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6 views

applied physics

Uploaded by

na1485115
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Assignment # 01

Topics:
 Energy stored in electric field
 Dielectric materials
 Power in DC circuits
Course:
Applied Physics
Submitted by:
Muhammad Najaf
Submitted To:
Sir Amjad Farid Sahib
Roll Number:
244193
Department:
BS Electrical Engineering
Semester:
1st
Batch:
2024-2028
Energy Stored in an Electric Field

The energy stored in an electric field can be described using the concept of
electric potential energy, which is the energy stored due to the configuration of
charges and the electric field they produce.

Definition:

The energy stored in an electric field, also known as electric potential


energy, is the energy needed to move a charge through an electric field. It can
also be defined as the ability of a charged object to do work on another charged
object.

SI Unit:
The SI unit for used for electric potential energy is the joule.

Formula for Energy Stored in Electric Field

The energy density u (energy per unit volume) of the electric field is given by:

u = 1/2 ε0E2

 Here,
 u is the energy density (in joules per cubic meter, J/m³),
 ε0 is the permittivity of free space (approximately 8.85×10−12 C2/N⋅m2)
 E is the electric field strength (in volts per meter, V/m).

Dielectric Materials
A dielectric is a material that is an electrical insulator, meaning it does not
conduct electricity under normal conditions. However, when subjected to an
electric field, it becomes polarized, meaning that its molecules align with the field.
This property makes dielectrics useful in a variety of electrical and electronic
applications, especially in capacitors, where they are used to separate conductive
plates and store electrical energy.

Key characteristics of dielectrics include:

1. Electrical Insulation: Dielectrics do not allow the flow of electric current, making
them ideal for preventing electrical shorts and protecting circuits.
2. Dielectric Constant (Relative Permittivity): This is a measure of a material’s
ability to store electrical energy in an electric field. A higher dielectric constant
indicates a better ability to store energy. Common dielectric materials include air,
rubber, glass, and ceramics.
3. Polarization: When a dielectric material is placed in an electric field, the electric
charges within the material become slightly displaced, creating an induced dipole
moment. This process is called polarization.
4. Breakdown Voltage: Every dielectric material has a maximum electric field it can
withstand before it breaks down and begins to conduct electricity. This is known as
the dielectric breakdown voltage.

Examples of Dielectric Materials:

 Air: Commonly used as a dielectric in certain capacitors and electrical components.


 Ceramics: Often used in high-voltage and high-frequency applications.
 Plastic: Used in electrical wiring insulation and capacitors.
 Oil: Used as a dielectric fluid in power transformers and electrical insulators.

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