1

Report On
Solid Waste Management

Course Name : Environmental Engineering I

Course Code : CEN 343
Section : A

Submitted to
Course Inspector
Rifat Sumona Mollik
Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering

Prepared By

Md. Maruf Hossain Sabbir Rahman

ID : 20306009 ID : 20306007
Serial : 16 Serial : 15
Program : BSCE Program : BSCE
Md. Faisal Fatema Khatun
ID : 20306005 ID : 20306006
Serial : 13 Serial : 14
Program : BSCE Program : BSCE
Md. Solaiman Hossain Md. Eunus Al Faruiz
ID : 20306013 ID : 20306014
Serial : 17 Serial : 18
Program : BSCE Program : BSCE

IUBAT - International University of Business Agriculture and Technology

4 Embankment Drive Road, Sector 10, Uttara Model Town, Dhaka-1230
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Table OF Content
Introduction ……………………………………………………………..5
Types of Solid Waste………………………………………………….6
Municipal Solid Waste & Source …………………………………….6
Industrial Solid Waste & Source ……………………………………..8
Construction and demolition waste & Source ………………………..11
Hazardous waste & Source …………………………………………...9
Agriculture waste & Source …………………………………………..12
Medical waste & Source ……………………………………………...13

MD. MARUF HOSSAIN

Solid waste Collection System ………………………………………..15

Communal collection…………………………………………………..16
Block collection………………………………………………………..18
Curb-side collection……………………………………………………19
House-to-house collection…………………………………..…………20

MD. FAISAL

Solid Waste Collection Method………………………………………..22

Hauled Container System (HCS)………………………………………22
Stationary Container system (SCS)…………………………………….24

SABBIR RAHMAN
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Transportation system and vehicle…………………………………..26

Electric vehicles……………………………………………………….27
Dumper placer…………………………………………………………28
Special municipal vehicle …………………………………………….29
Container carrier system………………………………………………29
Trucks…………………………………………………………………30
Three wheeler rickshaws……………………………………………...30
Block Collection Pickup………………………………………………30
Compaction Vehicle………………………………………………….30
Semi Compaction Vehicle…………………………………………….31
Non Compaction Vehicle……………………………………………..31
Container handling vehicles…………………………………………..32

EUNUS AL FARIZ

Environmental Impact of Solid Waste……………………………….. 33

Introduction…………………………………………………….………..33
Air Pollution …………………………………………………………….34
Water Contamination……………………………………………………36
Land Degradation ………………………………………………………38
Ground water Contamination……………………………………………40
Global Climate Change……………….…………………………………43

FATEMA KHATUN
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Transfer Station and Disposal system……………………………….. 46

Introduction………………………………………………………….….46
Ultimate Disposal Method of Solid Waste ………………………….…46
Landfilling ………………………………………………………….…..47
Incineration …………………………………………………………….48
Recycling ………………………………………………………………49
Composting …………………………………………………………….49
Conclusion ……………………………………………………………..51

SOLAIMAN HOSSAIN
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Solid Waste Management

Introduction

Solid waste management refers to the process of collecting, transporting, disposing,

and treating solid waste in a way that is environmentally friendly and does not pose
a threat to human health. This includes the management of both residential and
industrial waste.

The process of solid waste management involves several stages, including waste
collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal. Waste collection involves the
gathering of waste materials from various sources, including households,
commercial establishments, and industrial sites. The waste is then transported to a
designated facility for further processing.

Treatment and disposal of solid waste are critical aspects of solid waste
management. Waste treatment involves the use of various methods to reduce the
volume and toxicity of the waste, such as recycling, composting, and incineration.
Waste disposal involves the final disposal of the treated waste in a landfill or other
designated facility.

Proper solid waste management is crucial to maintaining a clean and healthy

environment. It helps prevent pollution, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and
conserve natural resources. Effective solid waste management practices also help
protect public health and ensure the safety of communities.
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Types of Solid Waste

here is a brief introduction to each type of solid waste, there are several type of
solid waste such as

1. Municipal solid waste

2. Industrial waste

3. Hazardous waste

4. Construction and demolition waste

5. Agricultural waste

6. Healthcare waste

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW):

Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a type of solid waste that is generated by

households, commercial establishments, and institutions. This includes waste from
homes, offices, schools, hospitals, and other non-industrial sources. MSW can be
further classified into different categories, such as organic waste, paper and
cardboard, plastics, glass, metals, and other materials.

Organic waste, such as food waste and yard waste, makes up a significant portion of
MSW. This type of waste can be processed through composting or anaerobic
digestion to produce nutrient-rich soil amendments or renewable energy.

Paper and cardboard waste are also significant components of MSW, accounting for
a large percentage of the volume of waste generated. These materials can be recycled
into new paper products, reducing the demand for virgin materials and saving
energy.
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Plastics are another major component of MSW, and while some plastics can be
recycled, others are more difficult to recycle due to their chemical composition.
Plastics that cannot be recycled can contribute to environmental pollution and harm
to wildlife.

Glass and metal are also common components of MSW, and these materials can be
recycled into new glass and metal products, reducing the demand for virgin materials
and saving energy.

Proper management of MSW is essential to protect public health and the

environment. This includes practices such as waste reduction, recycling, and proper
disposal of non-recyclable waste. MSW management practices can also have a
significant impact on greenhouse gas emissions, as landfills and waste incineration
are significant sources of methane and other greenhouse gases. As such, many
communities are working to develop more sustainable waste management practices,
such as zero waste initiatives and waste-to-energy technologies.
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Industrial waste

Industrial solid waste (ISW) is generated by industrial processes such as

manufacturing, construction, and mining. ISW can include a wide range of materials,
including hazardous and non-hazardous waste. Industrial solid waste is typically
generated in large quantities and requires specialized handling and disposal methods
to prevent harm to human health and the environment.

Examples of non-hazardous ISW include scrap metal, wood, concrete, and other
construction and demolition debris. These materials can often be recycled or reused
in other industrial processes, reducing the demand for virgin materials and saving
energy.

Hazardous ISW includes materials that are flammable, corrosive, reactive, or toxic,
and can include chemicals, solvents, batteries, and electronic waste. Hazardous ISW
requires specialized handling and disposal methods to prevent harm to human health
and the environment. This includes proper storage, labeling, transportation, and
disposal procedures to ensure that hazardous materials do not contaminate soil,
water, or air.

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in sustainable industrial waste
management practices, including waste reduction, reuse, and recycling. This
approach can help reduce the environmental impact of industrial processes and
conserve resources. In addition, waste-to-energy technologies, such as incineration
and gasification, can help generate energy from waste while reducing the amount of
waste that ends up in landfills.

Overall, proper management of industrial solid waste is essential to protect public

health and the environment. This requires a comprehensive approach that includes
waste reduction, reuse, and recycling, as well as proper handling and disposal of
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hazardous materials. By implementing sustainable waste management practices,

industries can reduce their environmental impact while conserving resources and
generating value from waste.

Hazardous waste

Hazardous solid waste (HSW) is waste that poses a substantial threat to human
health or the environment due to its chemical or biological properties. HSW includes
a wide range of materials, including chemicals, pharmaceuticals, batteries, electronic
waste, and medical waste. Hazardous solid waste can be generated by a variety of
industries, including manufacturing, healthcare, and agriculture.

Chemicals are a common type of hazardous solid waste, including toxic and
flammable substances. These chemicals can contaminate soil, water, and air, posing
a risk to human health and the environment. Proper storage, handling, and disposal
of hazardous chemicals is essential to prevent contamination and protect public
health.

Pharmaceuticals, including expired or unused medications, are another type of

hazardous solid waste. These materials can contaminate water supplies and harm
wildlife, and improper disposal can contribute to drug abuse and addiction. Proper
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disposal methods for pharmaceutical waste include take-back programs and

incineration.

Electronic waste (e-waste) is another type of hazardous solid waste that is growing
rapidly due to the increasing use of electronic devices. E-waste can contain
hazardous materials such as lead, mercury, and cadmium, which can pose health
risks if not properly disposed of. Recycling e-waste can help recover valuable
materials and reduce the environmental impact of electronic devices.

Medical waste, including sharps, infectious waste, and pharmaceutical waste, is

another type of hazardous solid waste that requires specialized handling and disposal
methods to prevent the spread of disease and protect public health. Medical waste
can include needles, syringes, and other sharps, which pose a risk of injury and
infection.

Proper management of hazardous solid waste is essential to protect public health and
the environment. This requires proper storage, handling, transportation, and disposal
methods, as well as strict regulations and monitoring to ensure compliance. By
implementing sustainable waste management practices and reducing the amount of
hazardous solid waste generated, we can minimize the risk of harm to human health
and the environment.
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Construction and demolition waste

Construction solid waste (CSW) is generated during construction, renovation, and

demolition activities, and includes materials such as concrete, bricks, wood, steel,
and asphalt. CSW can be further classified into different categories based on the
source of waste and the type of material.

Construction and demolition debris, which includes materials such as concrete,

brick, and wood, accounts for a significant portion of CSW. These materials can
often be recycled or reused in other construction projects, reducing the demand for
virgin materials and saving energy. For example, concrete can be crushed and used
as a base for new roads or as aggregate for new concrete.

Other types of CSW include hazardous materials such as asbestos and lead, which
require specialized handling and disposal methods to prevent harm to human health
and the environment. These materials must be identified and removed from the
construction site before demolition or renovation activities begin.

Proper management of CSW is essential to protect public health and the

environment. This includes waste reduction, recycling, and proper disposal of non-
recyclable waste. By implementing sustainable construction waste management
practices, such as source reduction, material reuse, and recycling, construction
projects can reduce their environmental impact and conserve resources.

In addition, many communities have developed construction and demolition debris

recycling programs to encourage the recycling of construction waste. These
programs often provide incentives for contractors and builders to recycle
construction waste, and can help reduce the amount of waste that ends up in landfills.

Overall, proper management of construction solid waste is essential to minimize the

environmental impact of construction activities and protect public health. By
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implementing sustainable waste management practices and reducing the amount of

waste generated, we can conserve resources and reduce our environmental footprint.

Agricultural solid waste (ASW)

Agricultural solid waste (ASW) is generated by agricultural practices, including crop

production, livestock farming, and food processing. ASW can include a wide range
of materials, such as crop residues, animal manure, food processing waste, and
pesticide containers.

Crop residues, such as stalks and straw, are a common type of ASW. These materials
can be used for animal feed, composting, or as a source of biofuel. Livestock manure
is another type of ASW, and can be used as a fertilizer for crops or as a source of
biogas through anaerobic digestion.

Food processing waste, including fruit and vegetable peels, can also be a significant
source of ASW. These materials can often be recycled or used in animal feed, and
some food processing waste can be converted into biofuels.

Pesticide containers, including empty containers, contaminated containers, and

expired pesticides, are a hazardous type of ASW. These materials require specialized
handling and disposal methods to prevent contamination and harm to human health
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and the environment. Proper disposal of pesticide containers can include recycling,
incineration, or burial in a hazardous waste landfill.

Proper management of agricultural solid waste is essential to protect public health

and the environment. This includes waste reduction, reuse, and recycling, as well as
proper handling and disposal of hazardous materials. By implementing sustainable
waste management practices, agricultural practices can reduce their environmental
impact while conserving resources and generating value from waste.

Healthcare waste

Healthcare or medical waste refers to any waste generated by healthcare facilities,

research laboratories, and other medical institutions, including hospitals, clinics,
dental offices, veterinary clinics, and research institutions. Medical waste can
include infectious and non-infectious materials, sharps, pharmaceuticals, and
radioactive materials.

Infectious medical waste includes materials such as used needles, syringes, and other
sharp objects, contaminated gloves, gowns, and other personal protective equipment,
and biological waste such as blood, tissues, and organs. Proper disposal of infectious
waste is critical to prevent the spread of disease and protect public health. This
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requires specialized handling and disposal methods, such as autoclaving,

incineration, or chemical treatment.

Non-infectious medical waste includes materials such as paper, cardboard, plastics,

and packaging materials. These materials can often be recycled or reused, reducing
the amount of waste that ends up in landfills.

Pharmaceutical waste, including expired or unused medications, is another type of

medical waste that requires specialized handling and disposal methods. Improper
disposal of pharmaceutical waste can contribute to drug abuse and addiction,
contaminate water supplies, and harm wildlife. Proper disposal methods for
pharmaceutical waste include take-back programs and incineration.

Proper management of medical waste is essential to protect public health and the
environment. This includes waste reduction, segregation, proper handling,
transportation, and disposal methods, as well as strict regulations and monitoring to
ensure compliance. By implementing sustainable waste management practices,
medical facilities can reduce their environmental impact while protecting public
health and promoting a safer and healthier community.
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Solid waste Collection System

Proper solid-waste collection is important for the protection of public health, safety,
and environmental quality. In Dhaka City is now seizing with the troubles of sky-
scraping volumes of solid wastes. But these troubles have also afforded a window
of prospects for city to find solution. The community and all the sectors have to
involve their innovative technologies and disposal methods and concerning behavior
changes and awareness rising. A healthy planned waste collection system will not
only help of pledge a cleaner atmosphere but it also cost-effective for citizens. Dhaka
City Corporations are mainly maintaining this responsibility.

Collecting of solid waste

Regular collection of solid waste keeps neighborhoods clean and reduces health
risks. Solid waste collection means gathering it from where it is produced—from
homes and businesses—and transporting it, either to an intermediate collection site
or to a final place of recycling or disposal. Collection of solid waste is a labor-
intensive activity, accounting for approximately three-quarters of the total cost of
solid-waste management. Public employees are often assigned to the task, but
sometimes it is more economical for private companies to do the work under contract
to the municipality or for private collectors to be paid by individual home owners.
A driver and one or two loaders serve each collection vehicle. These are typically
trucks of the enclosed, compacting type, with capacities up to 30 cubic meters (40
cubic yards). Loading can be done from the front, rear, or side. Compaction reduces
the volume of refuse in the truck to less than half of its loose volume.

The task of selecting an optimal collection route is a complex problem, especially

for large and densely populated cities. An optimal route is one that results in the
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most efficient use of labour and equipment, and selecting such a route requires the
application of computer analyses that account for all the many design variables in a
large and complex network. Variables include frequency of collection, haulage
distance, type of service, and climate. Collection of refuse in rural areas can present
a special problem, since the population densities are low, leading to high unit costs.
A substantial percentage of our garbage and solid waste is household waste, which
can become hazardous if not collected or adequately managed. Yes, organic
domestic waste such as leftover food can pose a serious threat when they ferment
and create conditions favorable to the survival and growth of microbial pathogens.
The flies, maggots, and other pests you see surrounding a pile of trash left at a picnic
site near the beach not only smell bad but also spreads diseases.

The amount Refuse collection usually occurs at least once per week because of the
rapid of garbage in the refuse of an individual home can be reduced by garbage
grinders, or garbage disposals. Ground garbage puts an extra load on sewerage
systems, but this can usually be accommodated. Many communities now conduct
source separation and recycling programs, in which homeowners and businesses
separate recyclable materials from garbage and place them in separate containers for
collection. In addition, some communities have drop-off centers where residents can
bring recyclables. There are several System used for collection of solid wastes are
discussing below:

Communal collection system:

Communal collection system is when households and businesses put their waste out
and paid government-hired contractors collect the waste containers and sort them to
a community composting, recycling, or disposal site. This is a communal collection
system where households are issued waste containers and/or recycling bins that are
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placed at the curb for collection on a regular schedule. Larger trash containers are
also placed in common public areas and are also collected on a schedule.

This method requires fees to pay for the waste collection contractors but residents
and businesses will no longer need to haul or drive to dispose of their garbage.
Ultimately, this arrangement reduces the cost per household to collect their trash as
the collection cost is spread over the entire population (universal). Universal
Garbage Collection also allows the CNMI to easily gravitate toward recycling and
other “green” opportunities for our CNMI community. Regular collection of solid
waste keeps neighborhoods clean and reduces health risks. Solid waste collection
means gathering it from where it is produced—from homes and businesses—and
transporting it, either to an intermediate collection site or to a final place of recycling
or disposal. it is more economical for private companies to do the work under
contract to the municipality or for private collectors to be paid by individual home
owners

The principal disadvantage of this system is that containers/collection points are

located in a public place (lacking ownership by the public) which, in many
situations, leads to indiscriminate disposal of waste outside the container. Thus, the
actual economy of this system mostly depends on public co-operation. It is therefore
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essential to pay more attention to improving the design, and operation and
maintenance practices of a communal system to increase public acceptance, and to
optimize the productivity of this system. The use of portable storage containers
maximizes the productivity of labor and vehicles of such collection system.

Block collection system:

In Bloke collection Waste generators are responsible for bringing their waste to
collection vehicles. This system has low to medium labor and vehicle productivity,
but it minimizes the spread of waste on streets. a collection vehicle travels over a
selected route at a specific time of the day, usually two or three days a week. The
householders bring their wastes and hand them over to the truck laborer, who collects
the waste in the vehicle and returns containers to the householders.

Collector sounds horn or rings bell and waits at specified locations for residents to
bring waste to the collection vehicle, Economical. Less waste on streets. No
permanent container or storage to cause complaints. If all family members are out
when collector comes, waste must be left outside for collection. It may be scattered
by wind, animals and waste pickers.
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Curb-side collection:

This is the most common collection method in industrialized countries and in the
wealthier communities of some developing countries. Waste generators place the
waste containers or bags (sacks) on the curb or in the alley on a specific day (or
specific days) for collection by external actors. The householders leave the wastes
in the containers or disposable bags on the curb-side or on the footpath on a pre-
selected day according to collection schedule. The truck crews empty the wastes into
the collection vehicle and return the container to the spot. regular and well-organized
collection service is essential so that generators know exactly when to leave out their
waste.

It is Convenient. No permanent public storage. Waste that is left out may be scattered
by wind, animals, children, or waste pickers. If collection service is delayed, waste
may not be collected or some time, causing considerable nuisance. Ultimately, this
arrangement reduces the cost per household to collect their trash as the collection
cost is spread over the entire population (universal). Universal Garbage Collection
also allows the CNMI to easily gravitate toward recycling and other “green”
opportunities for our CNMI community. In Dhaka city the truck crews empty the
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wastes into the collection vehicle and return the container to the spot. In IUBAT
Campus we also see those curb side Bin.

House-to-house collection:

This is more common in industrialized countries, but an increasing number of micro-

enterprises and/or community-based organizations are forming in wealthier
communities in many developing countries to perform this task. • This system has
yet to receive public attention, but as with the use of bags for waste it maximizes the
productivity of crew, as retrieval of containers is not required In this service, the
householders store wastes in a bin or bag within their house premises. Waste
collection workers collect the bin, basket, or bag, empty it into collection vehicle
and return containers tithe premises. Waste collector knocks on each door or rings
doorbell and waits for waste to be brought out by resident.

House to House collection is Convenient for resident. Little waste on street.

Residents must be available to hand waste over. Not suitable for apartment buildings
because of the amount of walking required.
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Some communities are accustomed to a collection seven days a week, whilst other
collection agencies are striving for just once each week. If fly breeding is to be
controlled, the waste should be collected twice a week in hot climates. Other factors
to consider are the odors caused by decomposition and the accumulated quantities.
If residents are accustomed to daily collection, it may not be politically feasible to
reduce the frequency to twice a week.

In some cities waste is collected on the day of rest (Sunday or Friday). Some collect
waste at night, perhaps for cultural reasons or because of the weather or traffic
congestion
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Solid Waste Collection Method

Solid waste collection is the process of collecting and transporting solid waste from
its point of generation to a designated disposal facility, such as a landfill, incinerator,
or recycling facility. The collection of solid waste is a critical component of solid
waste management, as it ensures that waste is properly removed and transported to
a disposal facility.

• Hauled Container System (HCS)

The hauled container collection method is a waste management system that involves
the use of specialized vehicles to collect and transport containers filled with solid
waste materials from individual homes, businesses or public spaces to a central
location for processing or disposal. In this method, households, businesses or
institutions are provided with containers, typically ranging in size from 60-240 liters,
which they use to store their waste. The containers are then placed at designated
collection points or picked up directly from the premises by the waste collection
trucks. The trucks have a hydraulic system that lifts and empties the containers into
the truck, compacting the waste for transport. The hauled container collection
method is commonly used in urban areas with high population densities, where
traditional curbside collection methods are impractical or not feasible due to lack of
space or difficult terrain. It is also used in areas where the waste is too hazardous or
bulky to be collected by hand or through other manual methods. Overall, the hauled
container collection method provides an efficient and cost-effective way of
managing solid waste, ensuring that it is collected and disposed of safely and
hygienically.
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Hauled Advantage &Disadvantage Advantages: Efficient: Hauled container

collection is a highly efficient waste collection method that can be used to collect
large amounts of waste quickly and easily. Cost-effective: Hauled container
collection is often a cost-effective waste collection method, as it requires fewer staff
and vehicles compared to other methods. Versatile: This method can be used for a
wide variety of waste types, including residential, commercial, and industrial waste.
Cleaner: Hauled container collection can be a cleaner waste collection method, as
the waste is contained in sealed containers that can be easily sanitized. Improved
Health and Safety: This method can help improve health and safety in the waste
collection process by reducing the risk of injury to workers and reducing the amount
of litter and debris in public spaces. Disadvantages: Limited Access: Hauled
container collection may not be suitable for areas with limited access, such as narrow
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streets or areas with low overhead clearance. Odor and Leakage: The containers used
in hauled container collection may develop unpleasant odors over time, and there is
a risk of waste leakage during transportation. Noise Pollution: The specialized
vehicles used in this method can be noisy and disruptive to nearby residents. Limited
Recycling: Hauled container collection may not be ideal for recycling, as it requires
a separate collection and processing system for recyclable materials. Large Space
Requirement: The containers used in hauled container collection take up a
significant amount of space, which may be a challenge in densely populated areas.

 Stationary Container system (SCS)

A stationary container collection method involves the use of containers or bins that
are placed in a fixed location for the collection of waste or recyclables. This method
is commonly used for residential and commercial waste collection.

In this method, containers are placed in strategic locations such as curbsides, alleys,
or designated collection areas. Waste generators are responsible for placing their
waste into these containers, which are then collected by waste management trucks
on a scheduled basis.

The advantages of this method include the ability to efficiently collect large amounts
of waste from a fixed location, reduced labor costs, and the convenience of having a
fixed location for waste disposal. Additionally, this method can help promote a
cleaner and more organized environment in residential and commercial areas.
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However, one of the main disadvantages of this method is that the containers can
become full quickly, especially during peak usage periods, leading to overflowing
waste and potential environmental hazards. Additionally, this method may not be
suitable for areas with limited space or where the containers can cause obstructions
or safety hazards.

 Stationery Advantage & Non Advantage

Advantages of this method include:

Convenience: It is a convenient method as the waste is collected from a fixed

location, so residents do not have to carry their waste long distances to a collection
point.
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Efficiency: It is an efficient method as waste collection vehicles can easily access

the stationary container, allowing for quick and easy collection.

Health and Safety: It is a safer method as the waste collectors do not have to handle
the waste directly, reducing the risk of injury or illness.

Aesthetics: It can be more aesthetically pleasing than other collection methods, as

waste is contained within a closed container, reducing the chances of litter and odors.

Disadvantages of this method include:

Limited Capacity: Stationary containers have limited capacity, which can result in
overflow and littering if they are not emptied frequently enough.

Space Requirements: Stationary containers require space for placement, which can
be a challenge in urban areas with limited space.

Cost: This method can be costly, as it requires specialized waste collection vehicles
and maintenance of the containers.

Contamination: If waste is not properly disposed of in the container, it can lead to

contamination of the surrounding area, posing health and environmental risks.

Transportation system and vehicle

Solid waste vehicles are specialized vehicles designed for the collection,
transportation, and disposal of solid waste. They are an essential component of solid
waste management systems, ensuring that waste is properly collected, transported,
and disposed of in a safe and efficient manner.
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Solid waste vehicles come in a variety of sizes and types, depending on the volume
and type of waste being collected, the geography and infrastructure of the area, and
the available resources and equipment. Some common types of solid waste vehicles
include trucks, pick-ups, dump trucks, and container carriers.

Many solid waste vehicles are equipped with specialized equipment, such as
compactors or hydraulic systems, to help reduce the volume of waste and make
transportation more efficient. They may also be designed to handle specific types of
waste, such as hazardous waste or construction waste.

Proper maintenance and operation of solid waste vehicles are crucial to ensuring the
safe and efficient collection and transport of waste. Regular inspections and
maintenance can help prevent breakdowns and ensure that vehicles are operating at
peak efficiency.

1. Tractor trailer: Tractor trailers are large trucks that are used to transport large
quantities of waste from collection points to disposal facilities. They are
equipped with a trailer that can be detached and left at the disposal facility,
while the tractor returns to collect another load.

2. Three-wheeler rickshaws: Three-wheeler rickshaws are small, motorized

vehicles that are used for waste collection in narrow or congested areas. They
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are efficient for collecting smaller amounts of waste and can navigate through
narrow streets and alleys.

3. Electric vehicles: Electric vehicles are powered by electricity and are

becoming increasingly popular for solid waste collection due to their low
emissions and reduced noise pollution. They are often used for small-scale
waste collection and can navigate through urban areas more easily than larger
vehicles.

4. Dumper placer: Dumper placers are trucks that have a hydraulic system that
lifts and empties waste containers into the truck. They are commonly used for
waste collection in urban areas and can transport larger volumes of waste.
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5. Container carrier system: Container carrier systems are vehicles that are
designed to carry large containers of waste to and from disposal facilities.
They are often used for large-scale waste collection, such as in construction
sites or industrial facilities.

6. Special municipal vehicle: Special municipal vehicles are designed for

specific types of waste collection, such as street sweeping or hazardous waste
collection. They are equipped with specialized equipment and are used for
specific purposes.
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7. Trucks/Pick-ups: Trucks and pick-ups are commonly used for residential and
commercial waste collection. They are typically equipped with a compaction
system to reduce the volume of waste.

8. Compaction vehicles: Compaction vehicles are designed to compress and

compact waste, allowing more waste to be transported in one load. They are
often used for residential and commercial waste collection.
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9. Semi-compaction vehicles: Semi-compaction vehicles have a partially

enclosed body and are designed to compact waste as it is loaded into the
vehicle. They are often used for collecting mixed waste.

10.Non-compaction vehicles: Non-compaction vehicles do not have a

compaction system and are used for collecting bulky waste, such as furniture
or large appliances.
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11.Container handling vehicles: Container handling vehicles are used to transport

and empty large waste containers. They are often used for commercial waste
collection and are equipped with hydraulic systems to lift and empty
containers.
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Environmental Impact of Solid Waste

Solid waste management (SWM) is one of the key responsibilities of city

administrators and one of the effective proxies for good governance. Effective SWM
mitigates adverse health and environmental impacts, conserves resources, and
improves the livability of cities. However, unsustainable SWM practices,
exacerbated by rapid urbanization and financial and institutional limitations,
negatively impact public health and environmental sustainability. This review article
assesses the human and environmental health impacts of SWM practices in the
Global South cities that are the future of global urbanization. The study employs
desktop research methodology based on in-depth analysis of secondary data and
literature, including official documents and published articles. It finds that the
commonplace SWM practices include mixing household and commercial garbage
with hazardous waste during storage and handling. While waste storage is largely in
old or poorly managed facilities such as storage containers, the transportation system
is often deficient and informal. The disposal methods are predominantly via
uncontrolled dumping, open-air incinerators, and landfills. The negative impacts of
such practices include air and water pollution, land degradation, emissions of
methane and hazardous leachate, and climate change. These impacts impose
significant environmental and public health costs on residents with marginalized
social groups mostly affected. The paper concludes with recommendations for
mitigating the public and environmental health risks associated with the existing
SWM practices in the Global South
 34

Air Pollution

The decomposition of municipal solid waste in landfills can release gases such as
methane, carbon dioxide, and volatile organic compounds, which can contribute to
air pollution. The burning of solid waste can release harmful pollutants. Improperly
managed waste can generate unpleasant odors, which can contribute to air pollution
Air pollution can damage crops and trees in a variety of ways. Ground-level ozone
can lead to reductions in agricultural crop and commercial forest yields, reduced
growth and survivability of tree seedlings, and increased plant susceptibility to
disease, pests and other environmental stresses (such as harsh weather).

 Respiratory and Heart Problems. The effects of air pollution are alarming. ...

 Child Health Problems. Air pollution is detrimental to your health even before
you take your first breath. ...

 Global Warming. ...

 Acid Rain. ...

 Eutrophication. ...

 Effect on Wildlife. ...

 Depletion of the Ozone Layer.

 Air pollution mainly affects those living in large urban areas, where road
emissions contribute the most to the degradation of air quality. There is also
a danger of industrial accidents, where the spread of a toxic fog can be fatal
 35

to the populations of the surrounding areas. The dispersion of pollutants is

determined by many parameters, most notably atmospheric stability and wind

 Like people, animals, and plants, entire ecosystems can suffer effects from air
pollution. Haze, like smog, is a visible type of air
pollution that obscures shapes and colors. Hazy air pollution can even muffle
sound

Air pollution particles eventually fall back to Earth. Ai pollution can

directly contaminate the surface of bodies of water and soil. This can
kill crops or reduce their yield. It can kill young trees and other plants

Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide particles in the air, can create acid rain when they
mix with water and oxygen in the atmosphere. These air pollutants come mostly
from coal-fired power plants and motor vehicles. When acid rain falls to Earth, it
damages plants by changing soil composition Like humans, animals can suffer
health effects from exposure to air pollution. Birth defects, diseases, and
lower reproductive rates have all been attributed to air pollution.
 36

Water Contamination

Improper disposal of solid waste can lead to surface water contamination.When

rainwater runs over landfills or waste storage areas, it can pick up pollutants and
contaminants from the waste and carry them into nearby surface water bodies, such
as rivers and lakes. This can harm aquatic ecosystems and impact the quality of
drinking water.

Environmental contaminants can make people sick. Different contaminants can

cause a variety of health problems. Common health problems from environmental
contaminants include breathing problems (such as asthma), heart disease, and some
types of cancer.

Germs and chemicals can get in drinking water at the water’s source or in the
distribution system after the water has already been treated. Harmful germs and
chemicals can get in the water from many sources, including

 Fertilizers, pesticides, or other chemicals that have been applied to land near
the water

 Concentrated feeding operations (large industrial animal farms)

 Manufacturing operations

 Sewer overflows

 Storm water
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 Wildlife

 Rocks and soil that naturally have chemicals and minerals such as arsenic,
radon, and uranium

 Cracks in water pipes or other problems in the distribution system

impacts on the environment can be just as devastating: killing organisms in a lake or

river, destroying animals and plants in a contaminated area, causing major
reproductive complications in animals, or otherwise limit the ability of an ecosystem
to survive. the more emissions that we produce due to how much trash we generate,
affects us long term. One can develop diseases such as asthma, birth defects, cancer,
cardiovascular disease, childhood cancer, COPD, infectious diseases, low birth
weight, and preterm delivery.

Currently, many types of organic micropollutants that are considered EDCs have
been detected in diverse environments, such as wastewater, rivers and soil, and these
EDCs include pharmaceuticals, personal-care products, antibiotics,
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Land degradation

Land degradation has the following impact on the environment:

 Loss of soil fertility

 Destruction of ecosystems, species, habitat biodiversity

 Excessive nutrient runoff into lakes

 Soil erosion

The long term effects of land degradation will have a negative impact on humans
such as starvation, disease, forced migration, even war

Land degradation can take many forms, but always entails a serious disruption of a
healthy balance between five key ecosystem functions. These are: food production
fibre provision microclimate regulation water retention and carbon storage. Its
impacts can be far-reaching, including loss of soil fertility, destruction of species
habitat and biodiversity, soil erosion, and excessive nutrient runoff into lakes. Its
impacts can be far-reaching, including loss of soil fertility, destruction of species
habitat and biodiversity, soil erosion, and excessive nutrient runoff into lakes.

Improper disposal of solid waste can contribute to land degradation.Landfills and

waste storage areas can take up valuable land resources and can lead to soil
 39

contamination through leachate and gas emissions. It would be wrong to infer that
land degradation is purely a problem for developing countries. Overall, land is
generally more degraded in the developed world as shown, for example, by greater
declines in soil organic carbon content, a measure of soil health. However, in richer
nations the rate of degradation has slowed, and people in these regions are generally
less vulnerable to its effects.

The two most significant direct causes of land degradation are-

1. The conversion of native vegetation into crp and

2. Grazing lands, and unsustainable land-management practices.

Other factors include –

3. the effects of climate change

4. loss of land to urbanisation

5. infrastructure and mining.

 40

Ground water Contamination

Plant and animal life are often threatened by the decreasing quality of groundwater.
Waterborne illness and chemical concentrations end up spreading among human and
animal populations that rely on groundwater resources. Often the people who rely
on the water most are unable to pay for expensive cleanup measures. Dangerous
illnesses like hepatitis and cholera are often linked to ground water pollution and
poor water sanitation. Often this type of contamination goes unnoticed for long
periods of time while it silently affects large communities. Often times people only
notice the effects of contaminated groundwater when birth defects begin to be
reported. One example of a serious condition caused by groundwater pollution is the
nitrate induced illness called Methemoglobinemia or “Blue Baby Syndrome”. This
can affect children whose formula is mixed with nitrate rich water. Pollution from
Benzene has been known to cause cancer as well. Groundwater pollution also has
economic effects. Poor water quality can harm any industry linked to its use.
Fishermen, for example, suffer when their catch is affected by groundwater pollution
Contamination of ground water can result in poor drinking water quality, loss of
water supply, degraded surface water systems, high cleanup costs, high costs for
alternative water supplies, and/or potential health problems. The consequences
Destruction of biodiversity. Water pollution depletes aquatic ecosystems and
triggers unbridled proliferation of phytoplankton in lakes eutrophication .
Contamination of the food chain.of contaminated ground water or degraded surface
water are often serious. 99% of the water that is readily available for human use is
buried in soil, sand, and rocks. This groundwater is relied upon by at least half of
Americans for hydration every day but is extremely vulnerable to pollution. A noted
increase in the use of water filters across the nation reveals that there is some
 41

awareness of the serious health effects of ingesting polluted groundwater, and more
and more people are realizing that they could catch diseases like hepatitis from oil,
chemical, or gasoline contaminated water. But most people still don’t know how
their water ends up at risk.

One of the best ways to protect groundwater is with strict regulation of the
substances we use and how we dispose of them. The U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency’s job is to ensure that consumers and businesses have the ability to properly
dispose of chemicals and waste in order to protect groundwater, soil, and air. The
Safe Drinking Water Act is just one example of a regulation put in place to protect
groundwater. It sets forth principles for waste disposal, well use and requires
drinking water to meet a minimum standard. The amount of pollution that can end
up in groundwater is regulated by the Clean Water Act.There are many sources of
groundwater pollution and, unfortunately, humans are to blame for many of them.
Poor management of waste, the rapid growth of industry, and irresponsible use of
chemicals all endanger the groundwater people need to survive.
 42

1.Natural Sources: While humans cause a lot of groundwater pollution, some

contamination is due to natural processes of the earth. Substances like iron, fluorides,
and sulfates found in rock often end up in groundwater, and when they collect in
excess, they can harm its quality. Groundwater like this needs to be treated before it
can be used by humans.

2.Septic Systems: In the U.S. around a quarter of homes are linked to a septic system
for waste disposal. Individual systems release only a marginal amount of chemical
or biological waste but when combined with other nearby systems, it can become
toxic. Often containing viruses or bacteria, septic systems need to be adequately
maintained to keep groundwater safe.

3.Chemicals: The EPA reports that there are close to 16,000 chemical spills each
year. posed with difficult cleanup procedures, often times these chemicals end up
being washed into the soil and find their way into our valuable groundwater
resources.

4.Waste: Many average consumers don’t realize that the way they dispose of waste
can impact the quality of the groundwater that they rely on. lawn waste, paint,
cleaners, and oils all end up in groundwater wells every day. Pouring the wrong
chemicals down the drain or neglecting to dispose of medication properly can end
up harming your local sources of groundwater. Landfill waste also greatly
contributes to groundwater pollution. Contaminants often leach out of landfills and
into groundwater aquifers or wells. Landfill location is essential to maintaining safe
drinking water.
 43

Global Climate Change

The consequences of climate change now include, among others, intense droughts,
water scarcity, severe fires, rising sea levels, flooding, melting polar ice, catastrophic
storms and declining biodiversity. Burning fossil fuels, cutting down forests and
farming livestock are increasingly influencing the climate and the earth's
temperature. This adds enormous amounts of greenhouse gases to those naturally
occurring in the atmosphere, increasing the greenhouse effect and global
warming.One of the biggest environmental problems today is outdoor air pollution.
Data from the World Health Organization (WHO) shows that an estimated 4.2 to 7
million people die from air pollution worldwide every year and that nine out of 10
people breathe air that contains high levels of pollutantsClimate change affects the
social and environmental determinants of health – clean air, safe drinking water,
sufficient food and secure shelter. Between 2030 and 2050, climate change is
expected to cause approximately 250 000 additional deaths per year, from
malnutrition, malaria, diarrhoea and heat Fossil fuels – coal, oil and gas – are by
far the largest contributor to global climate change, accounting for over 75 per cent
of global greenhouse gas emissions and nearly 90 per cent of all carbon dioxide
emissions.As greenhouse gas emissions blanket the Earth, they trap the sun’s heat.
This leads to global warming and climate change. The world is now warming faster
than at any point in recorded history. Warmer temperatures over time are changing
weather patterns and disrupting the usual balance of nature. This poses many risks
to human beings and all other forms of life on Earth Sea levels are rising and oceans
are becoming warmer.
 44

Longer, more intense droughts threaten crops, wildlife and freshwater supplies.
From polar bears in the Arctic to marine turtles off the coast of Africa, our planet’s

diversity of life is at risk from the changing climate.Climate change poses a

fundamental threat to the places, species and people’s livelihoods WWF works to
protect. To adequately address this crisis we must urgently reduce carbon pollution
and prepare for the consequences of global warming, which we are already
experiencing.

 advance policies to fight climate change

 45

 engage with businesses to reduce carbon emissions

 help people and nature adapt to a changing climate

To avoid the worst effects of climate change, we need to dramatically reduce global
carbon emissions. But we must also prepare for the significant and unavoidable
consequences of carbon emissions such as increasing temperatures, shifting
precipitaton patterns, ocean acidification, sea level rise and the increasing intensity
and frequency of extreme weather events. WWF works with local communities,
governments and others around the world to help nature and people prepare for the
many impacts of a changing climate. To do this we Increase resilience of
communities in Nepal by promoting new farming techniques, community weather
monitoring and creating seed Restore beach vegetation to shade marine turtle nests
in the Caribbean Secure access to fresh water for elephants in Thailand during
periods of droughtIdentify areas where polar bears can live on solid Arctic sea ice
for decades to come.
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Ultimate Disposal Method of Solid Waste

transfer station for solid waste is a facility designed to receive, store, and transfer
waste from smaller collection vehicles, such as garbage trucks, to larger long-haul
trailers or rail cars for transport to a final disposal facility. The transfer station serves
as an intermediate stop between the point of collection and the final disposal site,
and it plays a critical role in the overall waste management system. By consolidating
smaller loads of waste into larger loads, the transfer station reduces the number of
trips required to transport the waste, which can lower costs and reduce emissions
from the transportation. At a transfer station, the incoming waste is weighed,
inspected, and sorted to remove any hazardous or unacceptable materials. The waste
is then compacted and loaded onto larger vehicles for transport to a final disposal
site, such as a landfill or incinerator. Transfer stations may also include facilities for
processing or recovering materials from the waste stream, such as recycling,
composting, or waste-to-energy technologies. These additional operations can help
to further reduce the amount of waste that ultimately ends up in a landfill, and can
provide additional environmental and economic benefits. Overall, transfer stations
are an important part of the solid waste management system, and help to ensure the
safe, efficient, and sustainable handling of waste.

The disposal system of solid waste refers to the process of managing and disposing
of the waste generated by households, businesses, and industries. This process
typically involves collecting, transporting, treating, and disposing of the waste in an
environmentally friendly and sustainable manner. There are several methods for
disposing of solid waste, including landfilling, incineration, composting, and
recycling. Landfilling involves burying the waste in a designated landfill site, while
incineration involves burning the waste at high temperatures to reduce its volume
and produce energy. Composting involves breaking down organic waste materials
 47

into a nutrient-rich soil amendment, and recycling involves collecting and

processing waste materials to create new products. The choice of disposal method
depends on a number of factors, including the type and amount of waste generated,
the available resources and infrastructure, and environmental and health
considerations. Ideally, a comprehensive solid waste management system would
incorporate a combination of these methods to maximize resource recovery and
minimize environmental impacts.

1. Landfilling: Landfilling is the most common method of ultimate disposal for

solid waste. It involves the burial of waste in a designated landfill site, where
it is compacted and covered with soil to minimize odors and prevent the
spread of disease. Landfilling is typically used for non-recyclable waste, such
as household and commercial waste, and can also be used for hazardous waste.
 48

2. Incineration: Incineration is a method of waste disposal that involves the

burning of waste at high temperatures. It is typically used for medical or
 49

hazardous waste, but can also be used for municipal solid waste. Incineration
can help reduce the volume of waste and generate energy in the form of heat
or electricity.

3. Recycling: Recycling is the process of converting waste materials into new

products, reducing the need for raw materials and reducing the amount of
waste that ends up in landfills. Recyclable materials include paper, glass,
plastics, and metals. Recycling can also help conserve energy and reduce
greenhouse gas emissions.

4. Composting: Composting is the process of breaking down organic waste, such

as food and yard waste, into a nutrient-rich soil amendment. It involves a
combination of air, water, and microorganisms to break down the waste into
 50

a usable form. Composting can help reduce the amount of organic waste that
ends up in landfills and can also help improve soil quality.
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Conclusion

Solid waste management is a critical process that involves the collection,

transportation, treatment, and disposal of waste in a safe and environmentally
responsible manner. It is essential to protect public health and the environment and
prevent the spread of disease.

There are several types of solid waste, including municipal, agricultural, industrial,
medical, hazardous, and construction waste. Each type of waste requires specific
handling and disposal methods to ensure safe and efficient management.

Solid waste management involves several key steps, including waste reduction,
segregation, collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal. It also includes the
promotion of recycling and composting to reduce the volume of waste that ends up
in landfills.

There are several ultimate disposal methods for solid waste, including landfilling,
incineration, recycling, and composting. The choice of method depends on factors
such as the type and volume of waste, local regulations and infrastructure, and
available resources and technology.

The selection of solid waste vehicles is also crucial in ensuring effective and efficient
waste collection and transportation. The vehicles must be well-maintained, properly
equipped, and operated by trained personnel.

Overall, a comprehensive and sustainable solid waste management system requires

collaboration among government, private sector, and community stakeholders.
Through proper management and disposal of solid waste, we can protect our
environment and promote the health and well-being of our communities.
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Solid Waste
Management

APRIL 12