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    Module 2.3

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    ayushpateriya37

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    Module 2.3

    Uploaded by

    ayushpateriya37
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    Module_2.3

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    4 views15 pages

    Module 2.3

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    of 15

    BASICS OF PHASORS

    1
    BASICS OF PHASORS
    A phasor is a complex number that represents the amplitude and phase
    of a sinusoid.

     Phasors provide a simple means of analysing linear circuits excited


    by sinusoidal sources

     A complex number z can be written in rectangular form as

    z  x  jy
    where j = √(−1), x is the real part of z, y is the imaginary part of z

    2
    BASICS OF PHASORS
     The complex number z can also be written in polar or exponential
    form as,
    z  r  re j
    Where, r is the magnitude of z, and ϕ is
    the phase of z
    z  x  jy, z  r
    Rectangular form Polar form
     The relationship between the
    rectangular form and the polar form
    is shown in Fig., Fig. Representation of a complex
    number
    3
    BASICS OF PHASORS
     Where, x axis represents the real part and the y axis represents the
    imaginary part of a complex number
     Given x and y, we can get r and ϕ as
    y
    r  x  y ,  tan
    2 2 1
    where, x  r cos, y  r sin 
    x
     Thus, z may be written as
    z  x  jy  r  r(cos  j sin )
     The idea of phasor representation is based on Euler’s identity
    e j  cos  j sin 
    4
    BASICS OF PHASORS
     By considering cos ϕ and sin ϕ as the real and imaginary parts of e jϕ,
    cos  Re(e j ),sin   Im(e j )

     Given a sinusoid v(t) = Vm cos(ωt + ϕ),


    v(t)  Vm cos(t  )  Re(Vm e j (t  )
    )

     Thus, v(t)  Re(Ve jt ) where, V  Vm e  Vm 


    j

    5
    BASICS OF PHASORS
     Phasors V = Vm and I = Im  are graphically represented,
    Such a graphical representation of phasors is known as a phasor diagram

    6
    BASICS OF PHASORS
     By suppressing the time factor, we transform the sinusoid from the
    time domain to the phasor domain. This transformation is summarized
    as follows,

    v(t)  Vm cos(t  )  V  Vm

     Besides time differentiation and integration, another important use of


    phasors is found in summing sinusoids of the same frequency

    7
    SOLVED NUMERICALS ON PHASORS

    8
    Numerical 1: Transform these sinusoids to phasors,
    (a) i = 6 cos(50t − 40°) A
    (b) v = −4 sin(30t + 50°) V

    Solution:
    (a) i = 6 cos(50t − 40°)A has the phasor, I  6  40A
    (b) Since, −sin A = cos(A + 90°),
    v = −4 sin(30t + 50°) = 4 cos(30t + 50° + 90°) = 4 cos(30t + 140°) V
    The phasor form of v is V  4140oV

    9
    Numerical 2: Express these sinusoids as phasors,
    (a) v = −14 sin(5t − 22°) V
    (b) i = −8 cos(16t + 15°) A

    Solution: (a) V  1468V (b) I  8 105A

    Numerical 3: Find the sinusoids corresponding to these polars,


    (a) V  2540V (b) I  j(12  j5)A
    Solution: (a) v(t) = 25 cos(ωt − 140°) V or 25 cos(ωt + 220°) V,
    (b) i(t) = 13 cos(ωt + 67.38°) A

    10
    Numerical 4: Given i1(t) = 4 cos(ωt + 30°) A and i2(t) = 5 sin(ωt − 20°) A,
    find their sum.

    Solution:
    Current i1(t) is in the standard form. Its phasor is I  430o A
    We need to express i2(t) in cosine form. The rule for converting sine to
    cosine is to subtract by 90°,
    i2 = 5 cos(ωt − 20° − 90°) = 5 cos(ωt − 110°)
    and its phasor is I2  5 110 o A

    11
    If we let i = i1 + i2, then
    I = I1 + I2 = 430  5 110o A

    = (3.464 + j2) + (-1.71 - j4.698)


    = 1.754 − j2.698
    = 3.218  56.97A

    Transforming this to the time domain,


    we get i(t) = 3.218 cos(ωt − 56.97°) A

    12
    Determine the phasors for the real-valued AC voltages and currents:

    Solution

    13
    Determine the phasors for the real-valued AC current

    Solution: I=1

    14
    Determine the real-valued AC voltage and current for the given phasors

    Solution:

    15

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