SESSION 10

EXAM 2 REVIEW
CHAPTERS 8-9, 12-15
CHAPTER 8
DRAW A FREE ENERGY DIAGRAM OF A REACTION
WITH AND WITHOUT AN ENZYME.
1. You are told that an enzyme is added to a reaction mixture. You are sure that

A. The free energy change of the overall reaction remains the same.
B. The free energy of the transition state remains the same.
C. The reaction must be exergonic.
D. The reaction must be endergonic.
E. None of the above.
1. You are told that an enzyme is added to a reaction mixture. You are sure that

A. The free energy change of the overall reaction remains the same.
B. The free energy of the transition state remains the same.
C. The reaction must be exergonic.
D. The reaction must be endergonic.
E. None of the above.
2. An enzyme is in an environment where the pH was shifted away from its
optimal range. From this information, you expect:

A. The change in pH decreased molecular collisions, as the pH is no longer normal.

B. The move away from the optimal pH likely disrupted ionic interactions within the enzyme.
C. The rate of reaction likely diminished away from optimal pH.
D. This enzyme was at optimal pH in an acidic environment.
E. More than one of the above is expected.
2. An enzyme is in an environment where the pH was shifted away from its
optimal range. From this information, you expect:

A. The change in pH decreased molecular collisions, as the pH is no longer normal.

B. The move away from the optimal pH likely disrupted ionic interactions within the enzyme.
C. The rate of reaction likely diminished away from optimal pH.
D. This enzyme was at optimal pH in an acidic environment.
E. More than one of the above is expected.
3. You’re observing an enzymatic reaction to which an inhibitor was added and see
a reduction in product. You look up what substrate this enzyme is specific for
and add a lot more of this substrate and begin to see an increase in product.
From this information, you know:

A. The enzyme exhibits cooperativity.

B. At some point, an allosteric inhibitor was added to the reaction.
C. This enzyme is chemically modified by phosphorylation.
D. This enzyme was inhibited by a competitive inhibitor.
E. None of the above.
3. You’re observing an enzymatic reaction to which an inhibitor was added and see
a reduction in product. You look up what substrate this enzyme is specific for
and add a lot more of this substrate and begin to see an increase in product.
From this information, you know:

A. The enzyme exhibits cooperativity.

B. At some point, an allosteric inhibitor was added to the reaction.
C. This enzyme is chemically modified by phosphorylation.
D. This enzyme was inhibited by a competitive inhibitor.
E. None of the above.
CHAPTER 9
CONSIDER WHAT WOULD HAPPEN TO THE ETC IS OXYGEN WAS NO
LONGER AVAILABLE. WHAT HAPPENS TO THE CAC? WHAT ABOUT
GLYCOLYSIS?

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN CITRIC ACID CYCLE & GLYCOLYSIS

CONSIDER WHAT WOULD HAPPEN TO THE ETC IS OXYGEN WAS NO
LONGER AVAILABLE. WHAT HAPPENS TO THE CAC? WHAT ABOUT
GLYCOLYSIS?

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN CITRIC ACID CYCLE & GLYCOLYSIS

• Lack of oxygen means no terminal
electron acceptor
• Electrons cannot be passed down the
electron transport chain – they will be
stuck and start to back up
• Reduced electron carriers are unable to
get oxidized – we cannot regenerate
NAD+ and FAD
CONSIDER WHAT WOULD HAPPEN TO THE ETC IS OXYGEN WAS NO
LONGER AVAILABLE. WHAT HAPPENS TO THE CAC? WHAT ABOUT
GLYCOLYSIS?

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN CITRIC ACID CYCLE & GLYCOLYSIS

• Lack of oxygen means no terminal • Since we cannot regenerate NAD+ and
electron acceptor FAD, the CAC is unable to proceed
• Electrons cannot be passed down the forward as electrons no longer have a
electron transport chain – they will be place to be put
stuck and start to back up • Glycolysis may proceed if fermentation
• Reduced electron carriers are unable to occurs to regenerate a small amount of
get oxidized – we cannot regenerate NAD+ in anaerobic conditions (how does
NAD+ and FAD this happen?)
1. What is being reduced and what is being oxidized in the process of cellular
respiration?
C6H12O6 + O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

A. Glucose acted as an oxidizing agent.

B. Oxygen was oxidized.
C. Oxygen acted as an oxidizing agent.
D. Carbon dioxide was reduced.
E. None of the above are correct.
1. What is being reduced and what is being oxidized in the process of cellular
respiration?
C6H12O6 + O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

A. Glucose acted as an oxidizing agent.

B. Oxygen was oxidized.
C. Oxygen acted as an oxidizing agent.
D. Carbon dioxide was reduced.
E. None of the above are correct.
2. Which of the following may cause the allosteric inhibition of
phosphofructokinase (PFK)?

A. High levels of ATP

B. High levels of ADP
C. High levels of AMP
D. High levels of citrate
E. More than one of the above are correct.
2. Which of the following may cause the allosteric inhibition of
phosphofructokinase (PFK)?

A. High levels of ATP

B. High levels of ADP
C. High levels of AMP
D. High levels of citrate
E. More than one of the above are correct.
3. Which of the following statements about the electron transport chain are false?

A. Reduced electron carrier molecules like NADH and FADH2 are oxidized.
B. The reduction-oxidation reactions which occur are unfavorable as electrons are passed
down.
C. The movement of electrons powers proton pumping across the inner mitochondrial
membrane.
D. Oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor.
3. Which of the following statements about the electron transport chain are false?

A. Reduced electron carrier molecules like NADH and FADH2 are oxidized.
B. The reduction-oxidation reactions which occur are unfavorable as electrons are passed
down.
C. The movement of electrons powers proton pumping across the inner mitochondrial
membrane.
D. Oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor.
4. The pH level in the _______ is _______ than the pH levels in the _______.

A. Cytosol, lower, intermembrane space of the mitochondria

B. Intermembrane space of the mitochondria, lower, mitochondrial matrix
C. Cytosol, higher, mitochondrial matrix
D. Intermembrane space of the mitochondria, higher, mitochondrial matrix
E. The pH levels in the cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, and the intermembrane space of the
mitochondria are equal
4. The pH level in the _______ is _______ than the pH levels in the _______.

A. Cytosol, lower, intermembrane space of the mitochondria

B. Intermembrane space of the mitochondria, lower, mitochondrial matrix
C. Cytosol, higher, mitochondrial matrix
D. Intermembrane space of the mitochondria, higher, mitochondrial matrix
E. The pH levels in the cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, and the intermembrane space of the
mitochondria are equal
5. Which of the following about cellular respiration is true?

A. Pyruvate oxidation does not change the number of carbons from the starting molecule.
B. Pyruvate oxidation is the second instance where carbon dioxide is lost.
C. The citric acid cycle is the second instance where carbon dioxide is lost.
D. The citric acid cycle is not significant in producing high energy electron carriers.
E. None of the above are true.
5. Which of the following about cellular respiration is true?

A. Pyruvate oxidation does not change the number of carbons from the starting molecule.
B. Pyruvate oxidation is the second instance where carbon dioxide is lost.
C. The citric acid cycle is the second instance where carbon dioxide is lost.
D. The citric acid cycle is not significant in producing high energy electron carriers.
E. None of the above are true.
CHAPTER 12
WHAT ARE THE STEPS OF THE CELL CYCLE? WHAT IS THE
CELL DOING IN EACH? WHAT ARE THE STEPS OF MITOSIS
WHAT ARE THE STEPS OF THE CELL CYCLE? WHAT IS THE
CELL DOING IN EACH? WHAT ARE THE PHASES OF
MITOSIS?
1. You are studying a normal cell. If you observe _______, then you know that
the cell is ______.

A. Sister chromatids connected by cohesins; in anaphase

B. Sister chromatids lined up at the equator; in metaphase
C. Duplicated centrosomes and centrioles; in G2
D. Kinetochores attached to microtubules; in telophase
E. A fragmented nuclear envelope; prometaphase
1. You are studying a normal cell. If you observe _______, then you know that
the cell is ______.

A. Sister chromatids connected by cohesins; in anaphase

B. Sister chromatids lined up at the equator; in metaphase
C. Duplicated centrosomes and centrioles; in G2
D. Kinetochores attached to microtubules; in telophase
E. A fragmented nuclear envelope; prometaphase
2. Which of the following statements about mitosis is true?

A. Kinetochores allow for chromosome attachment to the mitotic spindle.

B. Chromosomes start condensing during prometaphase.
C. Centromeres are the regions where the mitotic spindle begins to form.
D. Homologous chromosomes are separated during mitosis.
E. There is more than one correct statement above.
2. Which of the following statements about mitosis is true?

A. Kinetochores allow for chromosome attachment to the mitotic spindle.

B. Chromosomes start condensing during prometaphase.
C. Centromeres are the regions where the mitotic spindle begins to form.
D. Homologous chromosomes are separated during mitosis.
E. There is more than one correct statement above.
3. A cell is receiving mitogens from its surrounding cells. From this, you know
that...

A. The cell will contain maturation promoting factor.

B. The cell may not divide if opposing signal molecules are received.
C. The cell may be subject to a series of checkpoints.
D. The cell must display anchorage dependence.
E. More than one of the above are correct.
3. A cell is receiving mitogens from its surrounding cells. From this, you know
that...

A. The cell will contain maturation promoting factor.

B. The cell may not divide if opposing signal molecules are received.
C. The cell may be subject to a series of checkpoints.
D. The cell must display anchorage dependence.
E. More than one of the above are correct.
4. Cytokinesis usually, but not always, follows mitosis. If a cell completed mitosis
but not cytokinesis, the result would be a cell with _______.

A. A single large nucleus.

B. High concentrations of actin and myosin.
C. Two abnormally small nuclei.
D. Two nuclei.
E. Two nuclei but with half of the amount of DNA.
4. Cytokinesis usually, but not always, follows mitosis. If a cell completed mitosis
but not cytokinesis, the result would be a cell with _______.

A. A single large nucleus.

B. High concentrations of actin and myosin.
C. Two abnormally small nuclei.
D. Two nuclei.
E. Two nuclei but with half of the amount of DNA.
5. Taxol is an anticancer drug extracted from the Pacific Yew tree. In animal cells,
taxol disrupts microtubule formation by binding to microtubules and
accelerating their assembly from the protein precursor, tubulin. Surprisingly, this
stops mitosis. Based on what you know about mitosis and taxol, taxol must
affect…

A. The fibers of the mitotic spindle.

B. Anaphase.
C. Formation of the centrioles.
D. Chromatid assembly.
E. The S phase of the cell cycle.
5. Taxol is an anticancer drug extracted from the Pacific Yew tree. In animal cells,
taxol disrupts microtubule formation by binding to microtubules and
accelerating their assembly from the protein precursor, tubulin. Surprisingly, this
stops mitosis. Based on what you know about mitosis and taxol, taxol must
affect…

A. The fibers of the mitotic spindle.

B. Anaphase.
C. Formation of the centrioles.
D. Chromatid assembly.
E. The S phase of the cell cycle.
CHAPTER 13
1. Meiosis is similar to mitosis in the following ways, except for

A. DNA is replicated before both meiosis and mitosis.

B. The nuclear envelope is fragmented before chromosomes are attached to the spindle.
C. Sister chromatids separate in both mitosis and meiosis.
D. Shortening of kinetochore microtubules separates genetic material in both mitosis and
meiosis.
E. None of the above are exceptions.
1. Meiosis is similar to mitosis in the following ways, except for

A. DNA is replicated before both meiosis and mitosis.

B. The nuclear envelope is fragmented before chromosomes are attached to the spindle.
C. Sister chromatids separate in both mitosis and meiosis.
D. Shortening of kinetochore microtubules separates genetic material in both mitosis and
meiosis.
E. None of the above are exceptions.
2. Crossing over occurs during _______ of _______ between _______.

A. Anaphase, mitosis, sister chromatids

B. Prophase, mitosis & meiosis, sister chromatids
C. Anaphase, meiosis I & II, homologous chromosomes
D. Prophase, meiosis I, homologous chromosomes
E. None of the above
2. Crossing over occurs during _______ of _______ between _______.

A. Anaphase, mitosis, sister chromatids

B. Prophase, mitosis & meiosis, sister chromatids
C. Anaphase, meiosis I & II, homologous chromosomes
D. Prophase, meiosis I, homologous chromosomes
E. None of the above
3. Which of the following statements about meiosis is true?

A. Homologous chromosomes are separated from each other after meiosis I and the resulting
cells are therefore haploid cells.
B. Homologous chromosomes are separated from each other only after meiosis II and the
resulting cells are therefore haploid cells.
C. Homologous chromosomes are not separated from each other during meiosis and the
resulting daughter cells are haploid cells.
D. Homologous chromosomes are not separated from each other during meiosis and the
resulting daughter cells are diploid cells.
E. None of the above are true.
3. Which of the following statements about meiosis is true?

A. Homologous chromosomes are separated from each other after meiosis I and the resulting
cells are therefore haploid cells.
B. Homologous chromosomes are separated from each other only after meiosis II and the
resulting cells are therefore haploid cells.
C. Homologous chromosomes are not separated from each other during meiosis and the
resulting daughter cells are haploid cells.
D. Homologous chromosomes are not separated from each other during meiosis and the
resulting daughter cells are diploid cells.
E. None of the above are true.
4. Which of the following statements about the proteins present on the genetic
material during anaphase I is false?

A. The kinetochores of the sister chromatids of one homolog are linked together so that they
can act as a single kinetochore.
B. Each homolog is attached to a kinetochore whose associated kinetochore microtubule is
depolymerizing.
C. The protein complexes holding homologous chromosomes together will be cleaved apart.
D. The cohesins holding sister chromatids together will be cleaved by separases.
E. All of the above statements are true.
4. Which of the following statements about the proteins present on the genetic
material during anaphase I is false?

A. The kinetochores of the sister chromatids of one homolog are linked together so that they
can act as a single kinetochore.
B. Each homolog is attached to a kinetochore whose associated kinetochore microtubule is
depolymerizing.
C. The protein complexes holding homologous chromosomes together will be cleaved apart.
D. The cohesins holding sister chromatids together will be cleaved by separases.
E. All of the above statements are true.
5. When performing meiosis I, the cell is unable to divide the genetic material
properly. We can say at the end of meiosis...

A. All four cells will have incorrect amounts of DNA.

B. Only two cells will have incorrect amounts of DNA.
C. The cell failed to separate sister chromatids.
D. A & C are correct.
E. B & C are correct.
5. When performing meiosis I, the cell is unable to divide the genetic material
properly. We can say at the end of meiosis...

A. All four cells will have incorrect amounts of DNA.

B. Only two cells will have incorrect amounts of DNA.
C. The cell failed to separate sister chromatids.
D. A & C are correct.
E. B & C are correct.
CHAPTER 14
1. Mendel crosses an axial-flowered pea plant and a terminal-flowered pea plant.
All of their offspring are axial-flowered. What was the genotype of the parent
axial-flowered plant?

A. Homozygous dominant
B. Heterozygous dominant
C. Homozygous recessive
D. There is not enough information to determine the genotype.
1. Mendel crosses an axial-flowered pea plant and a terminal-flowered pea plant.
All of their offspring are axial-flowered. What was the genotype of the parent
axial-flowered plant?

A. Homozygous dominant
B. Heterozygous dominant
C. Homozygous recessive
D. There is not enough information to determine the genotype.
2. In certain plants, tall is dominant to short stem length. If a heterozygous plant is
crossed with a homozygous tall plant, what is the probability that the offspring will
be short?

A. 1
B. 1/2
C. 1/4
D. 1/6
E. 0
2. In certain plants, tall is dominant to short stem length. If a heterozygous plant is
crossed with a homozygous tall plant, what is the probability that the offspring will
be short?

A. 1
B. 1/2
C. 1/4
D. 1/6
E. 0
3. A 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio in the offspring of a mating of two organisms
heterozygous for two traits is expected when…

A. The genes reside on the same chromosome.

B. Each gene contains two mutations.
C. The gene pairs assort independently during meiosis.
D. Only recessive traits are scored.
E. None of the above.
3. A 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio in the offspring of a mating of two organisms
heterozygous for two traits is expected when…

A. The genes reside on the same chromosome.

B. Each gene contains two mutations.
C. The gene pairs assort independently during meiosis.
D. Only recessive traits are scored.
E. None of the above.
4. Black fur in mice (B) is dominant to brown fur (b). Short tails (T) are dominant
to long tails (t). What fraction of the progeny of the cross BbTt x BBtt will have
black fur and long tails?

A. 1/16
B. 3/16
C. 3/8
D. 1/2
E. 9/16
4. Black fur in mice (B) is dominant to brown fur (b). Short tails (T) are dominant
to long tails (t). What fraction of the progeny of the cross BbTt x BBtt will have
black fur and long tails?

A. 1/16
B. 3/16
C. 3/8
D. 1/2
E. 9/16
5. In sickle cell anemia, some red blood cells have sickled hemoglobin while other
RBCs have normal hemoglobin. We can say that this trait is defined by _______ at
the organismal level.

A. Complete dominance
B. Incomplete dominance
C. Codominance
D. None of the above are correct
5. In sickle cell anemia, some red blood cells have sickled hemoglobin while other
RBCs have normal hemoglobin. We can say that this trait is defined by _______ at
the organismal level.

A. Complete dominance
B. Incomplete dominance
C. Codominance
D. None of the above are correct
CHAPTER 15
1. Eye color in flies is a sex-linked trait. Red eye color is dominant to white eye
color. Based on this information, which of the following is false?

A. A red-eyed female fly can give birth to a white eyed son

B. A red-eyed male fly can have a red eyed daughter
C. A white-eyed female can give birth to a red eyed son
D. A white-eyed male can have a red-eyed daughter
E. A red eye female fly can be produced from two red-eyed parents
1. Eye color in flies is a sex-linked trait. Red eye color is dominant to white eye
color. Based on this information, which of the following is false?

A. A red-eyed female fly can give birth to a white eyed son

B. A red-eyed male fly can have a red eyed daughter
C. A white-eyed female can give birth to a red eyed son
D. A white-eyed male can have a red-eyed daughter
E. A red eye female fly can be produced from two red-eyed parents
2. If a red eyed female is crossed with a white eyed male, (and red eye is dominant
to white eye) what must be true?

A. If the female is homozygous-red eyed, then there can be white eyed female offspring.
B. If the female is homozygous-red eyed, then all the offspring will be white eyed.
C. If the female is heterozygous-red eyed, then all offspring will be red eyed.
D. If the female is heterozygous-red eyed, then there can be white eyed female offspring.
E. None of the above
2. If a red eyed female is crossed with a white eyed male, (and red eye is dominant to white
eye) what must be true?

A. If the female is homozygous-red eyed, then there can be white eyed female offspring.
B. If the female is homozygous-red eyed, then all the offspring will be white eyed.
C. If the female is heterozygous-red eyed, then all offspring will be red eyed.
D. If the female is heterozygous-red eyed, then there can be white eyed female offspring.
E. None of the above
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