5.

Groph Theory

5.1. Introduction to raph

A1 Defini thon Asiple reph G V, Ef consist of V,a
non-empty
emply se ver tices and E, a set onordered paiS
dislinch elements of- v caled edges.

Ler
V a, b, c, d f

E (a,b),(a, c), (b, e), (c,d)

So, he raph ilf

a)
No loop
No mu hiple edges
No diractiom

Muti-avaph
bet" tuo nodes
Mu hiple edges
No loo
No cie chon

Psevdogreph/Unciecfed groph
- Auy Ithpe. odas
-Loop is alloded

No oirechon
 Thocled raph

Direcked oces
Loop alloaded
d Mu Hple edges

B) Basic Teri nology

Adhaceuh vertex or neiqhbovs

TOOverthces &v aye Called neighbors ar

Adhacon i they ConnecAed thve ugh an

edge

NEIGHBOR. (a) = } b,c?

NEIGHBOR(4)= {b?

Degree averlex
nomber - adges cohnecteed to a vertex.
The
e dogree oE
excep thaF a
Loof Coutrthutes tuwi cRto
loop
that vertey. That means, for a loop you have to count 2 degree

Loop
deg(a) = 2 4
) 2
deg () =

deg (c) =2
dag ( d ) 3

(o) 1
deg -

deg( ) - O
 O
lsolaled verlex Verlex d1h darek.
is an isolated verlex
In G ver lex
Pendent means hanging from above
Vertex h degva 1, also called and
Pencdent verex:
In G verBex e penden vertex.
ver tex.

yee o a vertex n a diected graph

number edges eouti into the verlex,V.

Indegyee
Notahon deg (v)
In (-), Out (+) Mnemonic: MIPO (Minus In Plus Out) => Miro (Rusev)
nuuber o edges tha are
goiu ouF
Outdogre
Hhe ver ex V.

Notation dea ()

Indeqvee Out degr

le(a) = 2 deg (o) =23
degt (6) = 1
deg ( ) 2
2
deq (e)= 1 deat (e) =

de C)2 let (A) =

2

deg(c) = 1 deg (e)= O

The handshaking theorem: Imagine a social gathering where people shake hands. The degree of a person (vertex) is the number of handshakes they make. The theorem says:

The total number of handshakes made by everyone (twice what each person does) is equal to the total number of handshakes that happen (number of edges).
In other words, for an undirected graph the sum of the degrees of all vertices is always twice the number of edges.

This might seem obvious for simple graphs, but it holds true for any complex undirected graph as well.

5.2. land shaking heorem

Lo,
Let = (v,E) be an Undiveched gvaph

deg(u) = 2x1E here E|= no.et edges

LAEV

And, for direc kd qraph

do u) = Z degt(u) = E
uEV UEV

V Examples

O Ho many edqes ave there an di veched groph

wihh en vertiag oach d 62
dgres 6?

Total number d degree = Ox6 = 60

2 xE = 60 ' l E =30

Asmple araph has 24 edges and dearea

eoch ver dex is 4. Find the no o verhces .

TEl= 24
deqvec. oeaeh vorlex = 4
vl ?
Using hanclshakiu +
v] 4 = 2x IE
v= 2x 24 = 12