Reviewer-for-Grade-10-Science-Exam-2nd-Quarter (1)

Reviewer for Grade 10 Science Exam
This reviewer covers key concepts related to electromagnetic waves, reflection, and the properties of convex
and concave mirrors to aid in preparing for the Grade 10 Science exam.
Key Concepts
1. Electromagnetic Waves
• Definition: Electromagnetic waves are waves that consist of oscillating electric and magnetic fields
and can travel through a vacuum.
• Types:
• Radio Waves: Longest wavelength; used in communication systems such as radios and
televisions.
• Microwaves: Used in cooking (microwave ovens) and radar technology.
• Infrared Waves: Used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and cooking.
• Visible Light: The range of electromagnetic radiation visible to the human eye.
• Ultraviolet Rays: Used for sterilization and detecting counterfeit money.
• X-rays: Used in medical imaging.
• Gamma Rays: Used in cancer treatment and medical imaging.
2. Properties of Electromagnetic Waves
• Speed: All electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light in a vacuum, approximately 3×108 m/s.
• Wavelength (λ): The distance between successive peaks of a wave; measured in meters.
• Frequency (f): The number of waves that pass a point in one second; measured in Hertz (Hz).
• Energy (E): Related to frequency by the equation E=hf, where h is Planck's constant.
3. Relationships Between Properties
• Wavelength and frequency are inversely proportional; as one increases, the other decreases:
λ=c
f
where c is the speed of light.
• Energy is directly proportional to frequency; higher frequency means higher energy.
Reflection
• Definition: Reflection is the bouncing back of light when it strikes a surface.

• Law of Reflection: The angle of incidence (the angle at which incoming light hits a surface) is equal
to the angle of reflection (the angle at which light reflects off the surface):
Angle of Incidence=Angle of Reflection
• Applications: Reflection is utilized in mirrors, periscopes, and optical devices.
Mirrors
Convex Mirrors
• Shape: Curved outward; diverges light rays that strike its surface.
• Properties:
• Produces virtual images that are smaller than the object.
• Commonly used in security mirrors and vehicle side mirrors.
Concave Mirrors
• Shape: Curved inward; converges light rays that strike its surface.
• Properties:
• Can produce real images (when the object is beyond the focal point) or virtual images (when
the object is within the focal point).
• Commonly used in makeup mirrors, telescopes, and satellite dishes.
Applications of Electromagnetic Waves
• Communication: Radio waves are essential for broadcasting signals, including television and radio.
• Medical Imaging: X-rays allow doctors to see inside the body without surgery, while gamma rays
are used for cancer treatment.
• Cooking: Microwaves heat food by causing water molecules to vibrate.
Safety Considerations
• Ionizing Radiation: Includes X-rays and gamma rays; can pose health risks such as increased
cancer risk with prolonged exposure.
• Non-Ionizing Radiation: Includes microwaves and radio waves; generally considered safe but can
cause thermal effects.
Important Formulas
• Wavelength Calculation:
Wavelength=Speed
Frequency
Summary of Key Points
1. The electromagnetic spectrum includes various types of waves, each with unique properties and
applications.
2. The speed of light is constant in a vacuum, but wavelength and frequency vary inversely.
3. Understanding reflection is crucial for applications involving mirrors and optical devices.
4. Convex mirrors diverge light rays, producing virtual images, while concave mirrors converge light
rays, producing real or virtual images.
Study Topics
Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Familiarize yourself with the order of electromagnetic waves from longest wavelength (radio waves)
to shortest wavelength (gamma rays).
Medical Applications
• Understand how X-rays are utilized for diagnosing fractures and diseases, while gamma rays are
used in cancer treatment.
Technology Applications
• Explore how lasers improve telecommunications by allowing higher data transfer rates through fiber
optics.
Safety Standards
• Recognize the importance of safety standards for EM radiation exposure to protect individuals from
potential health risks.
Review Questions (for self-assessment)
1. Identify the type of electromagnetic wave that has the longest wavelength.
2. State the speed of all electromagnetic waves in a vacuum.
3. Compare the energy levels of gamma rays to those of radio waves.
4. Explain how microwaves function in RADAR technology.
5. Describe how convex and concave mirrors differ in terms of image formation.
Conclusion
This comprehensive reviewer covers essential topics related to electromagnetic waves, reflection, and mirror
properties, equipping students with the knowledge necessary for effective preparation for their Grade 10
Science examination. Focus on understanding concepts rather than rote memorization for better retention and
application of knowledge.
Prepared by:
amdlptrp,lpt,mem

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Reviewer for Grade 10 Science Exam

2. Properties of Electromagnetic Waves

3. Relationships Between Properties

• Definition: Reflection is the bouncing back of light when it strikes a surface.

Applications of Electromagnetic Waves

Summary of Key Points

Review Questions (for self-assessment)

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