Summery Problems

Summery Problems
1. One kg of water at 0°C is brought into contact with a heat reservoir at 90°C.
When the water has reached 90°C, find:
A. Entropy change of water ;
B. Entropy change of the heat reservoir ;
C. Entropy change of the universe
2. Air is compressed from an initial state of 100 kPa and 17°C to a final state of
600 kPa and 57°C. Determine the entropy change of air during this
compression process by using
A. average specific heats. and
B. property values from the air table
Take R = 0.287 kJ/kg.K, Cp =1.005 kJ/kg·K
3. consider a system consisting of liquid water initially at T 1=300 K, P1=2 bar
undergoing a process to a final state at T2=323 K,P2=1 bar. Determine the
entropy change of air during this compression process
Take Cp =4.2 kJ/kg·K
4. Water initially a saturated liquid at 150OC is contained within a piston–
cylinder assembly. The water undergoes a process to the corresponding
saturated vapor state, during which the piston moves freely in the cylinder.
There is no heat transfer with the surroundings. If the change of state is
brought about by the action of a paddle wheel, determine
A. the net work per unit mass, in kJ/kg, and
B. the amount of entropy generated per unit mass, in kJ/kg. K
Kinetic and potential energy changes can be ignored.

5. A 50-kg block of iron casting at 500 K is thrown into a large lake that is at a
temperature of 285 K. The iron block eventually reaches thermal equilibrium
with the lake water. Assuming an average specific heat of 0.45 kJ/kg·K for the
iron, determine the entropy generated during this process (on an extended
system).
6. A cylinder of an internal combustion engine contains 2450 cm3 of gaseous

combustion products at a pressure of 7 bar and a temperature of 867 OC just
before the exhaust valve opens. Determine the specific exergy of the gas, in
kJ/kg. Ignore the effects of motion and gravity, and model the combustion
products as air behaving as an ideal gas.
Take T0 = 300 K (27 OC) and P0 = 1.013 bar.
7. A piston–cylinder device contains 0.05 kg of steam at 1 MPa and 300°C.
Steam now expands to a final state of 200 kPa and 150°C, doing work. Heat
losses from the system to the surroundings are estimated to be 2 kJ during
this process. Assuming the surroundings to be at T0 = 25°C and P0 = 100 kPa,
determine
A. The exergy of the steam at the initial and the final states,
B. The exergy change of the steam,
C. The total exergy destroyed during this process,
Assume the kinetic and potential energies are negligible
8. During steady-state operation, a gearbox receives 60 kW through the input

shaft and delivers power through the output shaft. For the gearbox as the
system, the rate of energy transfer by convection is 1.2 kW.
A. Evaluate the power delivered through the output shaft, in kW.
B. Evaluate the rate of entropy Generation in kW/K, for
C. The gearbox as the system and
D. An enlarged system consisting of the gearbox and enough of its
surroundings
E. Develop a full exergy accounting.
9. An electric motor operating at steady state draws a current of 10 amp with a
voltage of 220 V. The output shaft rotates at 1000 RPM with a torque of 16 N
m applied to an external load. The rate of heat transfer from the motor to its
surroundings is related to the surface temperature Tb and the ambient
temperature T0 by hA(Tb-T0), where h =100 W/m2K, A=0.195 m2,and T0=293
K.
A. Determine the temperature Tb, in K.
B. For the motor as the system, determine the rate of entropy
generation, in kW/K.
C. Develop a full exergy accounting.
10. A power plant has a turbogenerator, operating at steady state with an

input shaft rotating at 1800 RPM with a torque of 16,700 N m. The
turbogenerator produces current at 230 amp with a voltage of 13,000 V. The
rate of heat transfer between the turbogenerator and its surroundings is
related to the surface temperature Tb and the lower ambient temperature T0
and is given by Q=hA(Tb-T0), where h=110 W/m2 K, A =32 m2, and T0 =298 K.
A. Determine the temperature Tb, in K.
B. For the turbogenerator as the system, determine the rate of entropy
generation, in kW/K
11. A silicon chip measuring 5 mm on a side and 1 mm in thickness is
embedded in a ceramic substrate. At steady state, the chip has an electrical
power input of 0.225 W. The top surface of the chip is exposed toa coolant
whose temperature is 20OC. The heat transfer coefficient for convection
between the chip and the coolant is 150 W/m2K. Heat transfer by conduction
between the chip and the substrate is negligible. Determine
A. The surface temperature of the chip, in oC, and
B. Evaluate the rate of entropy Generation in kW/K, for
C. the rate of exergy destruction within the chip, in W.
D. What causes the exergy destruction in this case?
Take T0 = 293 K.
12. Liquid water at 200 kPa and 15°C is heated in a chamber by mixing it with
superheated steam at 200 kPa and 150°C. Liquid water enters the mixing
chamber at a rate of 4.3 kg/s, and the chamber is estimated to lose heat to
the surrounding air at 25°C at a rate of 1200 kJ/min. If the mixture leaves the
mixing chamber at 200 kPa and 80°C, determine
A. the mass flow rate of the superheated steam
B. determine the reversible power input for this process.
C. The exergy of the stream at the inlet and exit
D. the wasted work potential during this mixing process.
13. Steam enters a turbine steadily at 3 MPa and 450°C at a rate of 8 kg/s and
exits at 0.2 MPa and 150°C. The steam is losing heat to the surrounding air at
100 kPa and 25°C at a rate of 300 kW, and the kinetic and potential energy
changes are negligible. Determine
A. Entropy Generated
B. The actual power output,
C. The maximum possible power output,
D. The exergy destroyed, and
E. The exergy of the steam at the inlet conditions.
Important aspects of the exergy concept:
1. The exergy of a system at a specified state depends on the conditions of the
environment as well as the properties of the system. Therefore, exergy is a property of
the system–environment combination and not of the system alone.
2. The value of exergy cannot be negative. If a system were at any state other than the
dead state, the system would be able to change its condition spontaneously toward the
dead state; this tendency would cease when the dead state was reached.
3. Exergy is not conserved but is destroyed by irreversibilities. A limiting case is when

exergy is completely destroyed, as would occur if a system were permitted to undergo
a spontaneous change to the dead state with no provision to obtain work.
4. Exergy is viewed as the maximum theoretical work obtainable from an overall system
of system plus environment as the system passes from a given state to the dead state
(and/or the minimum theoretical work input required to bring the system from the dead
state to the given state).
5. When a system is at the dead state, it is in thermal and mechanical equilibrium with
the environment, and the value of exergy is zero. More precisely, the thermomechanical
contribution to exergy is zero.
6. The sources of energy can be divided into two groups, viz. high grade energy and low
grade energy. The conversion of high grade energy to shaft work is exempted from the
limitations of the second law, while conversion of low grade energy is subject to them.
The examples of two kinds of energy are:
High grade energy Low grade energy
(a) Mechanical work (a) Heat or thermal energy
(b) Electrical energy (b) Heat derived from nuclear
(c) Water power fission or fusion (c) Heat derived from combustion
(d) Wind power
(e) Kinetic energy of a jet of fossil fuels
(f ) Tidal power
The bulk of the high grade energy in the form of mechanical work or electrical energy is
obtained from sources of low grade energy, such as fuels, through the medium of the cyclic
heat engine.
The complete conversion of low grade energy, heat, into high grade energy, shaft-work, is
impossible by virtue of the second law of thermodynamics.
That part of the low grade energy which is available for conversion is referred to as
available energy, while the part which, according to the second law, must be rejected, is
known as unavailable energy.

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Summery Problems

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Summery Problems

Kinetic and potential energy changes can be ignored.

6. A cylinder of an internal combustion engine contains 2450 cm3 of gaseous

8. During steady-state operation, a gearbox receives 60 kW through the input

10. A power plant has a turbogenerator, operating at steady state with an

3. Exergy is not conserved but is destroyed by irreversibilities. A limiting case is when

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