Afro

AFRO-LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC AND POPULAR MUSIC
Music of Africa
 Music has always play an important role in the daily lives of Africans. It can be for work,
religion, ceremonies, or even communication.
 For the African ceremonies, singing, dancing, clapping, and beating of drums have
essential roles even in religious expressions and political events.
 The wide influence of African music spread throughout the world. It permeated
contemporary American, Latin American, and European styles.
 African music is a result of the collective cultural and musical variety of more than 50
ethnic divisions of the continent.
Music of Latin America

 The Latin American music is the product of three major influences of indigenous
Spanish, Portuguese and Africa.
 It pertains to Latin music because of the impact on the countries colonized by Spain and
Portugal
Popular Music
 Popular music literally means “music of the populace”.
 Developed in the 20th century, pop music is generally comprised of music for
entertainment of large number of audience, whether on radio or in live performances.
Vocal Form of African Music:

Maracatu - It first surfaced in the African state of Pernambuco, combining the strong
rhythm of African percussion instruments with Portuguese melodies. The maracatu group
called nacoes (nations) who paraded with a drumming assemble numbering up to 100,
are accompanied by singer, a chorus, and coterie of dancers.
Blues - The blues is a musical form of the late 19th century that had deep roots in
African-American communities, located in the so called “Deep South” of the United States,
where the slaves and their descendants used to sing as they worked in the cotton and
vegetable fields. The feelings that are evoked are normally associated with misfortune,
lost love, frustration, or loneliness. From extreme joy to deep sadness, the blues can
communicate various emotions more effectively than other musical forms. The noted
performers are Ray Charles, James Brown, Cab Calloway, Aretha Franklin, and John Lee
Hooker. Examples of Blues are I Can’t Stop Loving You by Ray Charles, Respect By
Aretha Franklin
Soul - It was a popular music genre of the 1950s and 1960s. It originated in the United
States, and combined elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues, and
often jazz. The catchy rhythm is accompanied by handclaps and extemporaneous body
moves which are among its important features. Ray Charles, Little Richard, Otis Redding,
and James Brown were equally influential. Sam Cooke and Jackie Wilson are often
acknowledged as “soul forefathers” while James Brown is called as “Godfather of Soul”.
Example of soul music are Ain’t No Mountain High Enough, Ben, All I Could Do Was Cry,
Soul to Soul, and Betcha by Golly Wow
Spiritual It is associated with deeply religious person. It pertains to a song form, known
as the “Negro spiritual” sang by the African slaves in America who became enslaved by
their white communities. It is used as outlet to express loneliness and anger. The result of
the interaction of music and religion from Africa with that of American. The text, mainly
religious, and sometimes taken from Biblical psalms or passages, while the music utilizes
deep bass voices. Examples: We are Climbing Jacob’s Ladder, Rock My Soul, When the
Saints Go Marching In
Call and Response It is a method of a succession of two distinct musical phrases usually
rendered by different musicians, where the second phrase acts as a direct commentary
on or response to the first. It is somewhat same with question and answer sequence in
human communication. It also resembles to the verse-chorus form in many vocal
compositions. Example: Mannish Boy by Muddy Waters, School Day (Ring. Ring Goes
the Bell) by Chuck Berry, Call Me Maybe by Carly Rae Jepsen
Vocal and Dance Form of Latin American Music:
1. Cumbia - It consists of varying rhythmic meters in different locations— two four time
signature in Colombia, two four, four four, and six eight time signatures in Panama, and
two two time signature in Mexico. The instruments used are drums of African origin,
such as the tabora, (bass drum), claves (a pair of the thick hardwood sticks struck
together to set the beat), guitar, accordion, clarinet, modern flute, and caja (a type of
snare drum).
2. Tango - The word “ tango” has been of African origin, meaning “African dance” or from
the Spanish word taner meaning “to play” an instrument. During the 1890s, it developed
as the foremost urban song and dance form in the working class areas of Buenos,
Aires, Argentina related to the Cuban contradanza and habanera.
3. Chacha - It is a ballroom dance originated in Cuba. It was derived from the mambo and
its characteristics rhythm of 2 crochets—3 quavers— quaver rest, with a syncopation
on the fourth beat.
4. Rumba - It is popular recreational dance of Afro-Cuban origin, performed in a complex
duple meter pattern and tresillo, which is a dotted quaver— dotted quaver –dotted
semiquaver rhythm. It has a repetitive melody with an ostinato pattern played by
maracas, claves, and other percussion instruments.
5. Bossa nova - It originated in the late 1950s when a slower, gentler version of the
classic Cuban samba become popular with the upper- and middle-class sectors of
Brazilian society. The name bossa nova is Portuguese (the language of Brazil) for “new
trend.” The music integrates melody, harmony, and rhythm into a swaying feel, where
the vocal style is often nasal. The music contains themes centering on love, women,
longing nature, and youthfulness. This is ideal for easy and relaxing listening,
conducive to romantic dates and quiet moments at lounges.
6. Reggae - It is an urban popular music and dance style that originated in Jamaica in the
mid-1960s. It contained English texts coupled with Creole expressions that were not so
familiar to the non-Jamaican. It was a synthesis of Western American (Afro-American)
popular music and the traditional Afro-Jamaican music. It composed a Western-style
melodic-harmonic base with African sounds and characteristics, American pop and rock
music mannerisms, and a preference for a loud volume in the bass. The best-known
proponent of reggae music is Bob Marley.
7. Foxtrot - The foxtrot is a 20th century social dance that originated after 1910 in the
USA. It was executed as one step, two step and syncopated rhythmic pattern. The
tempo varied from 30 to 40 bars per minute and had a simple duple meter with regular
4-bar phrases.
8. Paso Doble - It means double step. It is a theatrical Spanish dance used by Spaniards
in bullfights. The music was played as the matador (a bullfighter whose task is to kill the
bull) enters (paseo); and also, during passes just before the kill (faena). The music
used is in the duple meter and march-like character.
POPULAR MUSIC
 Popular music literally means “music of the populace”.
 Developed in the 20th century, pop music is generally comprised of music for
entertainment of large number of audience, whether on radio or in live performances.
Folk Music—Traditionally, folk music pertains to melodies and songs of the common
people handed down one generation to the next. Folk music commonly expresses the
character of ethnic and social groups, and sometimes of a nation. As the music of the
people, it shows political or religious beliefs, tells a story, recount history, or simply
provides amusement. During 1960s and 1970s, folk music took on a new character. It
was combined with elements of rock to reveal the social and political concerns of the
youth era.
Country and Western Music- It is the combination of popular musical forms originally
found in the southern United States. The terminology “country music” began to be used in
the 1940s when the earlier term “hillbilly music” was felt to be degrading, and the term
was subsequently embraced in the 1970s. The music reflects the people’s life
experiences and local settings, even while combining the ideas of a continued
development of the society with nostalgia for one’s roots and culture. Its musical
characteristics are simple tune, usually sung solo accompanied by a guitar, a banjo, or
occasional whistling. The theme of the songs shows the romantic imagery of the
American cowboy-depicting heroic deeds, gritty trail life , nature and widen open space
Ballads - It is about expressive folksong in narrative verse with text dealing typically with
love. The word “ballad”, derived both from the medieval French “chanson balladee” and
“ballade”, means dancing song.
Rock and Roll - It was greatly popular song from United States during the late 1940s to
the 1960s. It combined the Afro-American forms such as the blues, jump blues, jazz, and
gospel music with Western swing and country music. The lead instruments were the
piano and saxophone, but these were eventually replaced by modern instrument. In the
classic form, rock and roll employed one or two electric guitars (lead, rhythm), a string
bass or bass guitar, and a set of drums that provided the rhythmic pattern. With the use of
technology, amplifiers and microphones were added to increase the volume.
Disco Disco music pertained to rock music that was more danceable. The disco style had
a soaring and reverberating sound rhythmically controlled by a steady beat for ease of
dancing, and accompanied by stringed, horns, electric guitars, and electric pianos or
synthesizers.
Pop Music Like disco era, other pop music superstars continued to emerge including pop
superstars like Celine Dion, Madonna, Michael Jackson (The King of Pop) and the today’s
pop music idols, such Boyzone, Westlife, Black Eyed Peas, K-pop groups, etc.
Hip Hop and Rap The musical style is a highly rhythmic type of music that usually
includes rap (rhythmic chanted words). In rapping, the artist performs along within the
instruments or the synthesizer beat.
Alternative Music It is an underground and independent form of music that arose in the
1980s. It was recognized as unconventional practices such as distorted guitar sounds,
oppressive lyrics, and defiant attitudes. It was also characterized by high energy levels
that bred new styles such as new wave, punk rock, post-punk, indie rock, gothic rock,
jangle pop, noise pop, C86, Madchester, Industrial Rock, and Shoegazing.
Classical Musical Made Popular In the 20th century the composers expanded the
genres of classical music with bold or daring new styles, such as minimalism, chance
music, and avant-garde music. Crossover Performance: Classical and Pop Number of
classical musicians have begun to render “crossover” performance, in which they
combine classical compositions with a jazz, rock, and folk music in the same concert or
recording.
Original Pilipino Music (OPM) It pertains to the Philippine pop song, particularly ballads,
such as those popular after the fading of its predecessor, the Manila Sound, in the late
1970s.

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AFRO-LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC AND POPULAR MUSIC

Music of Latin America

Vocal Form of African Music:

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