Electrical Machines

Introduction
• One of energy can be obtained from the other form with the help of
converters.
• Converters that are used to continuously translate electrical input to
mechanical output or vice versa are called electric machines.
• The process of translation is known as electromechanical energy
conversion.
 Electrical Mechanical
system Electric system

emf, i Machine F, n

Motor
Energy flow
Generator

• An electrical machine is link between an electrical

system and a mechanical system.
• Conversion from mechanical to electrical: generator
• Conversion from electrical to mechanical: motor
 Electrical AC MACHINE
Machines

DC Rotating Static m/c

machine machine

Synchronous Induction
machine machine
• Machines are called AC machines (generators or motors) if the electrical
system is AC.
• DC machines (generators or motors) if the electrical system is DC.
 Electrical Coupling Mechanical
system magnetic system
fields
e, i T, n

Two electromagnetic phenomena in the electric machines:

• When a conductor moves in a magnetic field, voltage is induced in the
conductor.
• When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, the
conductor experiences a mechanical force.
AC Rotating Machines

Electrical
Machines

DC AC
machine machine

Synchronous Induction
machine machine
AC Motors
Basic Idea
• A motor uses
magnets to create motion.
• The fundamental law of all magnets:
• Opposites attract
• Likes repel.

• Inside an electric motor, these attracting and

repelling forces create rotational motion
Basic Idea
Magnetic field of a straight conductor
• The magnetic field lines around a long wire which
carries an electric current form concentric circles
around the wire.
• Right hand rule-1
Basic Idea
Magnetic field of a circular conductor
• Right hand rule-1 gives the direction of the magnetic
field inside and outside a current-carrying loop.
Basic Idea
Magnetic field of a coil of wire
• A solenoid is a long coil of wire
• The field inside a solenoid can be very uniform and very
strong.
• The field is similar to that of a bar magnet.
Basic Idea
• The use of soft metal increases the magnetic field
strength
• Use right hand rule-2 / eye rule to determine direction of
magnetic field in a coil
Basic Idea
• Fleming’s left hand rule for motors
• Don’t be confused with Fleming’s right hand rule for
generator
Working Principle
Elementary AC motor
• Consider a rotor → formed by permanent magnet.
• Consider a stator → formed by coil of conductor to
create AC electromagnetic field
Working Principle
• An AC Current flowing through conductors energize
the magnets and develop N and S poles.
• The strength of electromagnets depends on current.
• First half cycle current flows in one direction.
• Second half cycle it flows in opposite direction.
Working Principle
• Consider the AC voltage at 0 degrees, then, no
current will flow, and there is no magnetism.

Supplied voltage
Initial position of the rotor
Working Principle
• As voltage increases, current
starts to flow and
electromagnets gain strength and North and South
poles appear.
• The rotor magnet is pushed CW, and the rotor and
motor starts to rotate.
Working Principle
• When voltage decreases, the current decreases
also,
the electromagnet loses the strength, and when V=0
there is no magnetism.
Working Principle
• Now, AC voltage builds up as part of the negative
cycle.
• Then, current flows in opposite direction, and the
magnets reverse polarity.
• Therefore, the CW rotation continues.
AC Motor Rotation
Limitation of the Elementary Motor
• The initial position of the rotor determines the
direction of the motor rotation.
Practical AC Motor
• By adding another pair of electromagnets the
limitation mentioned before is removed.
• Example: Two electromagnets = Vertical & Horizontal

• Three phase system has three electromagnets

Practical AC Motor
 Practical AC Motor
Counter clockwise
rotation
Practical AC Motor
• We can see that the poles rotate around the
circumference of the motor.
• The rotor, no matter how it is positioned at rest, will
be locked-in with the magnetic field and will turn in
one direction only.

• (Same rotation as
the poles).

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Induction Motor
• Most AC motors are induction motors
• Induction motors are favored due to their ruggedness
(no brush), simplicity and cheap.
• 90% of industrial motors are induction motor.
• Application
• (1-phase): washing machines, refrigerators, blenders, juice
mixers, stereo turntables, etc.
• (2-phase) induction motors are used primarily as servomotors
in a control system.
• (3-phase): pumps, compressors, paper mills, textile mills, etc.
Induction Motor
• The single-phase induction motor is the most
frequently used motor in the world
• Most appliances,
such as washing
machines and
refrigerators, use
a single-phase
induction
machine
• Highly reliable
and economical
Induction Motor
• For industrial applications, the three-phase
induction motor is used to drive machines
• Large three-
phase induction
motor. (Courtesy
Siemens).
Housing

Motor

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Construction of Induction Motor
• An induction motor is composed of a rotor, (armature)
• A stator containing windings connected to a poly-phase
energy source
• The pair of coils correspond to the phases of electrical
energy available.

• Each pair connected

in series creating
opposite poles:
– 1 pole for North and 1
pole for South.
 Induction Motor

Stator frame showing slots for Stator with (a) 2-phase and (b) 3-phase windings.
windings.
Induction Motor
• It has a stator and a rotor like other type of motors.
• 2 different type of rotors:
• Squirrel-cage winding,
• Wound-rotor

• Both three-phase and single-phase motors are widely

used.
• Majority of the motors used by industry are squirrel-
cage induction motors
• A typical motor consists of two parts:
• An outside stationary stator having coils supplied with AC
current to produce a rotating magnetic field,
• An inside rotor attached to the output shaft that is given a
torque by the rotating field.
 Squirrel-cage Rotor
• Rotor is from laminated iron
core with slots.
• Metal (Aluminum) bars are
molded in the slots instead of a
winding.
• Two rings short circuits the
bars.–Most of single phase
induction motors have Squirrel-
Cage rotor.
• One or 2 fans are attached to
the shaft in the sides of rotor to
cool the circuit.
 Wound Rotor
• It is usually for large 3 phase • Compared to squirrel cage
induction motors. rotors, wound rotor motors are
• Rotor has a winding the same expensive and require
as stator and the end of each maintenance of the slip rings
phase is connected to a slip ring. and brushes, so it is not so
• Three brushes contact the three common in industry
slip-rings to three connected applications
resistances (3-phase Y) for • Wound rotor induction motor
reduction of starting current was the standard form for
and speed control. variable speed control before
the advent of motor
Slips
• It is virtually
impossible for the rotor of an AC induction motor to turn at the
same speed as that of the rotating magnetic field.
• If the speed
of the rotor were the same as that of the stator, no relative
motion between them would exist, and there would be no induced EMF in
the rotor.
• Without this induced EMF, there would be no interaction of fields to
produce motion. The rotor must, therefore, rotate at some speed less than
that of the stator if relative motion is to exist between the two.
• The percentage difference between the speed of the rotor and the speed of
the rotating magnetic field is called slip.
• The smaller the percentage, the closer the rotor speed is to the rotating
magnetic field speed.
Slips
NS − NR
SLIP = 100%
NS

where
NS : synchronous speed or the rotating magnetic field (rpm)
NR : rotor speed (rpm)

The synchronous speed (NS) of a motor is given by:

N S=120f/P
where
F : frequency of the rotor current (Hz)
P : number of poles
Example Problem
A two pole, 60 Hz AC induction motor has a full load
speed of 3554 rpm. What is the percent slip at full load?

NP

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• 120*60/p=3554

• 3554*P=7200

• P=7200/3600

• P=2

• Ns=3600, Nr= 3554

• Ns-Nr/Ns= (3600-3554)/3600=0.001
Torque
• Torque is a rotational force.
• The torque of an AC induction motor is dependent
upon the strength of the interacting rotor and stator
fields and the phase relationship between them.

T = K Φ IR cosθR

where
T : torque
K: constant
Φ: stator magnetic flux (Wb)
IR : rotor current (A)
cos θR : power factor of rotor
Voltage and frequency induced in the rotor
• The voltage and frequency induced in the rotor both depend
on the slip. They are given by the following equation.
• Ns-Nr
• f/p-f’/p=s
f2 = s f
E2 = s Eoc (approx.)

f2 = frequency of the voltage and current in the rotor [Hz]

f = frequency of the source connected to the stator [Hz]
s = slip
E2 = voltage induced in the rotor at the slip s
Eoc = open-circuit voltage induced in the rotor when at rest [V]
• (Ns-Nr)/Ns=S

• Ns-SNs=Nr

• (1-S)Ns=Nr

• Ns=120f/P

• For rotor

• F=NrP/120=(1-s)NsP/120=(1-s)P120f/p120

• F=(1-s)f
• N=120f/p

• Nr=120F/p

• S=Ns-Nr/Ns

• F=sf

• F=(ns-nr/ns)f

• F= (
Active Power in a Induction Motor

Poutput
Efficiency () =
Pinput
Example 1
• Calculate the synchronous speed of a 3-phase induction motor having 20
poles when it is connected to a 50 Hz source.

Source frequency = 50 Hz, number of poles = 20

120 f
Synchronous speed ns =
p
120 x 50
=
20
ns = 300 r/min
Example 2
• A 0.5 hp, 6-pole induction motor is excited by a 3-phase, 60 Hz source. If
the full-load is 1140 r/min, calculate the slip.

Source frequency = 60 Hz, number of poles = 6

Full load/rotor speed = 1140 r/min
120 f
Synchronous speed ns =
p

120 x 60
=
6
ns = 1200 r/min
Induction Motor

Slip speed: ns – nR = 1200 – 1140 = 60 r/min

Slip: s = (ns - nR) / ns

= 60/1200

= 0.05 or 5%