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Proposition

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Florelene Ramirez
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11 views

Proposition

Uploaded by

Florelene Ramirez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson 36: Propositions

In this lesson, learners will be equipped to illustrate propositions, symbolize


them, and effectively differentiate between simple and compound
propositions. The learning outcomes aim for a clear understanding of the
definitions and classifications of propositions in logical reasoning.

Definition of a Proposition

A proposition is defined as a declarative sentence that holds a truth value of


either true (T) or false (F), but cannot be both simultaneously. For instance,
the statement "Everyone should study logic" is denoted as the proposition p,
and it represents a specific assertion. Propositions utilize small letters for
notation.

Examples and Non-Examples of Propositions

To better understand propositions, consider the following example


statements:
p: Mindanao is an island in the Philippines. (This is a proposition with a
truth value of true.)
q: Find a number which divides your age. (This is not a proposition; it is
imperative.)
r: My seatmate will get a perfect score in the logic exam. (While we do
not know the truth value now, it can be categorized as a proposition.)
s: Welcome to the Philippines! (This is an exclamatory statement; hence,
not a proposition.)
t: 3 + 2 = 5. (This is a true proposition.)
u: f is a rational function. (The truth value is false, so this is also a
proposition.)
v: What is the domain of the function? (This is a question, not a
proposition.)
w: I am lying. (This is a paradoxical statement and does not hold a truth
value.)
x: It is not the case that r is a rational number. (This holds a truth value
of false.)
y: Logic can be fun or boring. (True proposition.)
z: If you are a Grade 11 student, then you are a Filipino. (Truth depends
on context, potentially an oversimplification but classified as a
proposition.)
aa: If you are more than 60 years old, then you can get a Senior Citizen’s
card, and vice versa. (This reflects the biconditional nature of the
statement.)

Simple vs. Compound Propositions

A simple proposition is one that cannot be broken down into smaller


component propositions, while a compound proposition is formed by
combining simple propositions using logical connectors such as:
not p
p and q
p or q
If p, then q

Identifying Simple and Compound Propositions


In the earlier example, propositions such as p, r, t, and u are simple
propositions, while others, such as It is not the case that r is a rational
number. and If you study hard, then you will get good grades., illustrate
compound propositions.

Logical Connectors

Compound propositions are often expressed through logical connectors, and


distinguishing these components is crucial. A summary of the identified
components in some compound propositions includes:

Proposition Simple Component/s

r: r is a rational f: Logic is fun; i: Logic is interesting; b: Logic is boring


number

If h, then g h: You study hard; g: You get good grades

If a, then s and If s, a: You are more than 60 years old; s: You are entitled to a
then a Senior Citizen’s card
Further Examples and Explanations

Consider additional practice in identifying propositions and categorizing their


components: For example:
a: Is the traffic heavy along Katipunan Avenue today? (Not a proposition,
as it is a question.)
b: Please close the door. (Not a proposition, being an imperative.)
c: x + 2 = 11. (This is a proposition; truth value remains undetermined
until x is known.)
d: 144 is a perfect square. (This is a true proposition.)
e: Keep right while passing through the corridor. (Not a proposition.)
f: 2 ≤ -1. (This is a false proposition.)
g: The year 2016 is a leap year and the equation has no real solutions (a
compound statement whose truth value must be determined through
contextual logic).

Conclusions

This lesson emphasized the importance of clearly defining propositions,


identifying their types, and understanding their components for logical
reasoning in mathematics and beyond. Students should practice discerning
these differences in various statements to enhance their logical analysis
skills.

Supplementary Exercises
To reinforce understanding, students can determine whether the following
statements are propositions. If a compound proposition, they should identify
the simple components and logical connectors:
1. Define a polynomial function.
2. Justin Bieber has over one million followers on Twitter and Instagram.
3. If Ted’s score is less than 50, then Ted will fail the course.
4. What time is it?
5. Either it is sunny in Metro Manila or its streets are flooded.
6. Dinner is served with coffee or tea.
7. If a, b, and c denote the lengths of the legs and the hypotenuse of a
right triangle, then a² + b² = c².
8. Timothy’s average is at least 92 and he is getting an A for the course.
9. Is x not a negative number?
10. A password must be at least 6 characters long or at least 8 characters
long.
11. If Jerry receives a scholarship, then he will go to college.
12. If you fix my computer, then I will pay you Php 2,000 and vice versa.
13. If you do not run 1 kilometer a day or do not eat properly, then you will
not be healthy.

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