1596729501lecture - Phasor Algebra - Part1

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Course: EE 1103
Subject: Basic Electrical Engineering
Topic: Phasor Algebra
Edited and Presented by-

Dr. Mohiuddin Ahmad
Dept. of EEE, KUET, Khulna-9203,
Bangladesh
Contents of the Topic
 Contents of Lecture
 Sinusoid
 Phasors
 Phasor operations
 References
1. Alternating current circuits – Kechner & Corcoran

2. Fundamentals of Electric Circuit – Alexander & Sadiku
Sinusoids
 Sinusoids
 A sinusoid is a signal that has the form of the sine or
cosine function.
 Consider the sinusoidal voltage

v  Vm sin t
 Vm = amplitude of the sinusoid
 ω = the angular frequency in radians/s
 ωt = the argument of the sinusoid
Sinusoids
 Sketch of Vmsinωt
 Sinusoid repeats itself every T seconds; thus, T is
called the period of the sinusoid.
(a) as a function of ωt 2
T

(b) as a function of t.
Sinusoids
 The fact that v(t) repeats itself every T seconds is

shown by replacing t by in t +T
 Hence
v(t )  v(t  T )
 that is, v has the same value at t+T as it does at t and is
said to be periodic.
 In general,
 A periodic function is one that satisfies f(t ) = f(t + nT),
for all t and for all integers n.
Phasors
 A phasor is a complex number that represents the
amplitude and phase of a sinusoid.
 Phasors provide a simple means of analyzing linear
circuits excited by sinusoidal sources; solutions of
such circuits would be intractable otherwise.
 Before we completely define phasors and apply them
to circuit analysis, we need to be thoroughly familiar
with complex numbers.
 A complex number z can be written in rectangular
form as
z  x  jy
 x is the real part of z;
j  1
 y is the imaginary part of z.
Phasors
 The complex number z can also be written in polar or
exponential form as
j
z  r  re
 where r is the magnitude of z, and ϕ is the phase of z.
 z can be represented in three ways:

z  x  jy Rectangular form
z  r Polar form
j
z  re Exponential Form
Phasors
 Relation between polar and rectangular form
 Given x and y, we can get r and ϕ as
y
r x y 2 2
  tan 1
x
 On the other hand, if we know r and ϕ we can obtain x
and y as
x  r cos  y  r sin 
 Thus, z may be written as
z  x  jy  r  r (cos   j sin  )

Phasor Operations
 Phasor operations
 Addition of phasors
 Subtraction of phasors
 Multiplication of vectors
 Division of complex quantities or vectors
 Raising a vector to a given power
 Extracting the roots of a vector
 Logarithm of a vector
Phasor Operations
 Addition and subtraction of complex numbers are
better performed in rectangular form; multiplication
and division are better done in polar form
 Given the complex numbers
z  x  jy  r
z1  x1  jy1  r11
z 2  x2  jy2  r2 2
Cartesian or Polar
Rectangular Coordinate
Coordinate system
system
Phasor Operations
Phasor Operations
Phasor Operations
 Operator j 1
j
j
 Euler’s identity
 j
e  cos   j sin 
 Real and Imaginary part of ejϕ
 where Re and Im stand for the real part of and the
imaginary part of
cos   Re(e j )
sin   Im(e j )
Phasor Operations
 Given sinusoid
v(t )  Vm cos(t   )

v(t )  Re Vm e j (t  ) 
v(t )  ReV m e j t j 
e 
 Thus, 
v(t )  Re Ve jt 
 Where, V  Vm e j  Vm 
 V is thus the phasor representation of the sinusoid
Phasor Operations
 Here, v(t)
 Time-domain representation
v(t )  Vm cos(t   )
 Phasor-domain representation
j
V  Vm e  Vm 
Phasor Operations
 Sinusoid-phasor transformation
Phasor Operations
 Difference between v(t) and V
 1. v(t) is the instantaneous or time domain

representation, while is V is the frequency or phasor
domain representation.
 2. v(t) is time dependent, while V is not. (This fact is

often forgotten by students.)
 3. v(t) is always real with no complex term, while V is

generally complex.
Example – 9.3(a)
 Evaluate the complex number
 Solutions:
Example – 9.3(b)
 (b) Problem:
 Using polar-rectangular transformation, addition,

multiplication, and division,
Practice Problem – 9.3
 Evaluate the following complex numbers:
Example – 9.4
 Transform these sinusoids to phasors
 Solutions
 Express these sinusoids as phasors:
Example – 9.5
 Find the sinusoids represented by these phasors:
 Solutions
 Find the sinusoids corresponding to these phasors:
Example – 9.6
 Find the sum
 Solution
 Here is an important use of phasors—for summing
sinusoids of the same frequency. Current i1(t) is in the
standard form. Its phasor is
 We need to express i2(t) in cosine form. The rule for

converting sine to cosine is to subtract 900. Hence,
Example – 9.6 Cont’d
 Solution
 and its phasor is
 Transforming this to the time domain, we get

 Find the sum
Example – 9.7
 Example – 9.7
 Solution: We transform each term in the equation from time

domain to phasor domain.
 Find the sum
Example
 Find the sum A  1036.90  8  j 6
A  61200  3  j 5.2
 Solution:
Example
 Graphical illustration or Vector addition for the
example
Problem – Self Practice
Example – Subtraction
 Subtract vector B from vector A
A  3060 0
B  21(cos160  j sin 160 )
0 0
 Solution:
 Subtract vector A from vector B

Example - Multiplication
 Multiply C=AB where
A  2400
B  31000
j ( 400 1000 )
C  AB  2e j 400
.3e j1000
 6e  6e j1400
C  AB  2400  31000
 2  3400  1000  61400
 It can be shown that AB  BA
 Also, ABC  ABC A   B   C

ABC  BCA  ACB 
 Again, if A  a  ja  B  b  jb
 Vector product
 Magnitude of the resulting vector
 Phase angle of F
Example - Division
 Division example
Example - Division
 Again, if A  a  ja  B  b  jb
 Similar way
Example - Division
 Again, if A  10  j17.3 B  4.33  j 2.5
 Reduced to polar form

Raising Vector to a Given Power
 A vector of phasor may be raised to a given power n,
where n is an integer
 If A  A A
 Then A  A n A
n n
 Similarly, A n B n  An B n n A  n B
Raising Vector to a Given Power
 If a  11200  0.5  j 0.866

 Then
a 2  12400
a 3  13600  100
a  1480  1120
4 0 0
Extracting the Roots of a Vector
 If A  A A
 A  2q
 Then
n
A  A
n where, q=0, 1, 2, … ,n – 1
n
 Cartesian form of above equation is,
   A  2q    A  2q 
n
A  A cos
n
  j sin  
  n   n 
Extracting the Roots - Example
 Find the square roots of A if A  3.08  j8.445
 Solution: Transformed into polar form

Extracting the Roots - Example
 Find the square roots of A if A  3.08  j8.445
 Vector diagram
Vector
A=9∟700
and its two
roots
Extracting the Roots - Problem
 Problem:
Logarithm of a Vector
 The logarithm of a vector A is the inverse of the exponential of
A.
 In other words, the logarithm of the vector A=Aejθ to the base e
is defined as the power to which e must be raised to equal Aejθ
 By definition:
A  A  Ae j
log e A  log e Ae j  log e A  log e e j
 log e A  j log e e  log e A  j
 Here, θ is the phase angle of the vector A, must be considered
in radians !!!
Logarithm of a Vector
 Example
A  A  Ae j
স্বাস্থ্য বববধ মেকন চলুন,
বনরা঩কদ থােুন।
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Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Edited and Presented by-

1. Alternating current circuits – Kechner & Corcoran

 Consider the sinusoidal voltage

 The fact that v(t) repeats itself every T seconds is

 z can be represented in three ways:

z  r Polar form

 Thus, z may be written as

z  x  jy  r  r (cos   j sin  )

 1. v(t) is the instantaneous or time domain

 2. v(t) is time dependent, while V is not. (This fact is

 3. v(t) is always real with no complex term, while V is

 Using polar-rectangular transformation, addition,

 We need to express i2(t) in cosine form. The rule for

 Transforming this to the time domain, we get

 Solution: We transform each term in the equation from time

 Subtract vector A from vector B

 Also, ABC  ABC A   B   C

 Reduced to polar form

 If a  11200  0.5  j 0.866

 Solution: Transformed into polar form

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