AUTOMATIC PROJECT

CHAPTER 3: HARDWARE
Student’s name: Trần Thanh Nhân
Id :22151033
Lecturer: Ngô Văn Thuyên Ph.D
REPORT
3.1/ Design requirements
* Prepare eggs
Select eggs: Choose good quality eggs, no cracks, damage, uniform size.
Clean: Wipe eggs with a dry cloth or mild disinfectant solution to prevent bacteria from
entering.
* Temperature control:
- Keep the temperature stable between 37.2°C - 37.8°C.
- Use a temperature sensor (Thermocouple RTD K Type) to measure the temperature in
the machine.
- Control the heating device (light bulb) through a relay or power control module.
* Humidity control:
- Maintain appropriate humidity (50-55% in the initial stage, 65-70% in the final stage).
- Control humidity with a water tray, mist sprayer, or water pump.
* Ventilation:
- Use a 12VDC fan to circulate air, ensure enough oxygen and discharge CO₂.
* Display screen:
- Display information about temperature, humidity, device status (LCD 16x2).
Warning:
- Warn when temperature or humidity exceeds the threshold via buzzer or LED light.
* Load the eggs into the incubator
- Place the eggs with the tip facing down.
- Distribute the eggs evenly throughout the incubator to ensure even distribution of
temperature and humidity.
* Egg Incubation Technology Process:
The technology process of an egg incubator involves the following main steps: Eggs are
placed in an incubation chamber where temperature and humidity are tightly controlled.
The temperature inside the chamber is typically maintained at around 37-38°C to ensure
proper development of the eggs. Temperature and humidity sensors continuously monitor
these parameters and adjust them via an automatic control system. Additionally, the eggs
need to be rotated regularly to ensure even development of the embryo and prevent the
embryo from sticking to the shell. A PID control system helps maintain the stability of
temperature and humidity throughout the incubation process. After approximately 18-21
days of incubation, the eggs hatch, completing the incubation process.
3.2 System block diagram
 Figure 1: Block diagram interfacing by Arduino mega 2560
3.3 Choose micro-controller
Nowadays, there are many micro-controller that is really popular and user-friendly with
customer, but I chose Arduino over PLC or other systems for several reasons. Firstly,
Arduino is highly cost-effective, making it an ideal choice for small-scale or personal
projects like an egg incubator. Its open-source nature allows for easy customization and
integration with various sensors and actuators, enabling precise temperature and humidity
control. Secondly, Arduino has a vast community and extensive online resources, which
simplifies troubleshooting and development for beginners and advanced users alike.
Unlike PLCs, which can be more complex and expensive, Arduino offers flexibility in
programming and compatibility with different libraries, making it perfect for educational
and DIY projects where budget and adaptability are critical. Moreover, Arduino is too
compact,just around 50gram, so user can bring to wherever comfortably and fix in a easy
way.
Criteria Arduino PLC (Programmable Other Systems
Logic Controller) (e.g., Raspberry
Pi, ESP32)
Cost Affordable, Expensive, suitable Varies: Raspberry
especially for for industrial use. Pi is affordable;
small projects. ESP32 is cheaper
than Arduino.
Ease of Use Easy to Requires knowledge Moderate:
program with of ladder logic or Raspberry Pi uses
the Arduino specific programming Linux; ESP32 is
IDE; languages. similar to Arduino
beginner- but more
friendly. advanced.
Flexibility Highly Limited flexibility; Raspberry Pi is
customizable; designed for specific highly flexible;
supports industrial tasks. ESP32 offers
various better IoT
sensors and capabilities.
modules.
Community Support Large and Smaller community; Raspberry Pi has
active resources are more extensive support;
community industry-focused. ESP32’s
with abundant community is
resources and growing.
tutorials.
Applications Suitable for Best for industrial Raspberry Pi for
DIY, automation and high- multimedia and
prototyping, reliability IoT; ESP32 for
and environments. wireless IoT
educational projects.
projects.
Real-time Control Handles real- Designed for real- Raspberry Pi
time tasks but time, high-reliability struggles with
less precise control. real-time tasks;
than PLCs. ESP32 performs
better than
Arduino.
Power Consumption Low power High power Raspberry Pi uses
consumption, consumption. more power;
ideal for ESP32 is very
battery- efficient.
powered
projects.
 Durability Less durable; Highly durable; built Raspberry Pi is
not designed for harsh industrial less durable;
for industrial conditions. ESP32 is
environments. moderate.
Programming Language C/C++ Ladder logic, Python for
(Arduino function block Raspberry Pi;
IDE) diagram, or C/C++ for ESP32
proprietary (similar to
languages. Arduino).

Arduino strikes a balance between cost, flexibility, and ease of use. It is ideal for non-
industrial, creative, and educational projects like egg incubators. Unlike PLCs, which are
designed for industrial-scale automation, Arduino provides a more accessible platform for
rapid prototyping and customization, making it perfect for DIY enthusiasts and small-
scale applications.
3.4 Choose peripheral for Arduino
* Display (I2C LCD):
- Operating voltage is 5 V.
- Dimensions: 98 x 60 x 13.5 mm.- The distance between the two connection pins is 0.1
inch, convenient when connecting
to breadboard.
- The pin names are written on the back of the LCD screen to support connection.

Figure 2: I2C LCD

*Lightbulb: 60W Incandescent lightbulb:
Incandescent lightbulb information:
- Lamp base: B22, E27
- Power: 60W
- Voltage: 220V – 50Hz
- Luminous flux: Bright 690lm, dim 670lm
- Filament type: Coiled coil
- Lifetime: 1000 hours
- Dimensions: Diameter 60mm, length 105mm

Figure 3: Incandescent lightbulb

*12VDC fan:
DC fan technical information:
- Voltage: 12V
- Dimensions: 8x8 cm
- Speed Reference: 4000 ± 10% RPM
- Noise Reference: 18 dB
- Airflow Reference: 18.17–25.97 CFM• Current: 12V 0.18A
 Figure 4: 12v DC fan

3.5 Sensor block design

- The Thermocouple K Type sensor, combined with the MAX6675 circuit, is an excellent
choice for temperature measurement due to its wide range, durability, accuracy, and
compatibility. With the ability to measure from 0~800°C, this sensor is suitable for high-
temperature applications, while also being precise enough for incubators, where
temperatures range around 37-40°C, with potential for expansion into other uses. Its
metal-coated wire and M6 thread ensure durability and resistance to humidity or
fluctuating temperatures. The MAX6675 circuit provides high accuracy with a resolution
of 0.25°C and a 12-bit ADC for precise signal conversion, noise reduction, and reliable
performance. It is compatible with Arduino, using simple SPI communication for fast and
efficient temperature data collection. Operating stably in ambient temperatures from -20
to 85°C, the module’s compact size (15x25mm) and 0.5m wire length make it easy to
integrate into confined spaces like incubators. This setup is ideal for applications
requiring a broad temperature range, such as furnaces or industrial thermal systems, as
well as those demanding durability in harsh environments. Additionally, LM35 outputs
analog signal, which needs to be processed through ADC converter (if using
microcontroller that does not support ADC), increasing complexity in design.
- The DHT22 Temperature and Humidity Sensor offers several advantages that make
it a popular choice for accurate environmental measurements. This sensor operates within
a voltage range of 3 to 5 VDC and has a low current consumption of 2.5mA at maximum
during data transmission. It provides high accuracy with a humidity measurement range
of 0-100% RH and an error margin of just 2-5%. The DHT22 is known for its good
quality, durability, and stability, making it a reliable choice for many applications, from
climate control systems to DIY projects.
3.6 Detailed schmetic:

Figure 5: Full Schmetic