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    AY2425 T1 EoT CHM60A Formulae Sheet and Periodic Table

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    Natali

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    AY2425 T1 EoT CHM60A Formulae Sheet and Periodic Table

    Uploaded by

    Natali
    1 views3 pages

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    1 views3 pages

    AY2425 T1 EoT CHM60A Formulae Sheet and Periodic Table

    Uploaded by

    Natali

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    AP® CHEMISTRY EQUATIONS AND CONSTANTS

    UNIT SYMBOLS UNIT CONVERSIONS METRIC PREFIXES


    gram, g Factor Prefix Symbol
    mole, mol 1 hertz = 1 s−1
    109 giga G
    liter, L
    meter, m 1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr 106 mega M
    second, s
    103 kilo k
    hertz, Hz K = °C + 273.15
    atmosphere, atm 10−2 centi c
    millimeter of mercury, mm Hg 1 joule
    1 volt = 10−3 milli m
    degree Celsius, °C 1 coulomb
    kelvin, K
    1 coulomb 10−6 micro μ
    joule, J 1 ampere =
    1 second
    volt, V 10−9 nano n
    coulomb, C
    10−12 pico p
    ampere, A

    ATOMIC STRUCTURE E = energy


    E = hν ν = frequency
    λ = wavelength
    c = λν
    F = force
    q1q2 q = charge
    Fcoulombic ∝
    r2 r = separation
    Planck's constant, h = 6.626 × 10−34 J s
    Speed of light, c = 2.998 × 108 m s−1
    Avogadro's number = 6.022 × 1023 mol−1

    GASES, LIQUIDS, AND SOLUTIONS P= pressure


    V = volume
    PV PV
    1 1
    = 2 2 T = temperature
    T1 T2
    n= number of moles
    PV = nRT X = mole fraction
    moles A m= mass
    PA = Ptotal × X A , where X A = M = molar mass
    total moles
    D= density
    Ptotal = PA + PB + PC + ...
    KE = kinetic energy
    m v= velocity
    n=
    M M = molarity
    m A= absorbance
    D= ε = molar absorptivity
    V
    b= path length
    1 2
    KE = mv c= concentration
    2
    Gas constant, R = 8.314 J mol−1 K −1
    n
    M = solute = 0.08206 L atm K −1 mol−1
    L solution
    STP = 273.15 K and 1.0 atm
    A = ε bc Ideal gas at STP = 22.4 L mol−1
    KINETICS
    [A]t − [A]0 = − kt k = rate constant
    t = time
    ln[A]t − ln[A]0 = − kt
    t 1 = half-life
    2
    1 1
    − = kt
    [A]t [A]0
    0.693
    t1 =
    2 k

    EQUILIBRIUM
    [C]c [D]d
    Kc = , where a A + b B  c C + d D Equilibrium Constants
    [A]a [B]b
    Kc (molar concentrations)
    (PC )c (PD ) d
    Kp = Kp (gas pressures)
    (PA ) a (PB )b
    Kw (water)
    + − −14
    K w = [H 3O ][OH ] = 1.0 × 10 at 25°C Ka (acid)
    pK w = 14 = pH + pOH at 25°C Kb (base)

    pH = − log[H 3O+ ], pOH = − log[OH − ]

    [H 3O+ ][A − ] [OH − ][HB+ ]


    Ka = , Kb =
    [HA] [B]

    pK a = − log K a , pK b = − log K b

    K w = K a × Kb , pK w = pK a + pK b

    [A − ]
    pH = pK a + log
    [HA]

    THERMODYNAMICS/ELECTROCHEMISTRY
    q = heat
    q = mc∆T
    m = mass

    ∆H reaction = ∑ ∆H f products −∑ ∆H f reactants c = specific heat capacity
    T = temperature

    ∆Sreaction = ∑ S products −∑ Sreactants

    S° = standard entropy

    ∆Greaction = ∑ ∆G f −∑ ∆G f H° = standard enthalpy
    products reactants
    G° = standard Gibbs free energy
    ∆G ° = ∆H ° − T ∆S ° R = gas constant
    K = equilibrium constant
    = − RT ln K
    n = number of moles of electrons
    = −nFE ° E° = standard potential
    q I = current (amperes)
    I =
    t q = charge (coulombs)
     RT t = time (seconds)
    Ecell = Ecell − ln Q
    nF Q = reaction quotient
    Faraday's constant, F = 96, 485 coulombs / 1 mol e−

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