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WATER RESOURCES Note

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12 views3 pages

WATER RESOURCES Note

Uploaded by

anoushkalambat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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WATER RESOURCES

1. Water Resources Overview

 Definition: Natural water on Earth useful for living beings.


 Global Distribution:
o 97% in oceans.
o 2.3% in polar ice caps.
o 0.7% fresh water (0.66% groundwater, 0.03% in rivers, lakes, streams).

2. Types of Water Sources

1. Surface Water:
o Found in rivers, lakes, and streams.
o Result of precipitation or underground seepage.
2. Groundwater:
o Water beneath the surface in soil or bedrock.
o Formed by rainwater infiltrating the ground.

3. Need for Water Conservation

 Overuse of underground water.


 Vegetation loss causing drought and low rainfall.
 Increased irrigation demands.
 Rapid population growth.
 Pollution of water bodies.

4. Conservation Practices

1. Rainwater Harvesting:
o Collecting and storing rainwater to recharge groundwater.
o Objectives:
 Reduce surface runoff.
 Prevent flooding.
 Improve groundwater quality.
 Conserve water resources.
2. Traditional Harvesting Methods:
o Eris (Tamil Nadu): Cascading tanks managed by communities.
o Khadin (Rajasthan):
 Earthen embankments to store runoff for farming.
 Excess water drained through sluices and spillways.
3. Rooftop Harvesting:
o Components:
 Catchment: Surface receiving rainfall.
 Conduits: Drains/pipes transporting water.
 Storage/Recharge Facility: For reuse or groundwater recharge.

5. Irrigation

 Definition: Artificially watering crops using wells, tanks, tubewells, canals, etc.
 Importance:
o Uncertain and uneven rainfall.
o Crop-specific water needs.
o Soil properties and maximizing yield.

6. Types of Irrigation

1. Wells:
o Holes dug to access subsoil water.
o Advantages:
 Independent, simple, and cheap.
 Pumps can lift deeper water.
o Disadvantages:
 Limited area coverage.
 Dry during summers, sometimes brackish.
2. Tube Wells:
o Deeper wells (20–30m) using power pumps.
o Advantages:
 Clean water, large area coverage.
 Perennial source.
o Disadvantages:
 Groundwater depletion.
 Expensive, electricity-dependent.
3. Canals:
o Inundation Canals: Operate during floods.
o Perennial Canals: Year-round water supply via barrages/dams.
o Advantages:
 Fertilizes with sediments.
 Addresses rainfall deficiency.
o Disadvantages:
 Waterlogging and soil salinity.
 Sedimentation and maintenance issues.
4. Tanks:
o Earthen bunds store rainwater for use.
o Common in Deccan Plateau due to uneven terrain.
o Disadvantages:
 Occupy fertile land, dry up in summers.
 Costly to maintain and desilt.

7. Modern Irrigation Methods

1. Furrow Irrigation:
o Water flows in narrow channels between crop rows.
o Advantage: Effective in water-rich areas.
o Disadvantage: Uneven if furrows vary.
2. Spray Irrigation:
o Sprays water via hoses and guns.
o Advantages: Efficient water use.
o Disadvantages: Evaporation losses, expensive setup.
3. Drip Irrigation:
o Perforated pipes deliver water directly to plant roots.
o Advantages:
 Conserves water.
 Customizable for plant needs.
o Disadvantage: High installation cost.
4. Sprinkler Irrigation:
o Overhead spray via pipes with nozzles.
o Advantages:
 No seepage or evaporation loss.
o Disadvantages:
 Expensive and limited to small areas.

8. Drawbacks of Conventional Irrigation

 Water misuse and uneven distribution.


 Waterlogging reduces productivity.
 Land lost to channels and pathways.
 Salinity due to over-irrigation.

9. Regional Irrigation Practices

 Well irrigation: Punjab, UP, Rajasthan, Maharashtra.


 Canal irrigation: Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana.
 Tank irrigation: Deccan Plateau, Tamil Nadu.

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