Phy105 Secondlaw Entropy2

PHY 105
Reference Text: College Physics (By Serway Vuille)

CONTENTS:
 Heat Engine
 Second law of thermodynamics
 Entropy
Heat Engine
Takes in energy by heat and
partially convert it to other
forms of energies e.g.
electrical and mechanical
*The engine receives energy
from Qh from the hot
reservoir.
*expels energy Qc to the
cold reservoir and
* does work Weng
A schematic representation of a Heat Engine.

When gas is the working substance
Worked Example: During one cycle, an
engine extracts 2x10^3 J of energy from
a hot reservoir and transfer 1.5x10^3 J to
a cold reservoir. (a) Find the thermal
efficiency of the engine (b) How much
work is done in one cycle (c) How much
power does the engine generate if it goes
through four cycles in 2.5 seconds?
Exercise 1
The energy absorbed by an engine is three times as
great as the work it performs.
(a) What is its thermal efficiency?
(b) What fraction of the energy absorbed is
expelled to the cold reservoir?
(c) What is the power output of the engine if the
energy input is 1650 J each cycle and it goes
through two cycles every 3 seconds?
Refrigerator and Heat Pump
•Heat engine can
work in reverse
WORKED EXAMPLE II
2.00 L of leftover soup at a temperature of 323 K is placed in a
refrigerator. Assume the specific heat of the soup is the same as
that of water and the density is 1.25x10^3 kg/m^3. The
refrigerator cools the soup to 283 K.
(a) If the COP of the refrigerator is 5.00, find the energy
needed, in the form of work, to cool the soup.
(b) (b) If the compressor has a power rating of 0.250 hp, for
what minimum length of time must it operate to cool the
soup to 283 K? (The minimum time assumes the soup cools
at the same rate that the heat pump ejects thermal energy
from the refrigerator.)
Exercise 2
(a) How much work must a heat pump with a
COP of 2.50 do in order to extract 1.00 MJ of
thermal energy from the
outdoors (the cold reservoir)?
(b) If the unit operates at 0.500 hp, how long
will the process take? (Be sure to use the
correct COP!)
Second Law of Thermodynamics
states that:
No heat engine operating in a cycle
can absorb energy from a reservoir
and use it entirely for the
performance of an equal amount of
work.
Reversible and Irreversible Processes
 In a reversible process, every state along the path
is an equilibrium state, so the system can return to
its initial conditions by going along the same path
in the reverse direction.
 A process that doesn’t satisfy this requirement is
irreversible.
 Most natural processes are known to be
irreversible
 The reversible process is an idealization.
 Although real processes are always
irreversible, some are almost reversible.
 If a real process occurs so slowly that the
system is virtually always in equilibrium,
the process can be considered reversible
 A Reversible
Process
The Carnot Engine
Does it exist?
Carnot’s theorem can be stated as
follows:
No real engine operating between
two energy reservoirs can be more
efficient than a Carnot engine
operating between the same two
reservoirs.
The Carnot’s Circle
The four
stages of
the Carnot
cycle
 In a Carnot cycle, an ideal gas is contained in
a cylinder with a movable piston at one end.
 The temperature of the gas varies between Tc
and Th.
 The cylinder walls and the piston are
thermally nonconducting.
 The cycle consists of two adiabatic and two
isothermal processes, all reversible
Stage 1
 The process A to B is an isothermal expansion at
temperature Th in which the gas is placed in
thermal contact with a hot reservoir (a large oven,
for example) at temperature Th [Fig (a).]
 During the process, the gas absorbs energy Qh
from the reservoir and does work WAB in raising
the piston.
Stage 2
 In the process B to C, the base of the cylinder
is replaced by a thermally nonconducting
wall and the gas expands adiabatically, so no
energy enters or leaves the system by heat
(Fig. b).
 During the process, the temperature falls
from Th to Tc and the gas does work WBC in
raising the piston.
Stage 3
 In the process C to D, the gas is placed in
thermal contact with a cold reservoir at
temperature Tc (Fig. c) and is compressed
isothermally at temperature Tc.
 During this time, the gas expels energy Qc to
the reservoir and the work done on the gas is
WCD.
Stage 4
In the final process, D to A, the base of the
cylinder is again replaced by a thermally
nonconducting wall (Fig. d) and the gas is
compressed adiabatically.
The temperature of the gas increases to Th,
and the work done on the gas is WDA.
For a Carnot engine, the following relationship between the thermal
energy transfers
and the absolute temperatures can be derived:
Substituting this expression into this equation

We find that the thermal efficiency of a Carnot engine
is:
where T must be in kelvins.

From this result, we see that all Carnot engines
operating reversibly between the same two
temperatures have the same efficiency.
Worked Example
A steam engine has a boiler that operates at 5.00x10^2
K. The energy from the boiler changes water to
steam, which drives the piston. The temperature of the
exhaust is that of the outside air, 3.00 x 10^2 K.
(a) What is the engine’s efficiency if it’s an ideal
engine?
(b) If the 3.50 x 10^3 J of energy is supplied from the
boiler, find the work done by the engine on its
environment.
Exercise
The highest theoretical efficiency of a gasoline engine
based on the Carnot cycle, is 0.300, or 30.0%.
(a) If this engine expels its gases into the atmosphere,
which has a temperature of 3.00 x 10^2 K, what is the
temperature in the cylinder immediately after
combustion?
(b) If the heat engine absorbs 837 J of energy from the
hot reservoir during each cycle, how much work can it
perform in each cycle?
Entropy
Temperature and internal energy, associated
with the zeroth and first laws of
thermodynamics, respectively, are both state
variables, meaning they can be used to
describe the thermodynamic state of a system.
A state variable called the entropy S is related
to the second law of thermodynamics
Entropy Explained
Let Qr be the energy absorbed or expelled during a
reversible, constant temperature process between two
equilibrium states. Then the change in entropy during
any constant temperature process connecting the two
equilibrium states is defined as
r = reversible Unit = Joules/kelvin

The change in entropy S, like changes in internal
energy U and changes in potential energy,
depends only on the endpoints, and not on the
path connecting them.
 The entropy of the Universe increases in all
natural processes. This is yet another way of
stating the second law of thermodynamics.
 Although the entropy of the Universe increases
in all natural processes, the entropy of a system
can decrease
Worked Example 1
(a) Find the change in entropy of 3.00x10^2 g of
lead when it melts at 327 Celsius. Lead has a
latent heat of fusion of 2.45x10^4 J/kg.
(b) Suppose the same amount of energy is used to
melt part of a piece of silver, which is already
at its melting point of 961 Celsius. Find the change
in the entropy of the silver.
Worked Example 2
A block of ice at 273 K is put in thermal contact
with a container of steam at 373 K, converting
25.0 g of ice to water at 273 K while
condensing some of the steam to water at 373
K. (a) Find the change in entropy of the ice.
(b) Find the change in entropy of the steam. (c)
Find the change in entropy of the Universe.
Exercise 1
Find the change in entropy of a 2.00-kg

block of gold at 1063 Celsius when it melts
to become liquid gold at 1063Celsius.
Exercise 2
A 4.00-kg block of ice at 273 K encased in a thin
plastic shell of negligible mass melts in a large lake
at 293 K. At the instant the ice has completely
melted in the shell and is still at 273 K, calculate
the change in entropy of (a) the ice
(b) the lake (which essentially remains at 293 K),
and (c) the universe.

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PHY 105

Reference Text: College Physics (By Serway Vuille)

A schematic representation of a Heat Engine.

Substituting this expression into this equation

where T must be in kelvins.

r = reversible Unit = Joules/kelvin

Find the change in entropy of a 2.00-kg

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