ECC 401 EM - IV (EXTC) QP May 2023 DBIT, KURLA

ECC 401 Engineering Mathematics - IV (EXTC)

End Semester Exam, May 2023
Solutions
Z 1+i
1 (a) Evaluate the complex line integral (x2 − iy) dz along the straight line from
0
z = 0 to z = 1 + i 5

Solution: Let the equation of the line joining z = 0 to z = 1 + i i.e line from (0, 0) to (1, 1) be

y = mx + c
x = 0, y = 0 ⇒ 0 = m(0) + c
⇒c = 0
⇒ eqn is y = mx
x = 1, y = 1 ⇒ 1 = m(1)
⇒m = 1
⇒ eqn is y = x

Now y = x =⇒ dy = dx and z = x + iy = x + ix =⇒ dz = dx + idx = dx(1 + i)

(x2 − iy) = [x2 − ix]

Z 1+i Z x=1
2
∴ (x − iy) dz = (x2 − ix) (1 + i) dx
0 x=0
" #1
Z 1+i
2 x3 ix2
⇒ (x − iy) dz = (1 + i) −
0 3 2 0
1 i
 
= (1 + i) −
3 2
2 − 3i 2 − 3i + 2i + 3
 
= (1 + i) =
6 6
Z 1+i
(5 − i)
∴ (x2 − iy) dz =
0 6

1 (b) Check whether the set of vectors (1, 4, 8), (2, 5, 6), (3, 1, −4) are basis for R3 . 5

Solution: Suppose x1 = (1, 4, 8), x2 = (2, 5, 6), x3 = (3, 1, −4)

Let there exist scalars k1 , k2 , k3 such that

k1 x1 + k2 x2 + k3 x3 = 0
i.e k1 (1, 4, 8) + k2 (2, 5, 6) + k3 (3, 1, −4) = 0
⇒ k1 + 2k2 + 3k3 = 0 · · · · · · (1)
4k1 + 5k2 + k3 = 0 · · · · · · (2)
and 8k1 + 6k2 − 4k3 = 0 · · · · · · (3)
solving, we get ⇒ k1 = k2 = 0

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ECC 401 EM - IV (EXTC) QP May 2023 DBIT, KURLA

Therefore The vectors X1 = (3, 1, −4) and X2 = (2, 2, −3) are linearly independent
It can be shown that every vector in R3 can be expressed as a linear combination of x1 =
(1, 4, 8), x2 = (2, 5, 6), x3 = (3, 1, −4)
Hence the set of vectors (1, 4, 8), (2, 5, 6), (3, 1, −4) are basis for R3 .
1 (c) A discrete random variable X has the following distribution: 5

X: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Y: k 15k 8k 7k 5k 3k k
Find k and the mean of X.

Solution: We have the probability distribution of X to be

X: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Y: k 15k 8k 7k 5k 3k k
Now
X
px = 1
⇒ k + 15k + 8k + 7k + 5k + 3k + k = 1
⇒ 40k = 1
1
⇒k =
40
Therefore, the probability distribution of X is

X: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

1 15 8 7 5 3 1
Y: 40 40 40 40 40 40 40

Now,
X
M ean = E(X) = xpx
x
15 8 7 5 3 1
= 0 + 1( ) + 2( ) + 3( ) + 4( ) + 5( ) + 6( )
40 40 40 40 40 40
93
⇒ M ean = = 2.325
40

1 (d) Find the rank correlation coefficient for the following data: 5

X: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Y: 13 14 12 18 23 17 15 16 21
Solution: We have the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient to be :

6 d2
P
ρxy = 1 −
n(n2 − 1)
where d is the difference between the ranks of the respective items in the x and y series

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ECC 401 EM - IV (EXTC) QP May 2023 DBIT, KURLA

(Since There are no repeated values (and therefore no repeated ranks))

We get the following table:

X Y Rank in X Rank in Y d = rx − ry d2
rx ry

1 13 9 8 1 1
2 14 8 7 1 1
3 12 7 9 -2 4
4 18 6 3 3 9
5 23 5 1 4 16
6 17 4 4 0 0
7 15 3 6 -3 9
8 16 2 5 -3 9
9 21 1 2 -1 1

d2 = 50
X

Therefore the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient is

6 d2i
P
ρ(= R) = 1 −
n(n2 − 1)
6(50)
= 1−
9 × 80
⇒ ρ = 0.5833

Z π/2
2(a) Find the extremals of (y ′2 − y 2 + 2xy) dx with y(0) = 0 and y(π/2) = 0. 6
0

Solution: Let

f (x, y, y ′ ) = (y ′2 − y 2 + 2xy)
∂f
⇒ = −2y + 2x · · · (1)
∂y
∂f
and = 2y ′2
∂y ′
d ∂f
⇒ = 2y ′′ · · · (2)
dx ∂y ′
Now the Euler- Lagrange’s Equation is :
∂f d ∂f
− = 0, · · · (∗)
∂y dx ∂y ′

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ECC 401 EM - IV (EXTC) QP May 2023 DBIT, KURLA

Using (1) and (2) in (*) we get

−2y + 2x − 2y ′′ = 0
⇒ −y ′′ − y + x = 0
d2 y
i.e 2 + y = x
dx
i.e(D2 + 1)y = x
Auxiliary equation is
m2 + 1 = 0
⇒ m = ±i
⇒ C.F is y = c1 cos x + c2 sin x · · · (3)
Now PI is
1
y = x
D2
+1
i.e y = (1 − D2 + D4 − · · · )x = x
Hence complete solution is
y = C.F + P.I
= c1 cos x + c2 sin x + x
N ow y(0) = 0 ⇒ 0 = c1
⇒y = c2 sin x + x
y(π/2) = 0 ⇒ 0 = c2 + π/2
⇒ c2 = −π/2
Hence complete solution is
y = C.F + P.I
i.e y = −(π/2) sin x + x

2(b) Fit a straight line of the form y = a + bx to the following data: 6

X: 1 3 5 7 8 10

Y: 8 12 15 17 18 20
Solution:
Let the equation of least- squares line be
y = a + bx
The normal equations are given by

X X
y = na + b x · · · · · · (1)
x2 · · · · · · (2)
X X X
xy = a x+b

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ECC 401 EM - IV (EXTC) QP May 2023 DBIT, KURLA

Now, X
x2 = 248;
X X X
n = 6; x = 34; y = 90; xy = 582
Substituting these values in equations (1) and (2) we get

90 = 6a + 34b
582 = 34a + 248b

Solving the above two equations we get a = 7.63; b = 1.30;

Hence the required line of best fit is
y = 7.63 + 1.3x
2
2(c) Obtain Laurent series of f (z) = in the region: 8
z2 − 3z + 2
(i) |z| < 1 (ii) |z| > 2 (iii) 1 < |z| < 2

Solution: First, we write f (z) as a sum of partial fractions:

2 1
f (z) = =
z2 − 3z + 2 (z − 1)(z − 2)
A B
= +
z−1 z−2
⇒2 ≡ A(z − 2) + B(z − 1)
z=1⇒2 = −A ⇒ A = −2
z=2⇒2 = B⇒B=2
2 z −2 2
⇒ f (z) = = = +
z − 3z + 2
2 (z − 1)(z − 2) z−1 z−2
2 2
⇒ f (z) = − · · · · · · (∗)
z−2 z−1
The regions are:
|z| < 1, 1 < |z| < 2, |z| > 2:

(i) |z| < 1 :

We note that f (z) is analytic in this region and
2 2
f (z) = −
z−2 z−1
2 2
= z −
−2(1 − 2 ) (−1)(1 − z)
z
= (−1)[(1 − )−1 ] + 2[(1 − z)−1 ]
2
z z2 z3
= −1[(1 + + + + · · · )]2[(1 + z + z 2 + z 3 + · · · )]
2 4 8

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ECC 401 EM - IV (EXTC) QP May 2023 DBIT, KURLA

which is the required (Taylor) series.

(ii) 1 < |z| < 2 :
1 z
1 < |z| < 2 =⇒ |z| > 1 & |z| < 2 =⇒ <1& <1
z 2
2 2
f (z) = −
z−2 z−1
2 2
= z −
−2(1 − 2 ) (z)(1 − z1 )
z 2 1
= (−1)[(1 − )−1 ] + [(1 − )−1 ]
2 z z
z z2 z3 2 1 1 1
= −1[(1 + + + + · · · )] [(1 + + 2 + 3 + · · · )]
2 4 8 z z z z
which is the required (Laurent) series.
(iii) |z| > 2 :
We note that f (z) is analytic in this region and
2 2
f (z) = −
z−2 z−1
2 2
= 2 −
z(1 − z ) (z)(1 − z1 )
2 2 2 1
= [(1 − )−1 ] + [(1 − )−1 ]
z z z z
2 2 4 8 2 1 1 1
= [(1 + + 2 + 3 + · · · )] [(1 + + 2 + 3 + · · · )]
z z z z z z z z
which is the required (Laurent) series.

3(a) A continuous random variable has pdf f (x) = kx2 (1 − x), 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 Obtain k, mean and
variance. 6

Solution: Since f (x) is a pdf, we have

Z ∞
f (x) dx = 1
−∞
Z 1
⇒ kx2 (1 − x) dx = 1
0
x3 x4 1
⇒ k( − )|0 = 1
3 4
1 1
⇒ k( − ) = 1
3 4
1
⇒ k( = 1
12
⇒k = 12
⇒ pdf, f (x) = 12x2 (1 − x) 0 < x < 1

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ECC 401 EM - IV (EXTC) QP May 2023 DBIT, KURLA

Now
Z ∞
M ean = E(X) = xf (x) dx
−∞
Z 1
⇒ E(X) = x(12x2 (1 − x)) dx
0
x4 x5 1
− ) |0
= 12(
4 5
1 1
= 12( − )
4 5
1 3
⇒ E(X) = 12( ) =
20 5
and
Z ∞
2
E(X ) = x2 f (x) dx
−∞
Z 1
⇒ E(X 2 ) = x2 (12x2 (1 − x)) dx
0
x 5 x6 1
− ) |0 = 12(
5 6
1 1
= 12( − )
5 6
2 1 2
⇒ E(X ) = 12( ) =
30 5
Hence
V ar(X) = E(X 2 ) − (E(X))2
2 9
= −
5 25
1
⇒ V ar(X) =
25

Z 1
3(b) Find the extremals of (yy ′ + (y ′′ )2 ) dx 6
0

Solution: Let
f (x, y, y ′ , y ′′ ) = yy ′ + (y ′′ )2
∂f
⇒ = y′ · · · (1)
∂y
∂f
and = y
∂y ′
d ∂f
⇒ ( ) = y′ · · · (2)
dx ∂y ′
∂f
and = y ′′
∂y ′′
d2 ∂f d4 y
⇒ 2 ′′ = 2y iv = 2 · · · (3)
dx ∂y dx4

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ECC 401 EM - IV (EXTC) QP May 2023 DBIT, KURLA

Now the Poisson Equation is :

∂f d ∂f d2 ∂f
− + = 0, · · · (∗)
∂y dx ∂y ′ dx2 ∂y ′′

Using (1),(2) and (3) in (*) we get

′ ′d4 y
y −y +2 4 = 0
dx
d4 y
⇒ 4 = 0
dx
i.e D4 y = 0
⇒ D3 y = c1
⇒ D2 y = c1 x + c2
⇒ Dy = c1 (x2 /2) + c2 x + c3
⇒y = c1 (x3 /6) + c2 x2 /2 + c3 x + c4

which is the required solution

3(c) Reduce the quadratic form x21 + 2x22 + 3x23 + 2x1 x2 − 2x1 x3 + 2x3 x2 to canonical form. Find
rank and signature. 8

Solution: The quadratic formcan be written as 

h i 1 1 −1 x1
T
q = X · A · X = x1 x2 x3 ·  1 2 1  · x2 
   

−1 1 3 x3
 
1 1 −1
∴A= 1 2 1 
 

−1 1 3
We write A = 
IAI    
1 1 −1 1 0 0 1 0 0
∴  1 2 1  = 0 1 0 · A · 0 1 0
     

−1 1 3 0 0 1 0 0 1
Now we shall perform congruent Row and Column transformations.
The Row transformations will be applied on the LHS matrix and the first matrix on the RHS and
the Column transformations will be applied on the LHS matrix and the last matrix on the RHS.

By
 R2 − R1 , R3 + R1   
1 1 −1 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 2 =−1 1 ·A · 0 1 0
0
   

0 2 2 1 0 1 0 0 1
By
 C2 − C1 , C +
3 C1   
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 −1 1
0 1 2  = −1 1 0 · A · 0 1 0
   

0 2 2 1 0 1 0 0 1
By R3 − 2R2

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ECC 401 EM - IV (EXTC) QP May 2023 DBIT, KURLA

     
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 −1 1
0 1 2  = −1 1 0 · A · 0 1 0
    

0 0 −2 3 −2 1 0 0 1
By
 C 3 − 2C
 2    
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 −1 3
0 1 0  = −1 1 0 · A · 0 1 −2
    

0 0 −2 3 −2 1 0 0 1
T
= P AP · · · · · · (∗) 
1 −1 3
where P = 0 1 −2
 

0 0 1
L.H.S is the canonical form of matrix A

Letus takeX = P Y , where

 
Y = (y1 , y2 , y3 )T
x1 1 −1 3 y1
⇒ x2  = 0 1 −2 y2 
    

x3 0 0 1 y3
⇒ x1 = y1 − +3y3 ; x2 = y2 − 2y3 ; x3 = y3 ;

Thus x21 + 2x22 + 3x23 + 2x1 x2 − 2x1 x3 + 2x3 x2 got transformed to

y12 + y22 − 2y32

Here,
Rank of the quadratic form = number of non zero diagonal elements = 3
(Index = Number of positive diagonal values (i.e. number of positive eigen values) = 3)
Signature = Difference between number of positive diagonal values and the negative diagonal
values = 2-1 = 1
(Value class = Indefinite)
4(a) Using the Gram-Schmidt process, Construct an orthonormal basis of (1, 0, 1, 1), (−1, 0, −1, 1)
and (0, −1, 1, 1) 6

Solution: Define

Y1 = X1 = (1, 0, 1, 1)
(X2 · Y1 )
Y2 = X2 − Y1
(Y1 · Y1 )
((−1, 0, −1, 1) · (1, 0, 1, 1))
= (−1, 0, −1, 1) − (1, 0, 1, 1)
((1, 0, 1, 1) · (1, 0, 1, 1))
(−1 + 0 − 1 + 1)
= (−1, 0, −1, 1) − (1, 0, 1, 1)
(1 + 0 + 1 + 1)
1 −2 −2 4
⇒ Y2 = (−1, 0, −1, 1) + (1, 0, 1, 1) = ( , 0, , )
3 3 3 3

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ECC 401 EM - IV (EXTC) QP May 2023 DBIT, KURLA

(X3 · Y1 ) (X3 · Y2 )
Y3 = X 3 − Y1 − Y2
(Y1 · Y1 ) (Y2 · Y2 )
((0, −1, 1, 1) · (1, 0, 1, 1)) ((0, −1, 1, 1) · ( −2
3
, 0, −2 , 4 )) −2
3 3 −2 4
= (0, −1, 1, 1) − (1, 0, 1, 1) − −2 −2 4 −2 −2 4 ( , 0, , )
((1, 0, 1, 1) · (1, 0, 1, 1)) (( 3 , 0, 3 , 3 ) · ( 3 , 0, 3 , 3 )) 3 3 3
(0 + 0 + 1 + 1) (0 + 0 − 23 + 43 ) −2 −2 4
= (0, −1, 1, 1) − (1, 0, 1, 1) − 4 4 16 ( , 0, , )
((1 + 0 + 1 + 1) (9 + 0 + 9 + 9 ) 3 3 3
2 ( 32 ) −2 −2 4
= (0, −1, 1, 1) − (1, 0, 1, 1) − 24 ( , 0, , )
3 (9) 3 3 3
−2 1 1 1 −2 −2 4
= ( , −1, , ) − ( )( , 0, , )
3 3 3 4 3 3 3
−2 1 1 1 1 1
= ( + − 1 + 0, + , − )
3 6 3 6 3 3
−3 3
⇒ Y3 = ( , −1, , 0)
6 6
−1 1
⇒ Y3 = ( , −1, , 0)
2 2
Now
q √
||Y1 || = (12 + 0 + 12 + 12 ) = 3
s s s
4 4 16 24 8
||Y2 || = ( +0+ + )= =
9 9 9 9 3
s s
1 1 1
||Y2 || = ( + 1 + + 0) =
4 4 2
let
Y1 (1, 0, 1, 1)
G1 = = √
||Y1 || 3
Y2 −2
( , 0, −2 , 4 )
G2 = = 3 q 3 3
||Y2 || 8
3
−1
Y3 ( 2 , −1, 21 , 0)
G3 = = q
||Y3 || 1
2

Then the required orthonormal basis for the given basis set is:
G1 , G2 , G3
4(b) An insurance company found that only 0.01% of the population is involved in a certain type
of accident each year. If its 1000 policy holders were randomly selected from the population, what
is the probability that not more than two of its clients are involved in such accidents next year. 6

Solution: Let the random variable X denote the number involved in accidents.
We have λ = np = 1000(0.0001) = 0.1
Then: X ∼ P (λ = 0.1)
Then the probability distribution of X is :

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ECC 401 EM - IV (EXTC) QP May 2023 DBIT, KURLA

e−λ λx e−0.1 0.1x

P (X = x) = , x = 0, 1, 2, 3, · · · = x = 0, 1, 2, 3, · · ·
x! x!
Now

P ( atmost 2 are involved in such accidents) = P (X ≤ 2)

= P (X = 0, 1, 2)
e−0.1 0.10 e−0.1 0.11 e−0.1 0.12
= { + +
0! 1! 2!
= e−0.1 (1 + 0.1 + 0.005)
= 0.9998

4(c)By Rayleigh - Ritz method, solve the boundary value problem,

y ′′ + y ′ + x = 0, 0 < x < 1, y(0) = 1, y(1) = 0 8

(Not in syllabus)
5(a) Ten students get the following marks in Mathematics and Statistics.:

X 78 36 98 25 75 82 90 62 65 39

Y 84 51 91 60 68 62 86 58 53 47
Calculate the coefficient of correlation. 6

Solution: We have

P xy PxPy
n
− n n
r = qP qP
x2 Px 2 y2 Py 2
n
−( ) n n
−( n
)
For this data:

x2 = 47648; y 2 = 45784;
X X X X X
x = 650; y = 660; xy = 45604; n = 10

If we substitute these values in the formula, we get

the Karl Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation r = 0.7804
5(b) In a normal distribution, 17% of the items are below 30 and 17% of items are above 60. Find
the mean and s.d of the distribution. 6

(Please refer last page for the tables)

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ECC 401 EM - IV (EXTC) QP May 2023 DBIT, KURLA

Solution: 17% of the items are below 30 =⇒ P (X < 30) = 17%

X −µ 30 − µ
P (X < 30) = P ( < )
σ σ
30 − µ
i.e 0.17 = P (Z < )
σ
30 − µ
i.e 0.17 = P (Z < Z1 ) where Z1 =
σ
Here Z1 is the table value corresponding to the area 0.5 − 0.17 = 0.33 Nov2022/EMIV/-infTo0.96.png

⇒ Z1 = −0.96 (From the tables)

30 − µ
i.e = −0.96
σ
⇒ µ − 0.96 σ = 30.......(1)

17% of the items are above 60 =⇒ P (X > 60) = 17%

X −µ 60 − µ
P (X > 60) = P ( > )
σ σ
60 − µ
i.e 0.17 = P (Z > )
σ
60 − µ
i.e 0.17 = P (Z > Z2 ) where Z2 =
σ
Here Z2 is the table value corresponding to the area 0.5 − 0.17 = 0.33 Nov2022/EMIV/Z_1.23.png

⇒ Z2 = 0.96 (From the tables)

60 − µ
i.e = 0.96
σ
⇒ µ + 0.96 σ = 60.......(2)

Solving equations (1) and (2) we will get

µ = 45 and σ = 15.63
" #
3 1 1
5(c) Find the Singular Value decomposition of 8
−1 3 1
Solution: We have the Singular Value decomposition of a matrix A to be:

VT
X
A = U

" #
3 1 1
Let A =
−1 3 1
 
3 −1
Then AT = 1 3 
 

1 1
   
3 −1 " # 10 0 2
 3 1 1
⇒ AT A = 
1 3   0 10 4
= 
−1 3 1
1 1 2 4 2

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ECC 401 EM - IV (EXTC) QP May 2023 DBIT, KURLA

 
3 −1
" " ##
T 3 1 1  11 1
And AA = 1 3  =

−1 3 1 1 11
1 1
The characteristic equation of (the smaller matrix) AAT = λ2 − 22λ + 120 = 0
⇒ λ = 12, 10 are the eigen values.
⇒ λ = 12, 10, 0 are the eigen values of AT A. √ √
Therefore the singular"values
√ of the matrix
# A are 12, 10
X 12 √0 0
Hence We have =
1 10 0
Now let’s find the eigen vectors of AT A.
Using the equation,
     
(AT A − λI)X = 0 we get the eigen vectors of 12, 10 and 0 as:
1 2 −1
2 , 1 and −2
     

1 0 5
Hence the corresponding
  orthonormal vectors are:
√1 −1

√2 √
 16   15  30 
 −2
v1 = √  , v2 = √  and v3 = √ 
 6  5  30 
√1 0 √5
6 30
# √1
 
" " 1 #
1 1 6 √
3 1 1 
 √1 
Now, u1 = Av1 = √ = √1
2
σ1 12 −1 3 1  6
√1 2
 6
" # √2 " 1 #
1 1 3 1 1  5 √
And, u2 = Av2 = √  √1  = 2
−1
σ1 12 −1 3 1  5 √
2
0
" 1
√1
#
h i √
Hence U = u1 u2 = 2 2
√1 −1
√
2 2  1
√1 √1

" 1 "√ √
√1
# #
√ 12 √0 0  26 6 6
VT = √1
X
2 2

Then A = U −1
√ 0 
 is the required SVD.
√1 √ 1 10 0  5 5
2 2 −1
√ −2
√ √5
30 30 30
6(a) Verify Cauchy -Schwartz inequality for the vectors
u = (1, 3, 2, 4) and v = (3, −2, 1, 6). 6

Solution: We have, the Cauchy-Schwartz Inequality in Rn to be:

If u and v are vectors in Rn , then
|u · v| ≤ ∥u∥ ∥v∥
Here u = (1, 3, 2, 4) and v = (3, −2, 1, 6).
Now

LHS = |u · v| = |(1, 3, 2, 4) · (3, −2, 1, 6)|

= |(1)(3) + (3)(−2) + (2)(1) + (4)(6)|
= |3 − 6 + 2 + 24| = 23 · · · · · · (1)

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ECC 401 EM - IV (EXTC) QP May 2023 DBIT, KURLA

And
q √
||u|| = (1)2 + 32 + 22 + 42 = 30
q √
||v|| =
(3)2 + (−2)2 + 12 + (6)2 = 50
√ √
⇒ RHS = ||u|| ||v|| = 30 × 50 = 38.72 · · · · · · (2)
Equations (1) and (2) =⇒ |u · v| ≤ ||u|| ||v||, which verifies Cauchy - Schwartz inequality. (Here
strict inequality holds)
Z
z−1
6(b) Using Cauchy Residue theorem, evaluate dz where c is |z − i| = 2. 6
c (z + 1)2 (z − 2)
z−1
Solution: Let f (z) =
(z + 1)2 (z − 2)
Poles of f (z) are given by
((z + 1)2 (z − 2)) = 0 =⇒ z = −1 ( pole of order 2) and z = 2 ( pole of order 1).
Now, C is |z − i| = 2 : z = −1 ⇒
√
|z − i| = | − 1 − i| = 2 < 2
⇒ z = −1 lies inside C.
Now,
1 d
Residue at(z = −1) = lim (z + 1)2 f (z)
(2 − 1)! z→−1 dz
1 d z−1
= lim (z + 1)2
(1)! z→−1 dz (z + 1)2 (z − 2)
(z − 2) − (z − 1)
= lim
z→−1 (z − 2)2
(−1 − 2) − (−1 − 1) −3 + 2 −1
= = = · · · · · · (1)
(−1 − 2) 2 9 9
And, C is |z − i| = 2 : z = 2 ⇒
√ √
|z − i| = |2 − i| = 4+1= 5>2
⇒ z = 2 lies outside C.

Hence by Cauchy’s residue theorem

Z
z−1
dz = 2πi (sum of residues of poles of f (z) inside C)
c (z + 1)2 (z − 2)
Z
z−1 −1 −2πi
⇒ dz = 2πi( ) =
c (z + 1)2 (z − 2) 9 9
6(c) Obtain the equations of lines of regression for the following data:
Also obtain the estimate of X for Y = 70. 8

X: 65 66 67 67 68 69 70 72

Y: 67 68 65 68 72 72 69 71

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ECC 401 EM - IV (EXTC) QP May 2023 DBIT, KURLA

Solution:
Regression line of y on x is given by
σy
y − ȳ = r (x − x̄)
σx
where
x̄, ȳ are respectively the mean values of x and y and
σx , σy are respectively the standard deviations of x and y.
and the Regression line of x on y is given by
σx
x − x̄ = r (y − ȳ)
σy
For
X the given Xdata, we have X
x2 = 37028; y 2 = 38132;
X X
x = 544 y = 552; xy = 37560; n = 8
544 552
∴ x̄ = = 68; ȳ = = 69
8 8
37028 544 2 38132 552 2
and σx2 = −( ) = 4.5 σy2 = −( ) = 5.5
√ 8 8 √ 8 8
⇒ σx = 4.5 = 2.121 and σy = 5.5 = 2.345
Cov(X, Y )
Also r = where
σx σy
1X 37560
Cov(X, Y ) = xy = − x̄ × ȳ = 1565 − (68 × 69) = 3
n 8
3
∴r= = 0.603
2.121 × 2.345
Hence the regression lines are :
Regression line of y on x:
2.121
y − 69 = (0.603)( )(x − 68)
2.345
that is y − 69 = 0.5454x − 37.0872
⇒ y = 0.5454x + 31.9128 (1)

is the Regression line of y on x

Regression line of x on y:
2.345
x − 68 = (0.603)( )(y − 69)
2.121
that is x − 68 = 0.6667y − 46.0011
⇒ x = 0.6667y + 21.9988 (2)

is the Regression line of x on y

Now to estimate x given y = 70, we use the Regression line of x on y.
Putting y = 70 in equation (2) we get,
x = 0.6667(70) + 21.9988 = 68.6678

Revathy S, May 2023 15