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    Lec-Bio103L, Expt 4 SUMMER 2024

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    Lec-Bio103L, Expt 4 SUMMER 2024

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    4 views17 pages

    Lec-Bio103L, Expt 4 SUMMER 2024

    Uploaded by

    mustakimislamt

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    BIO103 Lab

    (1 credit hour)
    SUMMER 2024

    Dept. of Biochemistry & Microbiology


    Experiment 04
    Determination of Blood Group ( Haemagglutination)
    ➢ Human blood cell includes Red blood cells, White blood
    cells, and Platelets.
    ➢ Blood groups are mainly determined by the presence or
    absence of Antigens on the surface of our Red blood
    cells or Erythrocytes.
    ➢ The presence of a specific antigen is examined by the
    corresponding Antibody which causes Agglutination of
    erythrocytes.
    ➢ Human blood is grouped mainly for two particular
    groups of antigens- ABO antigen and Rhesus (Rh) or D
    antigen.
    ABO Antigens

    ➢ They are Carbohydrate antigens


    (glycoprotein) .
    ➢ Two types of antigens - A, and B are
    presented by the red blood cells and
    according to their presence and absence,
    we’ve got four types of blood group – A, B,
    AB and O.
    https://www.nagwa.com/en/explainers/840184795352/
    Antibody

    ➢ Antibodies are proteins found in blood plasma. They're part of our body’s natural
    defenses. Produced by the immune system following exposure to a foreign antigen, germs
    or particles.
    ➢ Antibodies bind specifically to the corresponding antigen on the red cells.
    ➢ Humans with A-type blood do not contain antibody against A-antigen, they possess
    antibody against antigen B.
    Table: ABO Blood group

    Blood type Antigens on Erythrocytes Antibodies in Serum

    A A Anti-B

    B B Anti-A

    AB A and B Neither

    O Neither Both Anti-A and Anti-B


    Rh Antigens

    ➢ Six antigens in this group as C, c, D, d, E


    and e.
    ➢ Type D antigen is widely prevalent in
    population and determiner of Rh Blood type.
    ➢ Presence of D antigen = Rh Positive (+ve)
    Absence of D antigen = Rh Negative (-ve)
    Human Blood Type
    https://courses.lumenlearning.com/s
    uny-ap2/chapter/blood-typing/
    Determination of Blood Group : Principle

    ➢ Human red blood cells possessing A and/or B antigen will agglutinate in the presence of
    antibody directed towards the antigen.
    ➢ Agglutination of RBC with Anti-A, Anti-B and Anti-AB reagents are a positive test result
    and indicates the presence of the corresponding antigen..
    ➢ Rho (D) antigen will agglutinate in the presence of antibody directed towards the antigen.
    Agglutination of RBC with spectrum Anti-D (Rho) reagents is a positive test result and
    indicates the presence of D (Rho) antigen.
    Materials

    Sample: Human blood (Collected from own body)

    Reagents:
    1. Reagent A (Anti-A)
    2. Reagent B (Anti-B)
    3. Reagent D (Anti-D)

    Equipment: Clean test slide, sterile needle, tooth pick


    Procedure

    1. Mark (circle) the test slide as A, B and D to keep three blood drops distant apart
    2. Collect blood from the individual using a sterile needle
    3. Take blood drops on the glass slide at A, B, D marked sites
    4. Add one drop of each A, B, D reagent to the blood at the corresponding sites
    5. Mix the reagent well with the serum by tooth pick
    6. Gently stir the slide to visualize the agglutination
    Importance of Blood Grouping

    1. The most important reason to know your blood type is in case of emergency. If you
    are in a situation where you require a blood transfusion, you’ll need compatible blood.
    An incompatible blood group can cause blood cells to clump-which can be fatal.

    2. Knowing your blood type can help predict some conditions that can occur during
    pregnancy, such as Rh incompatibility between mom and baby.

    3. One of the best, and most selfless, reasons to know your blood type is to help others
    through blood donations. Medical facilities are always in need of blood donations.
    VIRTUAL BLOOD TYPING
    https://educationalgames.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/bloodtypinggame/ga
    mev3/index.html

    https://www.sciencefromscientists.org/game/bloodtype.html
    Thank you

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