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99 views7 pages

Nda Ex: Study Materialformaths

Uploaded by

Mangsuan mungchesham
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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NDA Exam

Study Material for Maths


MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
Matrix
A rectangular array of mn numbers in the form of m horizontal lines (called rows) and n vertical lines
(called columns), is called a matrix of order m by n, written as m × n matrix.

Types Of Matrices
● Zero Matrix or Null Matrix - A matrix each of whose elements is zero, is called a zero matrix
or a null matrix.
● Square Matrix - A matrix in which number of rows is equal to the number of columns, say n,
is called a square matrix of order n.
● Diagonal Matrix - A square matrix A = [aij]n × n is called a diagonal matrix if all the elements
except those in the leading diagonal are zero, i.e., aij = 0 for i ≠ j. In other words
A=
● Unit Matrix - A square matrix in which every non-diagonal element is zero and every
diagonal element is 1, is called a unit matrix or an identity matrix. Thus, a square matrix A =
[aij]nxn is a unit matrix if

Algebra Of Matrices

Addition of Matrices
Let A and B be two matrices each of order m × n. Then the sum matrix A + B is defined only if
matrices A and B are of same order. The new matrix, say C = A + B is of order m × n and is obtained
by adding the corresponding elements of A and B.

Subtraction of Matrices
Let A and B be two matrices of the same order. Then by A – B, we mean A + (–B). In other words, to
find A – B we subtract each element of B from the corresponding element of A.

Multiplication of Matrices
Two matrices A and B can be multiplied only if the number of columns in A is same as the number
of rows in B
Transpose Of a Matrix
Let A be an m × n matrix. Then, the n × m matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and columns
of A is called the transpose of A, and is denoted by A’ or A1. Thus,
(i) if order of A is m × n, then, the order of A’ is n × m.
(ii) (i, j) the element of a = (j, i) the element of A’.

Symmetric Matrix
A square matrix A is said to be symmetric if A’ = A. That is, the matrix A = [aij]nxn is said to be
symmetric provided aij = aji for all i and j.

Skew Symmetric Matrix


A square matrix A is said to be skew symmetric, if A’ = – A. That is, the matrix A = [aij]nxn is skew
matrix if aij = - aij for all i and j.

Orthogonal Matrix
A square matrix of order n × n is said to be orthogonal if
AA'  In  A' A.

Minor
If m – p rows and n – p columns from matrix Am × n, are removed, the remaining square submatrix of
p rows and p columns is left. The determinant of a square submatrix of order p × p is called a minor
of A of order p.
(i) every element of the matrix is the minor of order.

Rank Of a Matrix
A positive integer r is said to be the rank of a non zero that A, if
(i) there exists atleast one minor in A of order which is zero,
(ii) every minor in A of order greater than r is zero, k is written as (A) = r.

The rank of a zero matrix is defined to be zero.

Properties of Rank of a Matrix


● Rank of a matrix remains unaltered by elementary transformations.
● No skew-symmetric matrix can be of rank 1.
● Rank of matrix A = Rank of matrix A’.

Solution Of a System of Linear Equations by Matrix Method

Consider a system of linear equations:


a11x1 + a12x2 + …. + a1nxn = b1
a21x1 + a22x2 + …. + a2nxn = b2
…
…
…
an1x1 + an2x2 + …. + annxn = bn

We can express these equations as a single matrix equation

Let |A| ≠ 0, so that A–1 exists uniquely. Pre-multiplying both sides of AX = B by A–1, we get
A-1 (AX) = A-1 B or (A-1A)X = A-1 B
or IX = A-1B or X = A-1B
Hence X = A-1B is the unique solution of AX = B, |A| ≠ 0.

DETERMINANTS
Minors and Cofactors
Minor of an Element of a Determinant
If we take an element of the determinant and delete the row and the column containing that
element, the determinant left is called the minor of the element. It is denoted by Mij

For example, given the 3 × 3 determinant

Then the minor of a11 of M11 =

The minor of a12 is M12 = and so on.


Cofactor of an Element of a Determinant
The cofactor Cij of an element aij (the element in the ith row and jth column) is defined as Cij = (–1)i+j
Mij. It is denoted by Cij. Thus,
For example, the cofactor of a12 in the 3 × 3 determinant

Properties Of Determinants
● The value of the determinant remains unchanged if rows are changed into columns and
columns are changed into rows.
● If two adjacent rows (columns) of a determinant are interchanged, the value of the
determinant so obtained is the negative of the value of the original determinant, i.e.
● If two rows or columns of a determinant are identical then its value is zero, i.e.,
● If each element of a row or column of a determinant is multiplied by a constant k then the
value of the new determinant is k times the value of the original determinant, i.e.
● If any two rows or columns of a determinant are proportional, then its value is zero, i.e.

Solution of Linear Equations by Determinants

Cramer’s Rule: Solution of system of linear equations in two unknowns

The solution of the system of equations


a1x + b1y = c1
a2 x + b2 y = c2
D D
is given by x = 1 and y = 2 where
D D

Cramer’s Rule: Solution of system linear equations in three unknowns


The solution of the system of equations
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1

a2 x + b2 y + c2z = d2

a3 x + b3 y + c3z = d3

is given by
D D D
x= 1 ,y= 2 and z = 3 , where
D D D

provided D ≠ 0.
(i) If D ≠ 0, the system has only trivial solution (x = y = z = 0), and
(ii) If D = 0, the system has infinitely many solutions.

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