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9 views38 pages

lect12 (1)

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bhaveshtanwar693
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UNIT-1

Fundamentals of D.C. circuits

Work, Power, Energy


Ohm’s Law
Resistance(Series and Parallel)
Inductor (Series and Parallel)
Capacitor (Series and Parallel)
Electrical Circuit
Charge and Current

• Charge: Charge is an electrical


property of the atomic particles
of a matter.
S.I Unit: Coulomb (C)
Symbol: Q
• Current: Rate of change of
charge.
OR
Continuous flow of
electrons in an electrical circuit.
S.I Unit: Ampere (A)
Symbol: I
ELECTRIC CURRENT
Charge and Current
• Mathematically,
𝑑𝑄
𝐼=
𝑑𝑡
Or, in simple terms:
𝑄
𝐼=
𝑇
So, 1 Ampere = 1 coulomb/ 1 second.
Quiz
1 mm of cross section of copper wire is isolated and 50 C of charge
flows through it for 2 seconds. How much current will flow through
wire?
A. 50
B. 100
C. 25
D. 0.04
QUIZ
1 mm of cross section of copper wire is isolated. The
charge that flows in the cross section is
Q(t)= 4t2 + 5, How much current will flow through
wire in 6 seconds.
A. 149 A
B. 48 A
C. 53
D. 5A
Voltage
Power and Energy
• Power: Rate at which the work is done.
OR
Time rate of absorbing or supplying energy
S.I Unit: Watts (W)
Symbol: P
Mathematically,
𝑃 = 𝑑𝑊=𝑑𝑊 . 𝑑𝑞 = 𝑉. 𝐼
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑞 𝑑t
𝑡
Implies, 𝑃 = 𝑉.𝐼
QUICK QUIZ (Poll )
1 Coulomb is same as:
A. Watt /sec
B. Ampere/sec
C. Joule-sec
D. Ampere-sec
Voltage
• It is the energy (Work) required
to move a unit charge through
an element.
S.I Unit: Volt (V)
Symbol: V
Power and Energy
• Energy: Capacity of doing work.
S.I Unit: Joules(J)
Symbol: E
QUICK QUIZ (Poll 3)
Calculate the current ratings of 100 Watt incandescent bulb and 15
Watt LED lamp operated with the domestic supply of 220 Volt?
A. Bulb = 0.068 A and LED = 0.45 A
B. Bulb = 0.45 A and LED = 0.068 A
C. Bulb =0.50 A and LED = 0.068 A
D. Bulb = 0.50 and LED = 0.68 A
Network Components

Active Passive

Battery
Resistance (R)
Capacitance (C)
Transistor, Op-amp, etc
Inductance (L)
QUICK QUIZ (Poll 5)
Identify the passive element
A. Battery
B. Transformer
C. Transistor
D. OP-amp
E. None of these
Resistance
Resistance
• Resistance: It is an opposition to the flow of current.
S.I Unit: Ohm (Ω)
Symbol: R
Capacitance
• Capacitance is the ability of a device to
store electrical energy in an electrostatic
field.
• A capacitor is a device that stores energy
in the form of an electrical field..
• A capacitor is made of two conductors
separated by a dielectric.
S.I Unit: Farad (F)
Symbol: C
Two important Properties:
1. No current flows through the capacitor,
if the voltage remains constant.
2. Voltage across a capacitor cannot
change instantaneously.
Inductance
• Inductance is the characteristic of an electrical
conductor that opposes a change in current flow.
• An inductor is a device that stores energy in a
magnetic field.
• When a current flows through a conductor,
magnetic field builds up around the conductor. This
field contains energy and is the foundation for
inductance
S.I Unit: Henry (H)
Symbol: L
Two important Properties:
1. No voltage appears across an inductor, if the
current through it remains constant.
2. The current through an inductor cannot change
instantaneously.
Ohm’s Law
• Ohm’s law states that:
“the current in an electric circuit is directly proportional to the voltage
across its terminals, provided that the physical parameters like
temperature, etc. remain constant”
Mathematically,
𝐼 ∝𝑉
Or,
𝑉
𝐼=
𝑅
Resistivity Table
Conductance
• A useful quantity in circuit analysis is the reciprocal of resistance R,
known as conductance and denoted by G
• 𝐺 =1 = 𝐼
𝑅 𝑉
• S.I Unit: mho (ohm spelled backwards) or Siemens
• Symbol:
Interrelated terms
• Power dissipated in the resistor can be expressed as:
2
𝑉
• 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 = 𝐼2 𝑅 =
𝑅
Short-circuit and Open-circuit
• For a short circuit, R = 0 Ω • For an open circuit, R = ∞ Ω
• Therefore, V = I.R = 0 V • Therefore, I = V/R = 0 V
• NOTE: (current, I can be of any • NOTE: (voltage,V can be of any
value) value)
Applications of Ohm’s Law
1. To find unknown Voltage (V)
2. To Find unknown Resistance (R)
3. To Find unknown Current (I)
4. Can be used to find Unknown Conductance (G)=1/R
5. Can be used to find unknown Power (P)=VI
6. Can be used to find unknown conductivity or Resistivity
Applications of Ohm’s Law
1. It is widely used in circuit analysis.
2. It is used in ammeter, multimeter, etc.
3. It is used to design resistors.
4. It is used to get the desired circuit drop in circuit design (Example,
Domestic Fan Regulator).
5. Advanced laws such as Kirchhoff’s Norton’s law, Thevenin’s law are based
on ohm’s law.
6. Electric heaters, kettles and other types of equipment working principle
follow ohm’s law.
7. A laptop and mobile charger using DC power supply in operation and
working principle of DC power supply depend on ohm’s law.
Limitations of Ohm’s Law
• Ohm’s law holds true only for a conductor at a constant temperature.
Resistivity changes with temperature.
• Ohm’s law by itself is not sufficient to analyze circuits.
• It is NOT applicable to non linear elements, For example, Diodes,
Transistors, Thyristors, etc.
• This law cannot be applied to unilateral networks.
Series Connection
• SERIES CONNECTION: Two or more elements are in series if they
exclusively share a single node and consequently carry the same
current.
Point to Remember for Series Circuits
Parallel Connection
• PARALLEL CONNECTION: Two or more elements are in parallel if
they are connected to the same two nodes and consequently
have the same voltage across them
Battery Voltage In Series And Parallel
Note: Resistors in series behave as a single resistor whose resistance is equal to the sum of the
resistances of the individual resistors.
Resistors in Parallel
.
How to find Equivalent Resistance for
Series-Parallel Combinations
Example: To find 𝑹𝒆𝒒
Useful Links
• http://www.dynamicscience.com.au/tester/solutions1/electric/voltag
e.htm
• https://gfycat.com/directhauntinglamb
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NfcgA1axPLo

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