2 y
y x
u v
   2 y 
y x
Hence, Cauchy – Riemann equation is satisfied.
 Key Point
PAGE
33
(1) If f ( z ) and g ( z ) are two analytic functions.

Then,
(i) f ( z)  g ( z) will be analytic function.
f ( z)
(ii) will be analytic function if g ( z)  0 .
g ( z)
(iii) f ( z )  g ( z ) will be an analytic function.
(2) Polynomial and Exponential functions are entire functions.
Question 31 [Mathematics : Limit Series]
Considered the complex function f ( z )  cos z  e . The coefficient of z 5 in the Taylor series expansion
2
z
of f ( z ) about the origin is _______ (rounded off to 1 decimal place). (1 Mark)

Ans. 0.0 to 0.0
Given : f ( z )  cos z  e z
2
Sol.
Series expansion :
z z 2 z3
ez  1     ......
1! 2! 3!
z3 z5 z7
sin z  z     ........
3! 5! 7!
z2 z4 z6
cos z  1     ........
2! 4! 6!
z2 z4 z6
ez  1     ........
2
1! 2! 3!
 z2 z4 z6   z2 z4 z6 
f ( z )  1     ......   1     ...... 
 2! 4! 6!   1! 2! 3! 
Since there is no term of the power of z 5 .
Hence, the coefficient of z 5 will be zero.
Question 32 [Mathematics : Linear Algebra]
2
1 2 
The sum of the eigenvalues of the matrix A    is _________(Rounded off to the nearest integer)
3 4 
(1 Mark)
Ans. 29 to 29
Sol. Given :
PAGE
34
2
1 2 
A 
3 4 
1 2  1 2 
A  
3 4  3 4 
 11   3  2  1 2    4  2  
A
1 3   3  4   3  2    4  4 
 7 10 
A 
15 22 
: Method 1 :
The characteristic equation is given by
A  I  0
(7  ) 10
0
15 (22  )
(7  )(22  ) 150  0
154  7  22  2  150  0
2  29  4  0
29  841  (4  4)

2
29  841  16

2
29  825 29  28.723
 
2 2
1  28.8615
2  0.1385
The sum of Eigen values   28.8615  0.1385   29
: Method 2 :
Given :
2
1 2 
A 
3 4 
 7 10 
A 
15 22 
Now according to the first properties.
PAGE
35
 1   2   Trace of matrix A
 1   2   (7  22)  29
 1   2   29
 Key Point
Properties of Eigen values or characteristic roots
(i) The sum of Eigen values of a matrix is equal to the trace of the matrix, where the sum of the
elements of Principal diagonal of a matrix is called the trace of matrix.
 i  1  2  3 .......  Trace of matrix
i
(ii) The product of Eigen values of matrix A is equal to the determinant of matrix A.
Question 33 [Signals & Systems : Fourier Transform]

Let X () be the Fourier transform of the signal
x(t )  e  t cos t ,   t  
4
The value of the derivative of X () at   0 is __________ (Rounded off to 1 decimal place).
Ans. 0.0 to 0.0
Sol. Given :
x  t   e  t cos  t    t  
4
dx   
?
d  0
Fourier Transform :

x     x  t  e jt dt

dx   
  x  t   jt  e jt dt
d 
dx   
  x  t    jt  dt
d  0 
dx   
    jt  e  t cos t dt
4
d  0 
et cos t  Even  Even = Even

4
(i)
  jt  et cos t   odd  Even  Odd
4
(ii)

PAGE
36
dx    
   odd signal  dt  0
d   0 
Hence the correct answer is (0).
Question 34
The incremental cost curves of two generators (Gen A and Gen B) in a plant supplying a common load are
shown in the figure. If the incremental cost of supplying the common load is Rs. 7400 per MWh, then the
common load in MW is __________ (rounded off to the nearest integer).
Ans. 35 to 35
Sol. Given :   7400 Rs / MWhr
Gen (A) :
(11000  10000)
( IC ) A  PGA  8000
(150  100)
1000
( IC ) A  PGA  8000
50
( IC) A  20PGA  8000 ….(i)
Gen (B) :
(12000  10000)
( IC ) B  PGB  6000
50
( IC)B  40PGB  6000 ….(ii)
Given :
  ( IC) A  ( IC)B  7400 ….(iii)
40 PGA  6000  7400
PAGE
37
40 PGA  1400
PGA  35MW
From equation (iii)
20PGA  8000  40(35)  6000
20PGA  8000  7400
20PGA  600
20PGA  30MW
PGA  0
Common Load  PGA  PGB  0  35
= 35 MW
Hence the correct Answer is (35).
Question 35 [Power Electronics : Chopper]
A forced commutated thyristorized step - down chopper is shown in the figure. Neglect the ON - state
drop across the power devices. Assume that the capacitor is initially charged to 50 V with the polarity
shown in the figure. The load current ( I L ) can be assumed to be constant at 10 A. Initially, ThM is ON
and ThA is OFF. The turn – off time available to ThM in microseconds, when ThA is triggered, is
_______(rounded off to the nearest integer)
ThM
I L  10A

10μF
L 
 Constant
50V FD Current

Load
Th A
Ans. 50 to 50
Sol. Given Circuit is Shown below
ThM
I L  10A

10μF
L 
 Constant
50V FD Current

Load
Th A
PAGE
38
CVS 10 106  50
tcm  
I0 10
tcm  50 μsec
Hence the correct Answer is 50.
Q.36 to Q.65 Carry TWO Marks Each
Question 36 [Mathematics : Vector Calculus]
Consider a vector u  2 xˆ  yˆ  2 zˆ , where xˆ, yˆ , zˆ represent unit vectors along the coordinate axes x, y , z
respectively. The directional derivative of the function f  x, y, z   2 ln( xy )  ln( yz )  3ln( xz ) at the
point  x, y, z   (1,1,1) in the direction of u is : (2 Marks)

(A) 0 (B)
5 2
(C) 7 (D) 21
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given : f  x, y, z   2 ln  xy   ln  yz   3ln  xz 
Vector u  2 xˆ  yˆ  2 zˆ
Gradient of a scalar function f is given by.
f f f
f  xˆ  yˆ  zˆ
x y z
 
f  xˆ  2ln  xy   ln  yz   3ln  xz    yˆ  2ln( xy)  ln( yz )  3ln( xz ) +
x y

zˆ  2ln( xy)  ln( yz )  3ln( xz )
z
2 3  2 1  1 3
f  xˆ     yˆ     zˆ   
x x  y y z z
At point 1,1,1
f (1,1,1)  5 xˆ  3 yˆ  4 zˆ
Directional derivative in the direction of vector u is given by .
u  5xˆ  3 yˆ  4 zˆ  .  2 xˆ  yˆ  2 zˆ 
 f  . 
u 4  4 1
10  3  8 21
  7
9 3
PAGE
39
Question 37 [Signals & Systems]

The input x(t ) and the output y (t ) of a system are related as
y(t )  et  e x    d ,   t   .
t
The system is
(A) Nonlinear (B) Linear and time-invariant
(C) Linear but not time-invariant (D) Noncausal
Ans. (B)
Consider the discrete-time systems T1 and T2 defined as follows :
T x n  x 0  x 1  ...  x  n

1
T xn  x 0  12 x 1  ...  21 x n

2 n
Which of the following statements is true ?

(A) T1 and T2 are BIBO stable
(B) T1 and T2 are not BIBO stable
(C) T1 is BIBO stable but T2 is not BIBO stable
(D) T1 is not BIBO stable but T2 is BIBO stable
Ans. (D)
Sol. Given :
T x n  x 0  x 1  ...  x  n
1
T xn  x 0  12 x 1  ...  21 x n

2 n
For stability of discrete - Time System :


 h[k ] < ∞
k 
n
{𝑇1 𝑥}[𝑛] =  x[k ]
k 0
𝑥[𝑘] = 𝑢[𝑘] = Bounded Input

n n
{𝑇1 𝑥}[𝑛] =  u [k ] =  1 = 𝑛
k 0 k 0
{𝑇, 𝑥}[𝑛]|𝑛=∞ = ∞ (System is BIBO stable)

1 1
{𝑇2 𝑥}[𝑛] = 𝑥[0] + 𝑥[1] + ⋯ + × [𝑛]
2 2𝑛
PAGE
40
k
n 1
=    𝑥[𝑘]
k 0  2 
𝑥[𝑘] = 𝑈[𝑘]
k
{𝑇2 𝑥}[𝑛] =    U (k )
n 1
k 0  2 
k
n1
=  
k 0  2 
1
{𝑇2 𝑥}[𝑛] = 1 =2 [Finite value]
(1−2)
∴ 𝑇2 is BIBO.
∴ 𝑇1 is not 𝐵𝐼𝐵𝑂 but 𝑇2 is BIBO stable
Question 39 [Signals & Systems : Z-

transform]
If the Z-transform of a finite-duration discrete-time signal x[n] is X ( z ) , then the Z - transform of the
signal Z -transform of the signal y  n   x  2n  is :
(A) Y  z   X  z 2  Y  z    X  z 1/2   X   z 1/2  

1
(B)
2
Y  z    X  z1/2   X   z1/2    X  z 2   X   z 2 
1 1
(C) (D) Y  z  
2 2 
Ans. (C)
Sol. Given : If the 𝑧-Transform of finite duration signal.
𝑥[𝑛] ⟷ 𝑥(𝑧)
Let :
x[n]   1, 2, 3, 1

3
𝑥(𝑧) =  x(n) z  n
n 0
𝑥(𝑧) = [1 + 2𝑧 −1 + 3𝑧 −2 + 1𝑧 −3 ] …. (i)
From equation (i)
Replace 𝑧 with the Square root of 𝑧.
𝑥(𝑧1/2 ) = [1 + 2𝑧 −1/2 + 3𝑧 −2/2 + 1𝑧 −3/2 ] …. (ii)
From Equation (i)
PAGE
41
Replace 𝑧 with (− √𝑧).

𝑥(− 𝑧1/2 ) = [1 + 2 ( −1)−1 𝑧 −1/2 + 3 ( −1)−2 𝑧 −2/2 + 1( −1)−3 𝑧 −3/2 ]
𝑥(− 𝑧1/2 ) = [1 + (− 2) 𝑧 −1/2 + 3𝑧 −2/2 + ( −1)𝑧 −3/2 ]
𝑥(− 𝑧1/2 ) = [1 + 2 𝑧 −1/2 + 3𝑧 −2/2 − 1 𝑧 −3/2 ] …. (iii)
From Equation (ii) and (iii)
𝑥(𝑧1/2 ) + 𝑥(−𝑧 −1/2 ) = [2 + 6𝑧 −2/2 ]
1
[𝑥(𝑧1/2 ) + 𝑥(−𝑧 − 1/2 )] = [1 + 3𝑧 − 2/2 ] …. (iv)
2
𝑥(𝑛) = {1, 2, 3, 1}
𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑥(2𝑛) = {1, 3}
𝑦(𝑧) = 1 + 3𝑧 −1 …. (v)
From equation (iv) and (v)
1
𝑌(𝑧) = [𝑥(𝑧1/2 ) + 𝑥(−𝑧1/2 )]
2
Question 40 [Electrical Machine : Synchronous Machine]
A 3-phase, 11 kV, 10 MVA synchronous generator is connected to an inductive load of power factor
 
3 / 2 via a lossless line with a per-phase inductive reactance of 5 . The per-phase synchronous
reactance of the generator is 30 with negligible armature resistance. If the generator is producing the
rated current at the rated voltage, then the power factor at the terminal of the generator is
(A) 0.63 lagging (B) 0.87 lagging
(C) 0.63 leading (D) 0.87 leading
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given circuit is shown below :
Vt
j5
3
pF   300 lagging
11 2
j 30 
3
3
pF   300 lagging
2
E  (V cos 30  IR) 2  (V sin 300  IX ) 2
2
11K  3  V 
2
  V .     524.86(5) 
3  2   2 
PAGE
42
2 2
 11K  2 3 V 
   V . 4   2  2624.319 
 3   
2
 11K  3 2 V2
   V   2624.319 V  2624.3192
 3  4 4
Vt  4618.105V
( IZ )2  E 2  V 2  2EV cos 
2
 11K   11K 
(2624.319)  
2
  (4618.105)  2 
2
 (4618.105) cos 
 3   3 
  20.96
pF  cos(20.96  30)  0.629lagging
Question 41 [Power System : Power Flow]

For the three-bus lossless power network shown in the figure, the voltage magnitudes at all the buses are
equal to 1 per unit (pu), and the differences of the voltage phase angles are very small. The line
reactances are marked in the figure, where , , , and x are strictly positive. The bus injections P1 and
P2 are in pu. If P1  mP2 , where m  0 , and the real power flow from bus 1 to bus 2 is 0 pu, then which
one of the following options is correct ?
(A)   m (B)   m
(C)   m (D)   m
Ans. (A)
Sol. Given :
(i) The voltage magnitudes at all the buses are equal to 1 per unit (pu) and the difference of the voltage
phase angles are very small.
(ii) If P1  mP2 , where m  0 and the real power flow from bus 1 to bus 2 is 0 pu.
PAGE
43
From above diagram :

V1 V3
P1  sin  1  3 
x
1
P1  sin  1  2  …..(i)
x
V2 V3
P2  sin  2  3  …..(ii)
yx
Given :
 1  2    2  3 
P1  mP2
1 M
sin  1  2   sin  2  3 
x yx
y  m
Question 42 [Analog Electronics : BJT]
A BJT biasing circuit is shown in the figure, where VBE  0.7 V and   100 . The Quiescent Point values
of VCE and I C are respectively :
(A) 4.6V and 2.46 mA (B) 3.5V and 2.46 mA

(C) 2.61V and 3.13mA (D) 4.6V and 3.13mA
Ans. (A)
Sol.
PAGE
44
12 V
2 kΩ
IC
I B 100 || 50  kΩ +
VCE
+
Rth –
0.7 V –
Vth  4V
1kΩ
12  50
Vth 
100  50
Vth  4V
Rth  50 ||100  33.33 kΩ
KVL : 4  I B (33.33K )  0.7  (1  ) I B 1k  0
3.3
IB   24.56 A
33.33k  101k
IC  I B  100  24.56 106
IC  2.46mA
I E  1    I B  2.47 mA
KVL : 12  (2K ) IC  VCE  I E RE  0
12  2K  IC  VCE  I E 1k
VCE  12  (2k )(2.46m)  (2.47 m)(1k )
VCE  12  7.39  4.61V
VCE  4.61V
Question 43 [MSQ] [Mathematics : Maxima Minima]
Let f (t ) be a real-valued function whose second derivative is positive for   t   . Which of the
following is/are always true ? (2 Marks)
(A) f (t ) has at least one local minimum
(B) f (t ) cannot have two distinct local minima
(C) f (t ) has at least one local maximum
PAGE
45
(D) The minimum value of f (t ) cannot be negative

Ans. (B)
Sol. Given : f  t  is a real value function whose second derivative is positive for   t   .
Suppose f  t 
Absolute maxima (Global maximum) (Also a local maxima)
From option (A) :

This is correct statement. f  t  has at least one local minimum.
From option (B) :
This is wrong statement. Because f  t  can have two distinct local minima.
From option (C) :
This is wrong statement. Because according to question second derivative is positive for   t   .
Therefore, there will not be local maxima.
 Key Point
The stationary points for finding the extreme value of a function f (t ) are given by f '(t )  0
  condition for maxima : f ''  t   0
  condition for minima : f ''  t   0

From option (D) :
This is wrong statement. The minimum value of f  t  can be negative. Hence the correct option is
(B).
Question 44 [MSQ] [Mathematics : Limit Series]

Consider the function f (t )  max  0, t   for   t   , where max  a, b  denotes the maximum of a
2
and b. Which of the following statements is/are true ? (2 Marks)

(A) f (t ) is not differentiable
PAGE
46
(B) f (t ) is differentiable and its derivative is continuous

(C) f (t ) is differentiable but its derivative is not continuous
(D) f (t ) and its derivative are differentiable
Ans. (B)
Given : f  t    max  0, t   For,   t  
2
Sol.
t 2 t  0
f t    
 0 t  0
(i) f t   t 2
f (t )  t 2
t
0
(ii) f '  t   2t
f '(t )
t
0
 f '  t  exists. But this is not differentiable.
 f ''  t  does not exist.
 f  t  is differentiable.
 f (t ) is differentiable and f '(t ) is continuous. But f "(t ) is not continuous.
Question 45 [MSQ] [Mathematics : Differential Equation]
Which of the following differential equations is/are nonlinear ? (2 Marks)
PAGE
47
dx(t ) 2 t
(A) tx  t   t e , x(0)  0
dt
1 t dx(t )
(B) e  x(t )  0, x(0)  0
2 dt
dx(t )
(C) x  t  cos t  sin t  1, x(0)  0
dt
 dx ( t ) 
 
(D) x t   e  dt 
 1, x(0)  0
Ans. (B, D)
Sol.
 Key Point
A differential equation is non-linear differential equation if :
(1) Its degree is more than one.
(2) Any one of differential coefficients has order more than one.
(3) Products containing dependent variable and its differential coefficient are present.
For linear DE :
d n x(t ) d n 1 x(t ) dx(t )
P0 n
 P1 n 1
 .......Pn 1  Pn x(t )  Q
dt dt dt
Condition for linear DE :
(1) P0 , P1 ,......Pn and Q are either constant or functions of independent variable t.
(2) The function x(t ) and its derivatives occurs in the equation up to the first degree only.
(3) No product of x(t ) and/or any of its derivatives are present.
(4) No transcendental functions – (Trigonometric or logarithmic etc.) of x or any of its derivatives
occur.
From option (A) :

dx(t ) 2 t
tx(t )  t e x(0)  0
dt
dx  t 
 tx  t    t 2 et x 0  0
dt
This is a linear differential equation because it satisfies all the conditions of Linear differential equation.
From option (B) :
1 t dx(t )
e  x t  0
2 dt
This is non linear differential equation because of the presence of product of dependent variable and its
derivative.
PAGE
48
From option (C) :

dx  t 
x  t  cos t  sin t  1 x 0  0
dt
This is a linear differential equation because it satisfies all the conditions of Linear differential equation.
From option (D) :
 dx  t  
 
x t   e  dt 
1
2 3
 dx   dx   dx 
 dx       
 1           .......
  dt dt dt
 dt 
e
1 2 3
This is a non linear differential equation because of the presence of derivative of transcendental function
of independent variable x.
Hence, the correct options are (B) and (D).
Question 46 [MSQ] [Electrical Machine : Synchronous Machine]
For a two-phase network, the phase voltages Vp and Vq are to be expressed in terms of sequence voltages
V  V 
V and V as  p   S    . The possible option(s) for matrix S is/are :
V V  q    
1 1  1 1
(A) 1 1 (B) 1 1
   
1 1   1 1
(C) 1 0  (D)  1 1
   
Ans. (A, D)
Question 47 [MSQ]
Which of the following options is/are correct for the Automatic Generation Control (AGC) and
Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) installed with synchronous generators ?
(A) AGC response has a local effect on frequency while AVR response has a global effect on voltage.
(B) AGC response has a global effect on frequency while AVR response has a local effect on voltage.
(C) AGC regulates the field current of the synchronous generator while AVR regulates the generator’s
mechanical power input.
(D) AGC regulates the generator’s mechanical power input while AVR regulates the field current of
the synchronous generator.
Ans. (B, D)
Question 48 [Network Theory : Two Port Network]
PAGE
49
Two passive two-part networks P and Q are connected as shown in the figure. The impedance matrix of
 40  60    5S 2.5 S 
network P is Z P    . The admittance matrix of network Q is YQ  
1 S 
. Let
80  100    2.5 S
  
the ABCD matrix of the two-part network R in the figure be   . The value of  in  is _______
  
(Rounded off to 2 decimal places).
Ans. – 9.90 to – 19.70

Sol. Given Z parameter matrix of network P is
 40  60  
ZP   
80  100  
And the admittance matrix of network Q is
 5s 2.5s 
YQ  
 2.5s 1s 
Given circuit is shown below
In case of cascade connection of two - port network individual ABCD parameter are multiplied.
Standard z- parameter equation :
V1  Z11I1  Z12 I 2
V2  Z21I1  Z22 I 2
Standard ABCD parameter equation
V1  AV2  BI 2
I1  CV2  DI 2
Now according to question
V1  40I1  60I 2 …(i)
V2  80I1  100I 2 …(ii)
From equation (ii)
PAGE
50
80I1  V2 100I 2
V2 100
I1   I2 …(iii)
80 80
Put the value of I1 in equation (i)
 V 100 
V1  40  2  I 2   60 I 2
 80 80 
V2
V1   50 I 2  60 I 2
2
V2
V1   10 I 2
2
V
V1  2  (10) I 2 …(iv)
2
From equation (iii) and (iv)
1 
 10 
 A B  2
C D    1 100 
 P  
 80 80 
Now,
Standard Y - parameter equation
I1  Y11 V1  Y12 V2
I 2  Y21 V1  Y22 V2
According to question Y – Parameter equation :
I1  5V1  2.5V2 …(v)
I 2  2.5V1  V2 …(vi)
From equation (vi) :
2.5V1  V2  I 2
V2 I
V1   2 …(vii)
2.5 2.5
Put the value of V1 in equation 5
V I 
I1  5  2  2   2.5V2
 2.5 2.5 
5 5
I1  V2  2.5V2  I2
2.5 2.5
PAGE
51
 5 
I1  V2  2    2I2
 2.5 
 1
I1     V2  2 I 2 ….(viii)
 2
From equation (vii) and (viii)
 1 1 
A B  2.5 2.5 
C D    
  Q   1  2 
 2  
A B A B A B
C D   C D  C D 
   P  Q
1  2 2
2 10  
5 5
  
1 10   1
 2
 80 8   2 
 1 2 1 1 2  
    10      20  
A B   2 5 2 2 5  
C D   
   2  1  10  1   1  2  10  2  
   
 5 80 8 2   80 5 8 
 1  1  
   5    20  
 A B   5  5  
C D   
  1  1 10  
   
 200  200 4  
 5.2 19.8 
 
0.005 2.495
After comparing
  5.2
  19.8 
  0.005
  2.495
Question 49 [Network Theory : Magnetic Coupled circuit]
For the circuit shown in the figure, the source frequency is 5000 rad/sec. the mutual inductance between
the magnetically coupled inductors is 5 mH with their self inductances being 125 mH and 1 mH. The
venin’s impedence, Z th, between the terminals P and Q in  is ___________ (rounded off to 2 decimal
places).
PAGE
52
Ans. 5.32 to 5.34

Sol. Given Circuit is shown below.
Source frequency  5000 rad/sec

Important points to Remember :
() Magnetic aiding :
M
i1 i2 L1  M L2  M
   
L1 L2 i1 i2
V1 V2 V1 M V2
   
() Magnetic opposition :
Step 1 :- Convert are the values of inductor and capacitor into ohmic value.
 X L1  jL1  j 5000 120 103

PAGE
53
X L1  j 600 Ω
 X L2  jL2  j 5000  (4) 103

X L2   j 20 Ω
 X m  jM  j (5000) (5) 103
X m  j 25 Ω
j j
 Xc  
c (5000) (50) 106
Xc   j4 Ω
4 2 j 600 
P
4 j 25   j 24 
X eq
  j 25  j 24 
X eq  j 600   
  j 24  j 25 
600
X eq  j 600  0Ω
j
j j
XC  
c 5000  50 106
X C   j 4
Now,
PAGE
54
 4 2 
ZTh  4   
 6 
8 24  8
ZTh  4  
6 6
32
ZTh   5.33 
6
Question 50 [Measurement : Watt Meter]
In the circuit shown, Z1  50  900  and Z 2  200  300  . It is supplied by a three phase 400 V
source with the phase sequence being R - Y - B . Assume the watt meters W1 and W2 to be ideal. The
magnitude of the difference between the readings of W1 and W2 in watts is ________ (rounded off to 2
decimal places).
Ans. 692 to 693

Sol. Given :
(i) Z1  50  900 
(ii) Z 2  200  300 
(iii) Line Voltage = 400 V
(iv) Assume the wattmeter 𝑊1 and 𝑊2 to be Ideal.
Given circuit is shown below:
cc W1 I L
R   1
pc
  I1 I2
400 V z1 z2
pc
B   Y
B
cc I2
Y  
W2
Highly resistive
PAGE
55
VRY  40000
VYB  400 1200
VBR  400  2400 [∴ According to given phase sequence]
Phasor diagram : (𝑅 − 𝑌 − 𝐵 phase sequence)
VBR  400  2400
V BR  V L   2400
1200 VRY  V L 00

0
60
1200
VYB  VL   120
0
VBR  VRB  V L   60 0
∴ 𝑉𝐵𝑅 = 𝑉𝐵𝑁 − 𝑉𝑅𝑁

−𝑉𝐵𝑅 = 𝑉𝑅𝑁 − 𝑉𝐵𝑁 = 𝑉𝑅𝐵
[−𝑉𝐵𝑅 = 𝑉𝑅𝐵 ]
From Circuit diagram:
VRB 400  600
I1    8300 Amp
Z1 50  900
VRY 40000
I2    2300 Amp
Z 2 200  300
Wattmeter ( W1 ) Reading:

W1  VRB I L1 cos VRB and I L1 
I L1  I1  I 2
 8300  2300
I L1  10300 Amp
𝑊1 = 400 × 10cos(θ𝑣 − θ𝑖 )
𝑊1 = 400 × 10 × cos(−60 − 300 )
𝑊1 = 400 × 10cos(900 ) = 0 Watt
Wattmeter ( W2 ) Reading:
𝑊2 = 𝑉𝑌𝐵 𝐼2 cos(  𝑉𝑌𝐵 and 𝐼2 )
𝑊2 = 400 × 2 cos(−120 − 300 )
PAGE
56
𝑊1 = 800 cos(1500 ) = (−800) cos(300 )

√3
𝑊1 = −800 ( ) = − 692.82 Watt
2
The magnitude of the difference between the readings of 𝑊1 and 𝑊2 in watts
|𝑤1 − 𝑤2 | = |0 − (−692.82)|
|𝑤1 − 𝑤2 | = 692.82 watts
Hence the correct answer is 692.82.

Question 51 [EMT : Electrostatic]
In the ( x, y, z ) coordinate system, three point-charges Q, Q, and Q are located in free space at
 1, 0, 0  , (1, 0, 0), and (0, 1, 0) , respectively. The value of  for the electric field to be zero at (0,0.5,0)
is ________ (rounded off to 1 decimal place).
Ans. – 1.7 to – 1.5
Sol.
From the figure,

Enet  E1 y  E2 y  E Q 0 [as per question]
Here, E1 y  E2 y  E Q (say)
 Enet  2 E Q  2E Q 0
kQ 1
Now, E  sin aˆ y ; k
4 0
Q 2
 1  0.52 
 
kQ 0.5
E Q   aˆ y  0.357 kQaˆ y
1.25 1  0.52
PAGE
57
k  Q 
Also, E  aˆ y  0.444k  Q  aˆ y
1.5 
Q 2
Hence, Enet  2  0.357 kQaˆ y  0.444k  Q  aˆ y  0

0.715kQ  0.444k  Q 
0.715
  1.61
0.444
   1.61
Question 52
The given equation represents a magnetic field strength H  r , ,   in the spherical coordinate system, in
free space. Here, r̂ and ̂ represent the unit vectors along r and  , respectively. The value of P in
the equation should be __________ (rounded off to the nearest integer).
H  r , ,   
1
r3

ˆ cos   ˆ sin 
rP 
Ans. 2 to 2
If the energy of a continuous-time signal x(t ) is E and the energy of the signal 2 x  2t  1 is cE , then
c is _______ (rounded off to 1 decimal place).
Ans. 2.0 to 2.0
Sol. It the Energy of a Continuous time signal x(t ) is E.
(i) x(t ) 
 Energy( E)
E
(ii) x(at) a 0 

a
k 2E
(iii) kx(at) 

a
(iv) x(t  t0 ) 
E
Now According to Given signal:
2 x(2t 1) 
 CE …(i)
x(t 1) 
E
E E
x(2t  1) 
 
2 2
E
2 x(2t  1) 
 (2) 2  2E …(ii)
2
After comparing we get
PAGE
58
C=2
Hence the Correct Answer is (2)
Question 54 [Electrical Machine : Induction Machine]
A 3-phase star connected slip ring induction motor has the following parameters referred to the stator :
Rs  3 , X s  2 , X r'  2 , Rr'  2.5 
The per phase stator to rotor effective turns ratio is 3:1 . The rotor winding is also star connected. The
magnetizing reactance and core loss of the motor can be neglected. To have maximum torque at starting,
the value of the extra resistance in ohms (effective to the rotor side) to be connected in series with each
phase of the rotor winding is _______ (rounded off to 2 decimal places).
Ans. 0.26 to 0.29
Sol. A 3-phase star connected slip ring Induction Motor.
(i) Rs  3 , Xs  2
(ii) X r'  2 , Rr'  2.5 
(iii) The per phase stator to rotor effective turns ratio is 3: 1
(iv) The magnetizing reactance and core Loss of the Motor can be neglected.
Exact Equivalent circuit referred to stator side.
I1 R1 jX1 I2' jX 2' R2'
I0
Ic X
X 1 
V1 Rc R2'   1
s 
Mechanical
equivalent
load
resistance
 IEEE Approved (Steinmetz model]
R2'
I1 R1 jX1 I2' jX 2' s
I0
V1 jX 
Now, according to question :

 Magnetizing reactance can be neglected.
Redraw above circuit diagram :
PAGE
59
I2' R1 jX1 jX 2
R2'
V1
s
Condition for the maximum Torque:

R2'
  R1    x1  x2   9  16
2 2
s
R2'
 25  5
s
R2'
5 …. (i)
s
 Key Point
1. At No Load, the rotor speed is very close to the Synchronous speed. So the slip. In this case is very
less (or) near zero
𝑠≈0
𝑁𝑠 −𝑁𝑟
2. Slip(𝑠) =
𝑁𝑠
3. As load Increase the rotor speed decrease and increasing the slip.
4. Slip of an induction motor is 1 at the start and it decrease as rotor gaining speed.
5. In the case of slip ring induction motor the rotor resistance is increased by the addition of external
resistance. This External resistance makes the rotor circuit current ( I 2 ) Low. Hence by increasing
the rotor resistance we can improve the starting. Torque of the wound rotor induction Motor
(SRIM).
6. In squirrel cage type. External resistance addition is not possible.
From equation (i)
R2'  Rext
5
S
To Have maximum Torque at starting
𝑆=1
𝑅2′ + 𝑅ext = 5
𝑅ext = (5 − 2.5)
𝑅ext = 2.5 Ω
1 2
Rext Referred to rotor side is = ( ) Rest
3
PAGE
60
1
= × 2.5 = 0.277Ω
9
Hence the correct answer is (0.277).
Question 55 [Electrical Machine : DC Machine]
A 5 kW, 220 V DC shunt motor has 0.5 armature resistance including brushes. The motor draws a no-
load current of 3 A. The field current is constant at 1 A. assuming that the core and rotational losses are
constant and independent of the load, the current (in amperes) drawn by the motor while delivering the
rated load, for the best possible efficiency, is _______ (rounded off to 2 decimal places).
Ans. 27.19 to 27.39
Sol. Given :
(i) Vt  220 V
(ii) Ra  0.5 
(iii) Field current  I sn   1A

(iv) Output power  5kW
(v) Assuming that the core and rotational losses are constant and independent of the load.
(vi) I L  No  Load   3A
1A IL +
Ra  0.5 
Ia
Rs h Vt  220V
Eb
Case 1 : At no load :
Eb1  Vt  I a Ra
Eb1  220   3  1 0.5

Eb1  219 Volt
No load power developed = Mechanical loss
 Eb1 I a
 219  2  438W
Case 2 : At rated load :
Given :
Pout  5kW
Mechanical power developed = Net mechanical power output + Mechanical losses
PAGE
61
in armature   Eb I a 
Eb2 I a2  5000  438  5438 W
V  I a2 
Ra I a2  5438
VI a2  I a22 Ra  5438
 0.5 I a2   220  I a
2 2
 5438  0
I a2  26.28 Amp
Current drawn by motor
I L  I a2  I sh
I L  26.28  1
I L  27.28Amp
Hence the correct Answer is (27.28)
Question 56 [Power System : PSM Stability]
The signal line diagram of a lossless system is shown in the figure. The system is operating in steady-
state at a stable equilibrium point with the power output of the generator being Pmax sin  , where  is the
load angle and the mechanical power input is 0.5Pmax . A fault occurs on line 2 such that the power output
of the generator is less than 0.5Pmax during the fault. After the fault is cleared by opening line 2, the power
output of the generator is P max 
/ 2 sin  . If the critical fault clearing angle is  / 2 radians, the
accelerating area on the power angle curve is ________ times Pmax (rounded off t 2 decimal places).
Ans. 0.10 to 0.12

Sol. Given:
(i) Power System Network :
(ii) The mechnical input power = 0.5 𝑃max

PAGE
62
Pe  Pmax sin 
Pe
Pmax
Pmax
2
0.5Pmax

1 c 2
𝑃max
𝑃𝑒 = sin 𝛿1
√2
𝑃max
0.5 𝑃max = sin 𝛿1
√2
0.5𝑃max
𝛿1 = sin−1 ( 𝑃 )
max
√2
𝛿1 = sin−1 (0.5 × √2)

𝛿1 = sin−1 (0.707)
𝛿1 = 450
Now
𝛿2 = 1800 − 𝛿1 = 180 − 45
𝛿2 = 1350
For critical condition:
Accelerating Area = Deaccelerating Area
𝐴1 = 𝐴2
135∘ 𝑃max
= ∫90∘ ( sin 𝛿 − 0.5𝑃max ) 𝑑𝛿
√2
1 135∘
= 𝑃max [ (−cos 𝛿) − 0.5(𝛿)]
√2 90∘
1 𝜋
= 𝑃max [ (cos(135)) − 0.5(135 − 90) ]
√2 180
= 0.107𝑃max
Hence, the correct answer is 0.107.
Question 57 [Control System : Root Locus]
Consider the closed-loop system shown in the figure with
PAGE
63
K  s 2  2s  2 
G( s) 
s 2
 2s  5 
The root locus for the closed-loop system is to be drawn for 0  K   . The angle of departure (between
00 and 3600 ) of the root locus branch drawn from the pole  1  j 2  , in degrees, is _________ (rounded
off to the nearest integer).
Ans. 4 to 8
k  s 2  2s  2 
Sol. Given : G ( s) 
s 2
 2s  5
(i) Number of poles and zeros :
Number of zeros = 2
Number of poles = 2
(ii) Location of poles and zeros :
2 48
Location of zeros s 
2
2  2i
 1  i 
s
2
Location of poles
2  4  20
s
2
2  4i
s   1  2i 
2
(iii) Pole-zero diagram :
PAGE
64
j
 j2
 j1

1 1
 j1
 j2
(iv) No. of poles = No. of zeros.

P  Z (Improper Transfer Function)
(v) Number of root locus branch :
B  P  Z (If P = Z)
Note : Number of root locus branch
 max  P, Z 
(vi) Number of asymptotes :
A  0 (If P = Z)
(vii) Angle of asymptotes :
For P  Z . There are no asymptotes.
(viii) Centroid    : For P  Z ,
There are no centroid.
(ix) Angle of departure : Angle of departure is valid for complex conjugate poles.
Angle of departure
  d  180  
where
    p   z
  p  is the sum of all angles contributed by remaining poles.
 z  is the sum of all angles contributed by all the zeros.
PAGE
65
j
1  j 2  j2  z1

1 1
0 z 2
90
 j1
  p  90
0
1
 z1  180  tan 1    153.440
2
3
 z2  180  tan 1    123.7 0
2
 z  153.44  123.7
0 0
 z  277.14
0
    p   z
  900  277.140
  187.140
Angle of departure
d  180  
d  180   187.140 
d  1 j 2  367.140 (or) 7.140

Hence the correct answer is 7.
Question 58 [Control System : Bode Plot]
Consider the stable closed-loop system shown in the figure. The asymptotic Bode magnitude plot of G(s)
has a constant slope of 20 dB / decade at least till 100 rad / sec with the gain crossover frequency being
10 rad / sec . The asymptotic Bode phase plot remains constant at 900 at least till   10 rad / sec . The
steady-state error of the closed-loop system for a unit ramp input is _________ (rounded off to 2 decimal
places).
PAGE
66
Ans. 0.09 to 0.11

Sol. Given : Initial slope = – 20 dB/dec
: Method 1 :
1
• 𝑅(𝑠) =
𝑠2
R( s)  C (s)
 G(s)
According to Question:
G( j ) H ( j ) dB
20 gc, Gain cross

over frequency
0dB  (rad/ sec)

1 10
The Initial slope is (−20 dB/dec) and this corresponds to a factor 𝑆 in the denominator of transfer
function (one pole at origin)
k
Open Lop Transfer function 
s
20 log10 𝑘 − 20log10 (1) = 20
20 log10 𝑘 = 20
log10 𝑘 = 1
𝑘 = 10
• Steady state Error of the closed loop system for a unit ramp input.
sR ( s )
ess  lim
s  0 1  G ( s) H ( s)
1
s
ess  lim s2
s 0 k
1
s
PAGE
67
1 1
ess    0.1
k 10
Hence, the correct answer is 0.1.
 Key Point
Calculation of error coefficient using bode plot :
Error coefficient method is used to determine the steady state furor of CLTF by using OLTF.
(i) For Type -1 System.
Initial slope for Type -1 System is −20 dB/dec
This slope will intersect 0 dB line at
𝜔 = 𝑘 = 𝑘𝑣
(ii) For Type - 2 System.
Initial slope for Type -2 system is − 40 dB/dec
𝜔 = √𝑘
𝑘 = 𝑘𝑎 = (𝜔)2
(iii) For Type - 𝑛 system.
𝑛 dB
Initial slope for Type - n system is – 20
dec
1
𝜔 = (𝑘)𝑛
(iv) When 𝑛 Number zeros present at origin.
dB
Initial slope for n number of zeros is 20 n
dec
1
1
 1 n
  k 

n  k  
 
: Method 2 :
Initial slope is (− 𝟐𝟎 𝐝𝐁/𝐝𝐞𝐂). It Means that there is one pole at origin.
G( j) dB
20dB/dec
 k
Fig. Type -1 System.
PAGE
68
𝜔 = 𝜔𝑔𝑐 = 10rad/sec = 𝑘𝑣
𝑘 = 𝑘𝑣 = 10
Steady state error for Type - 1 System for unit ramp input.
1 1
𝑒𝑠𝑠 = = = 0.1
𝑘𝑣 10
Question 59 [Control System : Frequency Response]

Consider the stable closed-loop system shown in the figure. The magnitude and phase values of the
frequency response of G(s) are given in the table. The value of gain K1   0  for a 500 phase margin is
_______ (rounded off to 2 decimal places).
 in rad/sec Magnitude in dB Phase in degrees
0.5 –7 –40
1.0 –10 –80
2.0 –18 –130
10.0 –40 –200
R(s)  KI C (s)
G(s)
 s
Ans. 1.11 to 1.13

Sol. Given :
 in rad/sec Magnitude in dB Phase in degrees

0.5 –7 –40
1.0 –10 –80
2.0 –18 –130
10.0 –40 –200
R(s)  KI C (s)
G(s)
 s
𝐾
Open loop Transfer = ( 𝐼 ) 𝐺(𝑠)
𝑆
𝑘𝐼
𝐺 ′ (𝑠) = ( ) 𝐺(𝑠)
𝑠
PAGE
69
Put 𝑆 = 𝑗𝜔
𝑘𝐼
𝐺 ′ (𝑗𝜔) = 𝐺(𝑗𝜔)
𝑗𝜔
Phase margin is given by.
PM  1800 G '  jgc 
500  1800    900  G  jgc  
G  jgc    400
Magnitude at gain cross over frequency is given by
|𝐺(𝑗𝜔𝑔𝑐 )𝐻(𝑗𝜔𝑔𝐶 )| = 1
Or
20 log|𝐺(𝑗𝜔𝑔𝑐 )𝐻(𝑗𝜔𝑔𝑙 )| = 0 dB
From given table we can write gain cross over frequency.
𝜔𝑔𝐶 = 0.5 rad/sec
20 log|𝐺 ′ (𝑗𝜔𝑐 )| = 0 dB
Or
|𝐺 ′ (𝑗𝜔𝑐 )| = 1 … (i)
𝑘
| 𝐼 | |𝐺(𝑗𝜔𝐶 )| = 1
𝜔
20log|𝐺(𝑗𝜔𝑔 )| = −7
log10 |𝐺(𝑗𝜔𝑔𝑐 )| = (−0.35)
|𝐺(𝑗𝜔𝑔𝑐 )| = 0.447
From equation (i)

𝑘
| 𝐼 | (0.447) = 1
0.5
𝑘𝐼 = 1.12
Question 60 [Analog Electronics : Diode Family]

In the given circuit, the diodes are ideal. The current l through the diode D1 in miliamperes is ________
(rounded off to 2 decimal places).
PAGE
70
Ans. 1.64 to 1.70

Case 1 :
(i) Assume both diodes D1 and D2 are ON.
(ii) For both diode to be ON. I D1 and I D2 should be greater than zero from p to n.
Applying nodal analysis at node x.

Vx  10 Vx Vx  3
  0
1kΩ 1kΩ 1kΩ
3Vx  13  0
PAGE
71
13
Vx   4.33 volt
3
Current flowing diode D2 is I D2 .
Vx  3 4.33  3
I D2  
1 kΩ 1 kΩ
I D2  1.33mA
3
Current  I 3    3 mA
1 k
Applying KCL :
I D2  I D1  3mA
I D1  I   3mA  1.33mA 
I D1  I  1.67 mA
Since I D1 and I D2 are greater than zero. Our whole assumption is correct.
Question 61 [Analog Electronics : OP-Amp]
A difference amplifier is shown in the figure. Assume the op-amp to be ideal. The CMRR (in dB) of
the difference amplifier is ________ (rounded off to 2 decimal places).
10.5k 101k

Vin1
 –
9.5 k + 
V0
 
Vin2 101.5k

Ans. 39.50 to 41.50

Sol. Given Circuit is shown below.
PAGE
72
10.5k 101k

Vin1
 –
9.5 k + 
V0
 
Vin2 101.5k

Redraw above Circuit diagram:

101k
10.5k –
Vin1
9.5k +
V0
Vin2
101.5 k
Fig. Difference Amplifier

Output voltage
 R4   R1  R2   R2 
V0  V2     V1  
 R3  R4   R1   R1 
 101.5  101  10.5   101 
V0     V2  V1  
 101.5  9.5  10.5   10.5 
V0  9.71Vin2  9.619Vin1
A1 A2
Common mode rejection ratio (CMRR)

Ad
CMRR
Ac
Where :
Ad  Differential mode gain
Ac  Common mode gain
Differential Mode gain is given by.
A1  A2 9.71  (9.619)
ADM  
2 2
ADM  9.6645
Common mode gain is given by
ACM  A1  A2
PAGE
73
= 9.71 – 9.619
ACM  0.091
9.6645
CMPR 
0.091
 106.2
CMRR (In dB) = 20 log (106 .2)
CMRR (In dB) = 40.52dB
Hence the correct Answer is 40.52dB
Question 62 [Power Electronics : 1-Reactifier]
A single-phase half-controlled bridge converter supplies an inductive load with ripple free load current.
The triggering angle of the converter is 600 . The ratio of the rms value of the fundamental component of
the input current to the rms value of the total input current of the bridge is ________ (rounded off to 3
decimal places).
Ans. 0.940 to 0.970
Sol. Given :
(i) A Half - controlled single phase converter.
(ii) Firing angle = 600 .
(iii) Inductive load with ripple free load current.
 1 2    
T1 T2
Vdc Idc
Vac
NHC PHC
D2 D1
The current source is constant and unidirectional. This implies highly inductive load.
waveform :
PAGE
74
Vs
Vm
t
    2
V0
Vm sin 
0 t
    2
i0 (Load current)
I0
t
I s (Source current)
I0
  2 t
 
• Average value of source current

𝑖𝑠( avg ) = 0 [From the waveform]
• Rms value of source current.
(𝜋−𝛼)
𝐼𝑆(𝑅𝑚𝑠) = 𝐼0 √
(𝜋+𝛼)−𝛼
(𝜋−𝛼)
𝐼𝑆(𝑅𝑚𝑠) = 𝐼0 √ [From the waveform]
𝜋
• Quasi-square waveform
PAGE
75
is
I0
  2
0  t
 2   3
I 0
Fourier series representation:

∞
4𝐼0 𝑛𝛼 𝑛𝛼
𝑖𝑠 (𝑡) = ∑ cos ( ) sin (𝑛 𝜔𝑡 − )
𝑛𝜋 2 2
𝑛=1,3,5
Rms Value of 𝑛th Harmonic of 𝑖𝑠 (𝑡)

𝑐𝑛 2√2 𝑛𝛼
𝐼𝑠𝛾𝑛 = = 𝐼 cos ( )
√2 𝑛𝜋 0 2
Rms value of fundamental Harmonic of 𝑖𝑠 (𝑡).
2√2 𝛼
𝐼𝑠𝑟1 = cos ( ) 𝐼0
𝜋 2
Input current distortion factor (CDF):
2√2 𝛼
𝐼𝑠𝑟1 𝐼 cos( 2 )
𝜋 0
𝐶𝐷𝐹 = =
𝐼𝑠𝑟 (𝜋−𝛼)
𝐼0 √ 𝜋
𝛼
2√2 cos( 2 ) 2√2 cos 300
𝐶𝐷𝐹 = 𝜋−𝛼
= 𝜋
𝜋√( 𝜋 ) 𝜋√1−3𝜋
2√2(0.866) 2√3(0.866)
𝐶𝐷𝐹 = =
2 𝜋
𝜋√3
𝐶𝐷𝐹 = 0.955
Hence the correct answer is 0.955
Question 63 [Power Electronics : Inverter]
A single-phase bridge voltage source inverter (VSI) feeds a purely inductive load. The inverter output
voltage is a square wave in 1800 conduction mode. The fundamental frequency of the output voltage is
50 Hz. If the DC input voltage of the inverter is 100 V and the value of the load inductance is 20 mH,
the peak-to-peak load current in amperes is _____ (rounded off to the nearest integer).
Ans. 50 to 50
Sol. Given :
(i) Input voltage = 100 V
(ii) Load inductance = 20 mH
(iii) Fundamental frequency of the output voltage is = 50 Hz
is = 5O HZ:
PAGE
76
(iv) A single phase bridge voltage source inverter (VSI) feeds a purely inductive load.
D1 T3 D3
T1
 V0
Vs  
 I0 L
D4 T2 D2
T4
L-Load : I 0 is triangular and symmetric about time - axis and feedback diodes and switches conducts
𝑇
for equal duration i.e .
4
Output voltage wave form :

0 < 𝑡 < 𝑇/2
𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉0 = 𝑉𝑆
Let us assume V0 and I 0 as given in the figure.
V0
Vs
0 t
T T
2
Vs
I0
Ip
0 t
T1 D3
I p D1 T2 D4 T3
T4
D2
Mode : 0 < 𝑡 < 𝑇/2

𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉0 = 𝑉𝑆
𝐿[𝐼𝑝 −(−𝐼𝑝 )]
𝑇 = 𝑉𝑆
(2)
𝐿(2𝐼𝑝 )
𝑇 = 𝑉𝑠
(2)
𝑉 𝑇
2𝐼𝑝 = ( 𝑠) ( )
𝐿 2
PAGE
77
𝑉 𝑇 𝑉 1
𝐼𝑝 = ( 𝑠 ) ( ) = ( 𝑠 ) ( )
𝐿 4 𝐿 4𝑓
100 1
𝐼𝑝 = ( )
20×10−3 4×50
𝐼𝑝 = 25 Amp.
2𝐼𝑝 (peak to peak Load current) = 50 Amp
Hence the correct answer is 50.
 Key Point
(i) R-Load: Output voltage and output current are of square wave.
(ii) L-Load : Output voltage is a square wave but output current is a triangular wave and output current
lags output Voltage by 900 .
(iii) For Any load in VSI. The output voltage is always
Question 64 [Power Electronics : Chopper]

In the DC-DC converter shown in the figure, the current through the inductor is continuous. The switching
frequency is 500 Hz. The voltage V0  across the load is assumed to be constant and ripple free. The
peak inductor current in amperes is ______ (rounded off to the nearest integer).
Ans. 13 to 13
Sol. Given :
VS  20 V
L  2 mH
V0  40 V
f  500 Hz
R  10 
For Boost Converter Average Value of Output Voltage
VS
V0 
(1  )
20 1
(1  )  
40 2
1
  0.5
2
PAGE
78
Inductor current waveform :

IL
IL
I L (max)
2
I L (avg)
I L (min)
t
TON T
Mode 1 : 0  t  TON
Switch-ON and Diode-OFF
VL  VS
LdI L
 VS
dt
L( I max  I min )
 VS
dt
V
I L  S TON
L
VS
I L 
fL
0.5  20 1000
I L 
500  2
I L  10 Amp
From Inductor Current Waveform :
I L  I L (max)  I L (min) … (1)
I L (max)  I L (min)
I L ( avg ) 
2
2I L ( avg )  I L (max)  I L (min) … (2)
From equation (1) and (2)
I L  2 I L ( avg )  2 I L (max)
I L
I L (max)  I L ( avg )  … (3)
2
I L
I L (min)  I L ( avg )  … (4)
2
Now for I L ( avg ) : In case of Boost Converter :
PAGE
79
Mode 1 : 0  t  TON
IC  I 0  0
IC  I 0 … (5)
Mode 2 : TON  t  T
I L  IC  I 0
IC  I L  I 0 … (6)
Average Inductor Current :
() Use Ampere-Sec balance Across C
 I C dt  0
T 
(I0 )TON  ( I L  I0 )TOFF  0

( I L  I0 ) TOFF  I0 TON
( I L  I0 ) (1  ) T  I0  T

(I L  I0 )  I0
(1  )

I L ( avg )  I0  I0
(1  )
I 0  I 0   I 0
I L ( avg ) 
(1  )
PAGE
80
I0
I L ( avg ) 
1 
When Diode is ON. During TON  t  T . Inductor current goes to L.
I L TOFF I L (1  ) T
I0  
T T
I0
I L ( avg ) 
(1  )
Now,
V0 40
I L ( avg )  
R (1  ) 10  0.5
4
  8 Amp
0.5
I L ( avg )  8 Amp
The peak Inductor Current
I L
I L (max)  I L ( avg ) 
2
10
8
2
I L (max)  13 Amp
Question 65 [Power Electronics : Rectifier]
A single-phase full-controlled thyristor converter bridge is used for regenerative braking of a separately
excited DC motor with the following specifications :
Rated armature voltage 210 A
Rated armature current 10 A
Rated speed 1200 rpm
Armature resistance 1
Input to the converter 240 V at 50 Hz
bridge
The armature of the DC motor is fed from the full-
controlled bridge and the field current is kept constant.
Assume that the motor is running at 600 rpm and the armature terminals of the motor are suitably reversed
for regenerative braking. If the armature current of the motor is to be maintained at the rated value, the
triggering angle of the converter bridge in degrees should be ________ (rounded off to 2 decimal places).
Ans. 113.00 to 116.00
Sol. Given :
PAGE
81
(i) Rated armature voltage  210 A

(ii) Rated armature current  10A
(iii) Rated speed  1200rpm
(iv) Armature resistance  1
(v) Input to the converter bridge  240 V at 50 Hz
(vi) The armature of the DC motor is fed from the full-controlled bridge and the field current is kept
constant.
(vii) Assume that the motor is running at 600 rpm.
A
I0
1, 
240V, V0
50Hz  Eb
AA
P
AC DC
Motoring
Under rated operating conditions at the separately excited dc motor.
Vt  Ea  I a ra
Vt  Km wm  I a ra
 2N 
Vt  K m    I a ra
 60 
 2.1200 
210  K m    10 1
 60 
Km  1.59 v  s/rad (or) 1.59 N  m/A
AA
I0

1, 
240 V, V0
50 Hz
 Eb
A
P
AC DC
Inverter
Now according to question. Armature terminals reversed
Eb   Negative 
PAGE
82
V0  Vt  Eb  I a ra
2Vm
cos    Eb  I a ra


2 240 2  cos    1.59   2 600   10
 
  60 
216.0759cos   99.90  10
89.9
cos   
216.076
cos   0.416
  114.580


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PAGE

 “P” wants to sit at the table

Then, the ratio ( x  y ) : ( x  y ) is

CD  5 cm. BE  10 cm, AE  12 cm.

The length of BF (in cm) is

Checking from the options :

(ii) If the determinant A  0, then A is a non singular matrix

Question 12 [Network Theory : Basic of Network]

(C) 100 (D) Dependent on the value of 

Using nodal analysis :

(A) 1.25 (B) 0

For R-L Network :

Redraw (or) modify the network

(A)   Re(s)   (B) Re(s)  10

(ii) If b2 branch is removed :

(iii) If b3 branch is removed :

(iv) If b4 branch is removed :

By opening branch b3 power loss is minimum.

From block diagram

C (s)  G(s)[C (s)  R(s)  C (s)]

(A) Settling time of system 1 is more than that of system 2.

having negative real parts.

Question 23 [Measurement : (CT/PT)]

(C) X matches with Q and R; Y matches with P and S.

 PQS  PQS  PQS  PQS

 PQ  R  R   S  S   PQS  R  R   PQRS  PQRS

F  P, Q, R, S   PQRS  PQRS  PQRS  PQRS  PQSR  PQSR  PQRS  PQRS

(A) 1010 (B) 1110

Truth table is shown below :

Hence the correct option is (B).

(1) If f ( z ) and g ( z ) are two analytic functions.

Question 31 [Mathematics : Limit Series]

of f ( z ) about the origin is _______ (rounded off to 1 decimal place). (1 Mark)

Question 33 [Signals & Systems : Fourier Transform]

et cos t  Even  Even = Even

Question 37 [Signals & Systems]

T x n  x 0  x 1  ...  x  n

T xn  x 0  12 x 1  ...  21 x n

Which of the following statements is true ?

T xn  x 0  12 x 1  ...  21 x n

For stability of discrete - Time System :

𝑥[𝑘] = 𝑢[𝑘] = Bounded Input

{𝑇, 𝑥}[𝑛]|𝑛=∞ = ∞ (System is BIBO stable)

Question 39 [Signals & Systems : Z-

(A) Y  z   X  z 2  Y  z    X  z 1/2   X   z 1/2  

Replace 𝑧 with (− √𝑧).

Question 41 [Power System : Power Flow]

From above diagram :

(A) 4.6V and 2.46 mA (B) 3.5V and 2.46 mA

(D) The minimum value of f (t ) cannot be negative

From option (A) :

  condition for minima : f ''  t   0

Question 44 [MSQ] [Mathematics : Limit Series]

and b. Which of the following statements is/are true ? (2 Marks)

(B) f (t ) is differentiable and its derivative is continuous

 f '  t  exists. But this is not differentiable.

 f ''  t  does not exist.

From option (A) :

From option (C) :