International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR)

E-ISSN: 2582-2160 ● Website: www.ijfmr.com ● Email: editor@ijfmr.com

Internet of Things: An Overview

Rupinderpal Kaur

P.G. Dept. of Computer Sc., Guru Nanak College, Sri Muktsar Sahib

Abstract:
Internet of things (IOT) is the most evolving technology among all the technologies that are currently in
trend in the researchers’ world, researchers have ranked this technology above AI and robotics. The
meaning of Internet of things is itself a clear term. Although this is very evolving technology but there is
critical shortage of research articles on this very topic. In this paper it’s been tried to elaborate the
important aspect of internet of things, how things that are remotely connected or have sensor can
facilitate our lives.

Keywords: OCR, Map, Segmentation, RLSA, Projection Profile

1. Introduction:
Internet of things (IOT) is the most emerging technology among all the technologies that are currently
evolving in the researchers’ search; they have ranked IoT above AI and robotics. The meaning of Internet
of things is itself a clear term. Although this is very evolving technology but there is critical shortage of
research articles and related literature review. This new technology has drastically changed the style how
we live, travel, jobs and entrepreneurship also. Even the industry is changing its form to from a term i.e.
Industry 4.0 and all the information in this era is being stored in digital form. The Internet of Things
enables us to connect ‘things’ to the Internet. These objects (items) can share information with one
another and transmit data to other devices and systems. The information they share can be to other things
as well as the environment they are in. Smart devices and machines can also share information about
their internal state.

Why Is IoT so Important?

Over the past few years, IoT has become one of the most important technologies of the 21st century.
Now that we can connect everyday objects—kitchen appliances, cars, thermostats, baby monitors—to
the internet via embedded devices, seamless communication is possible between people, processes, and
things. So, Internet of Things (IOT) can be called as network of related things that can share data
through network without any human assistance. Thing can be anything from a solar panel to a small
circuit, from an automobile to biochip livestock.
Nowadays, every business is motivated by IoT with hope of prospects of increasing profits and reduction
in operating costs. In business IoT device implementation can provide the data and insights necessary to
regulate workflows, visualize patterns, automation of processes, meet compliance requirements, and
most importantly to fit in competitive business environment.
Types of network connections through which devices can connect can include Wi-Fi connections,
Bluetooth connections etc. The internet connected device can also be called smart devices like
refrigerators, washing machines, home security systems, webcams and printers, routers and smart

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 International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR)
E-ISSN: 2582-2160 ● Website: www.ijfmr.com ● Email: editor@ijfmr.com

speaker devices. To transfer information devices use some protocols like IP that also used for web
sharing over the internet.

Figure 1: representing various applications of Internet of things (IOT)(source:[2])

Deployment of smart devices can enhance competitive advantage for businesses if used strategically For
example, by mining data about inventory level and financial issues and examine the consumer’s
behaviour. By tracking consumer’s interests, a retailer can sell more products. Once a product is at
consumer's place, this product can be used to alert the owner about upcoming service.

2. Literature Review:
Li et al. [3] have explained in their paper that from past few years IoT has evolved rapidly and its been
trend of internet in coming years. In the article authors have surveyed the enabled technologies in
internet from time to time. In particle role of SoA has been explored in IOT. Also internet things have
been classified into various categories. Xia et al. [4] have admitted that they have witnessed new era of
Internet of Things. According to authors radio frequency identification is a dispensable technology. It is
concluded by Atzori et al. [5] that IoT should be considered as part of the overall Internet of the future.
In the papers authors have explained that data is self-re-routed and every device is assigned an IPv6 to
each IoT element that make it possible to reach from one node to other node. Another term that is coined
in this paper is web squared that aimed at integrating web and sensing technologies.
From technical perspectives Wartmann et al. [6] have discussed the deployment of an Internet of Things
(IoT) application needs the combination of a range of information and communication technologies in
the form of hardware and software. Some of the most crucial hurdles for IoT innovators are currently
experiencing in this context relate to device level energy supply, identification and addressing, Internet
scalability, security and personal privacy, as well as standardization and harmonization.
The state-of-the-art has been presented by Akpakwu et al. [7] about IoT application requirements along
with their associated communication technologies. The third generation collaborative project cellular-
based low-power wide area plausible solutions for supporting and enabling the new service needs for
Massive to Critical IoT use cases are explored in detail. What’s next, 5G new radio advancements for
new service needs and enabling technologies for the IoT are introduced.
According to Chui et al. [8] Internet of Things has great future, yet organizations, policies, and technical
issues must be handled before these systems are widely embraced. Earlier adopters will require proving
that the new sensor driven business models create superior value. Jing at al. [9] have compared
traditional network, and concluded that IoT system stays in a more crucial environment with less number
of resources and less network guards, thus lightweight solutions would always be our first choices for
IoT security. Authors have also discussed security issues of IoT as an indivisible entity, and give some
plausible solutions for these issues.
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 International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR)
E-ISSN: 2582-2160 ● Website: www.ijfmr.com ● Email: editor@ijfmr.com

Roman et al. [10] have reviewed the current research state-of-the-art of 5G IoT, related technologies, and
current research trends in IOT and challenges. This paper former elaborated the background and current
trends on 5G and IoT. Later authors have analyzed the needs in 5G enabled IoT. Ray et al. [11] have
contributed in research with survey that it summarized the current state-of-the-art of Internet of Things
architectures in various domains systematically.
Alaa et al. [12] have conducted a search on different aspects like smart homes, related IoT apps. Authors
have also surveyed on smart home apps using IoT, framework architectures to develop and process IoT
smart home applications.

3. Architecture of IOT
Architecture is not much different or unique in terms of Internet of Things; the major difference is in
their functional areas, performance and applications. However architecture consists of main four areas as
mentioned following points and Figure 2.
o Sensors/Devices
o Gateways and Networks
o Cloud/Management Service Layer
o Application Layer

Figure 2: Architectural components of IOT

There are many layers of IoT architecture that provide functional capabilities and best alternatives to
business organizations and other users. It is the basic architecture nowadays that leads to development
and deliver the services over the network and is hope of future.
1. Sensors/Actuators: Sensors are the instruments that could generate, receive, deliver and execute the
data over the communication network. To simplify, a sensor is device that could receive the input
from external environment and could response according to that. Best examples are humidity control
sensors, temperature sensors, IR sensors, RFID etc. Most of the sensors need connectivity through
Gateways and sensors use LAN or PAN for connecting. Another inseparable part of sensors is
actuators that convert data generated by smart devices to some action. Sensors are embedded in the
internet of connection enabled devices.
2. Gateways: IoT need fast network like WiFi etc. (Local area network), GSM or 4G network etc.
(Wide area networks) to transfer data as sensors and converter actuator generate huge amount of
data. Gateways work in close connection with sensors, so these are crucial part of IoT architecture
because massive volume of data must be handled for proper functioning. Gateways not only
facilitate connections but also conversion of data generated by sensor to easily transferable usable
format.

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 International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR)
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Security is the main concern in any type of data transfer. Gateways bear responsibility of two-way
information flow with encryption algorithms and security tools. These tools help in reducing
malware attacks.
3. Devices: These are the hardware and software devices that receive and transmit data to the cloud.
Data is first captured by the devices embedded in the device. IoTs can provide significant benefits to
huge Internet of Things (IoT). During the limited access and speed of cloud service, indtalling edge
system can enhance the throughput and flexibility and even the response time.
4. Data center/ Cloud: clouds are the third party services that provide infrastructure for the analysis of
data, controlling the devices and also for providing security. Through cloud service information is
delivered to the end applications like healthcare systems, GPS systems, house held devices etc. we
can consider cloud as brain of IoT.

4. Applications of IoT
A number of applications are designed based on sensor and IoT. Some of the applications in different
field have been tried to explore in the following points and elaborated also in Table 1:
1. Households and Wearable: IoT is embedded in almost all the products like bands to wear on wrist
to measure the calories burning rate and keeping record of health credentials. GPS tracker is the
good example of IoT. Many companies like Samsung, Apple, and Google are inventing many
devices that we can be wear to assist us in daily life.
There are many household devices that are based on temperature sensing like ACs, refrigerators,
food processing devices. Many people instruct IoT through internet connection to set up the soothing
environment before entering the home.
2. Health: IoT have helped tremendously in guiding patients and helping doctors to maintain a good
health record of patients. Monitoring can be done in real time and even outside the hospital though
devices connected to internet. These devices can put alarm in patient’s emergency conditions that can
prevent any dangerous risk of life. Even in the hospitals IoT give many technically enabled
instruments like hospital beds, special devices like oximeter, BP machines and body monitoring
systems.
3. Traffic monitoring systems: The Internet of things (IoT) is very useful in the managing traffic of
vehicles in metro cities which leads these cities to become smart cities. Through IoT enabled sensors
huge data can be collected which help in managing traffic like traffic jams can be informed to drivers
so they could take alternative way or preventing cohesion of vehicles by sensing the distance in two
vehicles etc. Also various routes can be advised according to distance, time taken and measure of
traffic on that particular road.
4. Communication management in vehicles: IoT help in installing sensors in different vehicles helps
in interconnectivity between vehicle/driver and managers. Manager as well as driver can know about
each other status and manager can guide about geological position of the vehicle. Even alarms can
ring by sensing any vital condition that could be faced by vehicle.

Table 1: Applications od Internet of Things (IoT)

Type Application location
Wearable Health monitoring, help disable Belts, shoes, bands to wear on
people, maintain body wrist

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 International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR)
E-ISSN: 2582-2160 ● Website: www.ijfmr.com ● Email: editor@ijfmr.com

temperature
Mobile devices Sensor devices connected to PDAs, carry in hands or pockets
internet like mobile health
detection, step counting devices,
monitor daily activities
Robotics Helps in households, carry daily Robotics labs, homes
activities, manage processing
tasks
Smart homes/cities Centralized home task that can Devices linked to centralised
be scheduled from outside also, system
Manage city’s basic amenities
like water supply etc.
Environment Monitoring og natural resources, Smart metering system, animal
protection of animal, livestock, husbandries, mines etc.
disaster emergency alerts
industry Many applications related to Within or outside the
financial, business transaction organisation
over the internet and debit credit
log files.
Traffic management managing vehicle jams, traffic on On paths, traffic lights, through
roads, hurdles on different routes staellites
1. Agriculture: Technology enabled farming is another example of Internet of Things. There are
devices that assist farmers to know about quality and condition of soil to produce good and variety of
crops. Many metrics that are crucial for farming e.g. Acidity level in soil, measure of required
nutrients, moisture in soil and chemicals present in ground can be determined from by sensor
enabled devices.
2. Hospitality: Tourism is main occupation in any cities and countries. Visitors need a comfy place to
live in and enjoy. So, hotel industry tries to provide some leisure experience to the tourist by
providing some quality infrastructure enable by IoT like digital keys, AC systems, room ordering
services etc. even roaming out can also be facilitated by sending key maps of locations.
3. Smart grid and energy saving: The deployment of devices equipped with sensors that go from
production points to different strategic points permit for good monitoring and control over
communication network. If connections are being established between destination client and service
provide, a huge amount of information can be fetched to make strategies, detect errors and recovery.
These devices can also provide suggestions to clients about consumption of energy and provide
solution to reduce its consumption.
4. Water supply: One of the major advancement has been made in basic amenities using IoT. One
example is of water meters that are equipped with come software and connected to internet for data
sharing. The software help in collection analyze and understand the behavior of data. Also the
consumers can check their usability metrics though portal in real time. Clients can even receive alerts
about overflow, over-usage and presence of any leakage.
5. Maintenance management: The area where installing and using of IoT technology is mostly used is
maintenance management. A CMMS enabled tool that helps in manufacturing is obtained using

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 International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR)
E-ISSN: 2582-2160 ● Website: www.ijfmr.com ● Email: editor@ijfmr.com

combinations of software and sensors. This tool can be used for extending life of assets in
possession, increases its reliability also. Their applications can go unlimited if sensors got designed
on particular maintenance of devices. These sensors also determine if metrics are out of range and
need based maintenance is compulsory to run.

5. Conclusion
In this paper we have surveyed various aspects from understanding IoT to its deployment in various
applications. The aim of this paper was not only to define internet of things but role of these instruments
in many fields that may of us may unaware. From the above study we can conclude that internet of
Things is most essential technology to deploy in today’s life to assist in many ways. It can be explored
more to reap maximum benefit in field of health system and mobility. In households although its matter
of debate that it is making humans lazy but other ways its very helpful in managing many household
work inside and outside which are time consuming and almost impossible to di in busy schedule. If
Internet could be combined with block chain, some deep learning concept results can be par excellent.
As RFID and WSN have become base of these technologies, people see very promising results out of
these instruments. Also the fusion of the Nanotechnology to the Internet of Things have ellaboarted the
‘Things’ concept in the IoT higher range. As mentioned above, many IoT applications of people,
organizations, basic amenities and versatile life have embedded. Nowadays IoT is hot topic of research
that need much more experiments because it has wide perspectives.
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