Lesson 1: Gathers Manifestoes and Analyzes the Arguments Used

by the Writer/s
Manifesto. This refers to a published declaration of the intentions, motives, or views of the issuer, be it
an individual, group, political party or government.
Argumentative writing. A kind of writing where the students establish a position in a given topic and
then use evidence to persuade the audience to see things from their point of view.
Argument. In academic writing, this is usually a main idea, often called a “claim” or “thesis
statement,” backed up with evidence that supports the idea.

A. Multiple Choice
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. This refers to a published declaration of the intentions, motives, or views of the issuer, be it an
individual, group, political party or government
a. Law
b. Texts
c. Manifesto
d. Arguments
2. This is a kind of writing where the students establishes a position in a given topic and then uses
evidence to persuade the audience to see things from his/her point of view.
a. Academic text
b. Literary Writing
c. Argumentative writing
d. Comprehensive Writing
3. In academic writing, this is usually a main idea, often called a “claim” or “thesis statement,” backed up
with evidence that supports the idea.
a. concept
b. question
c. research
d. argument
4. In analyzing an issue and developing an argument, the following may be included as supporting
evidence EXCEPT;
a. diaries
b. current issues
c. in-depth studies
d. position papers and analyses
5. The following are the things to do to write a great argument, EXCEPT;
a. make a diary of events
b. make an educated stance
c. investigate several sides of the argument
d. collect evidence, including facts, statistics, and claims

LESSON 2: Defending a Stand on an Issue by Presenting

Reasonable Arguments

Defending a Stand on an Issue by Presenting Reasonable Arguments

In making the defense, you have to ensure that you are addressing all sides of the issue and presenting
them in a manner that is easy for your audience to understand. Your job is actually to take one side of
the argument and persuade your audience that you have well-founded knowledge of the topic being
presented. The following are the steps in presenting arguments to defend or support a stand on an issue.
1. Make Issue Criteria
Keep in mind that you have to persuade others and make them believe in your claim. When shaping it,
consider and ask yourself the following questions to ensure that you will be able to present strong
arguments on the issues. Is it a real issue with genuine controversy and uncertainty? Can I identify at
least two distinctive positions? Am I personally interested in advocating one of these positions? Is the
scope of the issue narrow enough to be manageable?
2. Collect Evidences from Properly - Cited Sources
Before deciding on a stand to defend, you should do some research on the subject matter. While you
may already have an opinion on your topic and an idea about which side of the argument you want to
take, you need to ensure that your position is well supported. Listing the pro and con sides of the topic
will help you examine your ability to support your counterclaims, along with a list of supporting evidence
for both sides. Y
3. Make an Appeal to Your Audience
To convince a particular person that your own views are sound, you have to consider the audience way
of thinking. Appealing to the audience is another important part of defending a stand on an issue. This
can help you strengthen your position or claim. In an academic argument, logical appeals are the most
common, however, depending on your topic, ethical and emotional appeals may be used as well. Your
claim or position may be supported through three major types of appeals:
a. Logical Appeals
This is the use of facts in order to support and defend a position. This means reasoning with your
audience, providing them with facts and statistics, or making historical and literal analogies. It persuades
the audience by targeting their thinking.
Example:
More than one hundred peer-reviewed studies have been conducted over the
past decade, and none of them suggests that coconut milk is an effective treatment
for hair loss.
b. Emotional Appeals
This is the use of the audience’s feelings for the subject of the paper such as anger, pity, and aversion in
order to persuade. It may also refer to values that the reader may identify with such as the importance of
family ties, hospitality and the bayanihan spirit.
Example:
How can you say that the government shouldn’t censor the internet? Think of the poor children who
might be exposed to inappropriate content. This type of argument attempts to elicit a strong emotional
response, since people will generally want to protect children, and since no one wants to adopt a stance
that will purportedly harm them.
c. Ethical Appeals
This is the use of convincing an audience through the credibility of the persuader, be it a notable or
experienced figure in the field or even a popular celebrity.
Example:
As a doctor, I am qualified to tell you that this course of treatment will likely generate the best results.
Here, people tend to believe the opinions of doctors in the matter of medical treatments. The audience
consider the argument because of the credibility of the speaker

Let us check first what you already know about the lesson to take. Write the letter of your answer in the
line provided before each number.
1. What is the best definition for claim?
a. A statement you believe to be false b. A statement you believe to be true
c. Evidence that proves something right d. An opinion
2. What does ‘reasonable argument’ mean?
a. A strong statement
b. A written response to a claim
c. An explanation that connects your evidence back to the claim
d. An opinion you believe in
3. It is the proof from credible sources used to support the writer's claims.
a. Claim c. Counter Argument
b. Argument d. Evidence
4. Champorado or chocolate rice porridge is Filipino’s most favorite food for breakfast. The statement is
an example of…
a. Claim c. Counter Argument
b. Evidence d. Defense
5. According to the American Health Association, peanut butter is a great source of protein. The
statement is an example of…
a. Defense c. Claim
b. Evidence d. Counter Argument
6. The doctor told me to eat less sugar as it can cause health issues later in life.
What type of appeal is used in this statement?
a. Ethical c. Emotional
b. Logical d. Ethical
7. The temperatures in the summer, on average, are much warmer than any
other season. The statement is an example of…
a. Counter Argument c. Defense
b. Claim d. Evidence
8. It is the opposing claim; the other side.
a. Claim c. Counter Argument
b. Evidence d. Defense
_9. Which of the following is the best example of an argument?
a. How COVID Patients Survive: Five Surprising Facts
b. Video gamers should play Fortnite because it increases mental agility and you can make new friends.
c. Have you ever wondered what makes Philippines susceptible to earthquake?
d. Milk is healthier than soda.
10. Which of the arguments is logical appeal?
a. Everyone knows that bottled drinking water is healthy.
b. Water bottles can be recycled, but many don't get recycled.
c. Filipinos use 163 million plastic sachet packets daily.
d. Using refillable water bottles can help reduce the amount of trash in our landfills.
11. The following situations allow the speaker to use ethical appeal, EXCEPT
a. A commercial for a certain detergent claims that you should use it because studies have shown that it
leaves colors 20 percent brighter than other detergents and costs 25 percent less than other brands.
b. One of the contestants on The Voice argues that the judges should choose her not because her voice
sounds good, but because she has so much experience singing and knows everything required of her to
be a top-notch rock star in today’s media.
c. In a campaign commercial, a politician cites promises he has made and kept in previous offices and
jobs, showing that he will make a reliable, trustworthy leader.
d. Another commercial for a detergent has a well-known talk show host who often has housekeeping tips
on her show present the product as better than the competition.
12. Which one is an example of a reason to support a claim?
a. My parents say I don't need more allowance, but they don't realize what my expenses are.
b. I need a larger allowance because I don't have enough money for lunch or transportation.
c. I need a larger allowance.
d. Students allowance should be increased.
13. Which of the following is the best claim/stand for increasing legal driving
age?
a. No, the legal driving age should not increase.
b. The legal driving age should be increased to 20 so you have less accidents.
c. I believe the legal driving age should remain at eighteen.
d. The legal driving age is18.
14. What is strong evidence?
a. Opinions c. Facts
b. Counterclaims d. Numbers
15. Which piece of evidence could BEST be used to defend this claim: The government SHOULD decide
what students eat for lunch.
a. School lunches, on average have only about 550 calories; however, lunches brought from home have
about 850 calories.
b. Report said that students refused to eat school lunches for three weeks.
c. The rules make lunches cheap for students, but they cost schools money.
d. School canteen should prepare healthy lunch for students.
LESSON 3: Writing Position Paper
Test I. Choose only the letter of the correct answer.
1. What type of academic writing that presents the writer’s stand or viewpoint on a particular issue by
outlining arguments and proposing the course of action?
a. Concept Paper c. Critique Paper
b. Position Paper d. Research Paper
2. It is a document or letter publicly declaring the position or program, a set of ideas, opinions, or views
and can also lay out a plan of action and is often political in nature.
a. Research Paper c. Abstract
b. Book Review d. Manifesto
3. In which part of a manifesto or a position paper where the writer expresses his/her stand about an
issue which is strongly supported by evidence?
a. Introduction c. Body
b. Conclusion d. Reference
4. In which part of a manifesto or a position paper where the writer’s vision about the issue are stated
ending with a powerful call for action?
a. Introduction c. Body
b. Conclusion d. Reference
5. It represents the writer’s thoughts and opinions about an issue.
a. argument c. reason
b. stand/claim d. counterclaim
6. Which of the following can be used as supporting evidence?
a. factual knowledge c. personal opinion
c. hearsays d. suggestion

A Position Paper or a Manifesto Defined

A position paper presents the writer’s stand or viewpoint on a particular issue. Writing a position paper
entails outlining arguments and proposing the course of action. In the same manner, Munro
( ??? )defines manifesto as a document or letter publicly declaring the position or program of its issuer. It
advances, but it a set of ideas, opinions, or views can also lay out a plan of action. It is posted or
distributed to the public that announces information such as the motive, reasoning, or demands of a
person or group. Topics of position papers or manifestoes are: political, artistic, scientific and
educational, professional, and technology. The main objective of writing a position paper is to take part in
a larger debate by stating your arguments and proposed course of action.
Writing a Position Paper and Defending a Stance on an Issue

You have learned that a position paper presents an arguable opinion about an issue. Your goal as the
writer is to convince the audience that your opinion or stand or claim is valid and worth listening to. It is
important to support your argument or reason with evidence to ensure the validity of your claims. The
best way to defend your stand is to provide supporting evidence which includes the following:
• Factual Knowledge – information that is verifiable and agreed upon by almost everyone
• Statistical Inferences – interpretation and examples of an accumulation of facts
• Informed Opinion – opinion developed through research and/or expertise of the claim
• Personal Testimony – personal experience related by a knowledgeable party.

In every claim, there is always a counterclaim. A counterclaim is just the opposite of a claim. When your
claim says, “I want a new cellphone.” But then your Mother said, “'No, you don't.” This is your mom's
counterclaim. Counterclaims are also provable and supportable by reasons and evidence. Just when
your Mother proves by saying, ’Your current situation does not require a new cell phone.’All of these
essential parts play an important role in writing a position paper.
LESSON 4: DETERMINES THE OBJECTIVES AND STRUCTURES OF VARIOUS
KINDS OF REPORTS

Many scholars have defined report as any informational work made with an intention to relay information
or recounting certain events in a presentable manner. These are often conveyed in writing, speech,
television, or film. Moreover, considering report as an administrative necessity, hence, most official form
of information or work are completed via report. Note that report is always written in a sequential manner
in order of occurrence.

[1]TECHNICAL AND BUSINESS disciplines with an applied focus such as Engineering, Information
Technology, Commerce, Accounting and Finance, will set report writing assignments that simulate the
process of report writing in industry. Assignments are set in the form of a problem or a case study. The
students research the problem, and present the results of the research in a report format. Technical
writing is form of writing technical communication or documentation in science and technology or applied
science that helps people understand a product or service.

[2]FIELD REPORTS are common in disciplines such as Law, Industrial Relations, Psychology, Nursing,
History and Education. These types of reports require the student to analyse his or her observations of
phenomena or events in the real world in light of theories studied in the course. The purpose of a field
report in the social sciences is to describe the observation of people, places, and/or events and to
analyze that observation data in order to identify and categorize common themes in relation to the
research problem underpinning the study.

Note taking
This is the most common and easiest method of recording your observations. Tips for taking notes
include: organizing some shorthand symbols beforehand so that recording basic or repeated actions
does not impede your ability to observe, using many small paragraphs, which reflect changes in
activities, who is talking, etc., and, leaving space on the page so you can write down additional thoughts
and ideas about what’s being observed, any theoretical insights, and notes to yourself that are set aside
for further investigation.
Photography
With the advent of smart phones, an almost unlimited number of high quality photographs can be taken
of the objects, events, and people observed during a field study. Photographs can help capture an
important moment in time as well as document details about the space where your observation takes
place. Taking a photograph can save you time in documenting the details of a space that would
otherwise require extensive note taking.

Video & Audio Recordings

Video or audio recording your observations has the positive effect of giving you an unfiltered record of
the observation event. It also facilitates repeated analysis of your observations. This can be particularly
helpful as you gather additional information or insights during your research.

Illustrations
This does not refer to an artistic endeavor but, rather, refers to the possible need, for example, to draw a
map of the observation setting or illustrating objects in relation to people's behavior.

[3]SCIENTIFIC REPORTS are another kind of report. They are common in all the Sciences and Social
Sciences. These reports use a standard scientific report format describing methods, results and
conclusions to report upon an empirical investigation. The purpose of a science report is to clearly
communicate your key message about why your scientific findings are meaningful. In order to do this,
you need to explain why you are testing a hypothesis, what methodology you used, what you found, and
why your findings are meaningful. This requires a clear link between your introduction and your
analysis/discussion.

There are different parts of research reports and it takes time to familiarize oneself with the requirement
of each part. Hence it necessitates frequent exposure to and practice on the techniques of research
report writing. The different parts of the research report include the following:
1. Introductory Phase
2. Review of Literature
3. Research Methodology
4. Body of the Report
5. Conclusion
6. Recommendation

Introductory Phase
Introduction is as important as the main parts of a research report. It contextualizes and sets the tone
and direction of research writing. It is like a road map that guides you in your research journey.
According to Reidman (2001), it answers the following questions:
● What was I was studying?
● What did we know about this topic before we study?
● And, how this study advance new knowledge or new ways of understanding?
 Research Title
A research title has to get the attention of the readers. In other words, it must be “catchy.” Being catchy
does not mean sacrificing the main message or idea of your report. Hence, according to Silverman
(2006, 339) choose “a title that catches the reader’s attention while properly informing them about the
main focus on your research.” Siverman (2006, 206) is suggesting a “two-part title” containing a
stimulating title applying a present participle signifying action and a subtitle which is more descriptive.
Example:
Stimulating title: Have you ever experience being bullied?
Descriptive title: A study on the perception of the victims of bullying in the primary schools

Research Abstract
A research abstract is a vital component of a report as it provides the readers with a snap view of what
you will expect from it. The abstract gives a synopsis of the objectives and results of the report to be
described in detailed from in the body of the report.
Silverman (2006) identified what an abstract should contain:
1. research problem
2. significance and value of the problem
3. data and methods utilized
4. main findings
5. implication in the light of other research
A research abstract has a word limit. The most common word limit is 100. This is a challenging part of
writing a report because it is difficult to write the many things that you want to impart in just a few words.

List of Contents
A list of contents is a useful component of a report as it guides the readers to find their way through the
different parts of the report. Hence, the consistency of the page numbers with the parts of the report is
vital. Inconsistent page numbering would result to the reader’s confusion.

Introduction
The introduction acquaints the readers with the what, why and how of the report. According to Murcott
(1997, p. 1) as cited in Silverman (2006), answering the questions below would lead you to the
development of the introduction:
1. What is the research all about?
2. Why have you chosen this topic rather than the other topics?
3. Why are you interested in this topic?
4. How will you undertake the research?
5. What kind of research approach will you utilize?
6. What are your research questions or problems?
 Review of Literature
The Review of Related Literature (RRL) provides study background and environment. The intention of
the RRL is to locate the study in its area of discipline and reveal its relevance and significance in the
environment. The RRL would indicate if your topic is building on previous researchers or if it is a new
area of inquiry. The RRL should make one realize that a study is worth pursuing or not.

Research Methodology
In research, the research process is as important as the research content. Thus, a research report must
also contain a description of the research strategy. The readers will be interested in finding how you
arrived at a particular study result. Siverman (2008) pointed out that the readers would be interested to
know the following:
1. Research topic
2. Case (s) you have studied
3. Research methods you have chosen to use
Writing Your Data
The most essential part of the report is writing about the data collected through your research. There are
two important areas of consideration in the writing up of the data, namely, data analysis, and data
presentation. In the data analysis, there is no right or wrong way. Creswell (1994, 153) only requires the
researcher to:
1. “be comfortable with developing categories and making comparisons and contrast”
2. “be open to possibilities and see contrary or alternative explanations for the findings

Writing the Conclusion

How do you characterize conclusions? Conclusion are inferences, deductions, abstraction, implications,
interpretations, general statements, and/or generalizations based on findings. An example of which is:
“All the teachers were qualified to teach in the high school but the majority of them were not qualified to
teach science. ” (Khemer, 2009).

LESSON 5: DESIGNS, TESTS AND REVISES SURVEY

QUESTIONNAIRES
QUESTION WORDING BASIC

1. Write short and simple questions

2. Avoid leading questions, wording that influences respondents to consider a subject in a weighted
manner, or injects a preference or opinion.
Example: Do you hate the president of the Philippines?”
Why is this leading? Because the question itself includes an opinion word.
Who do you think of when you hear COVID -19?
a. China b. Pres. Duterte c. Chinese d. Lockdown
Why is this leading? Because it forces the respondent to answer one of these choices, even if none of
them comes to mind.
What makes our product better than our competitors’ products?
3. Appropriately Open-Ended and Closed-Ended Questions
4. Questions must be non-threatening and attempt to evoke the truth.
Example:
Who do you think consume more cigarettes: you or your friends?
When a respondent is concerned about the consequences of answering a question in a
particular manner, there is a good possibility that the answer will not be truthful.

5. Question Clarity
Avoid ambiguities and vague words (e.g. usual, regular, normal)
Example:
What is your number of serving of eggs in a typical day?
Problem: How many eggs constitute a serving? What does ‘a typical day’
mean?
Better question:
On days you eat eggs, how many eggs do you usually consume?
Do you watch television regularly?
*Vague questions are difficult to answer (what is the meaning of "regularly"?)
Better question:
How often do you watch Television?"
6. Don’t use double-barrelled questions
Ask one question at a time. Avoid asking 2 questions, imposing unwarrantedassumptions, or hidden
contingencies. Whenever you use ‘and’ on a question or astatement, check if it is double-barrelled.
7. Clearly define the response scale dimension or continuum.
When using a response scale, clearly define the dimension or continuumrespondents are to use in their
rating task
Example:
Response categories - Make them logical and meaningful: NOT:
Many......Some.......A Few......Very Few.....None
DO a Bipolar or Unipolar rating scale: Bipolar measures both direction and intensityof an attitude:
Unipolar scale measures one concept with varying degrees of intensity.

8. Minimize presuppositions – an assumption about the world whose truth is taken for granted.
Answering a question implies accepting its presuppositions, a respondent may be led to provide an
answer even if its presuppositions are false.

What are your usual hours of work?”

Problem: Does respondent have usual hours of work?
Better Question:
What are your usual hours of work, or do you not have usual hours?
Directions: Read each question carefully and choose the correct answer. Write your answers in a
separate sheet of paper or in your notebook.
1. A questionnaire is defined by the following except:
a. to gather data from respondents
b. translates the research problem into questions that will answered by
respondents
c. wording, appearance and flow of questions fosters cooperation and motivate
the respondents to answer
d. a tool designed to control data for a survey
2. A well-designed questionnaire needs to be as short as possible.
a. True
b. False
3. What is the first step in designing a survey questionnaire?
a. Pre-testing b. Identifying the respondents
c. Identifying the research problem d. Identifying the type of questions to be used
4. Which of the following is considered a good questionnaire item?
a. How long does it take you to walk and run around the court?
b. If you were the President, what will you do to combat the COVID Pandemic?
c. How much did you enjoy the reading the new novel?
d. Rate your experience in the service provided.
5. Study the questionnaire item below and choose the correct statement that
describes the question.

a. The question assumes that the respondent gets stressed at work.

b. It is a double-barreled question since work and the park are two separateplaces.
c. It is an open-ended question and will be hard to quantify.
d. There is nothing wrong with the question.
6. If you want to know how the students feel about the new rules and regulations set
by your organization, what type of questions will you most likely use?
a. Likert-Scale b. Multiple Choice
c. Ranking d. Open-ended
7. “How much is your ‘baon’ every day?”
If you were to revise this question, how should it be?
a. Do your parents give you ‘baon’?

b. I will provide options so that the respondent will not feel embarrassed
Example: Our parents does not give us money as ‘baon’.
Php 1.00 – 49.99
Php 50.00 – 99.99
Php 100.00 - above
c. I will not include this question in my questionnaire because it is not necessary.
d. There is no need to revise this question because it will give the information Ineed.
8. Participants in a pre-test should be:
a. Representative of the target population under study
b. Friends and relatives
c. Other survey researchers
d. Individuals from outside the population under study
9. In testing your questionnaire, why is it necessary to observe where therespondents changed their
mind in answering?
a. It will show what items needs revision.
b. It will reveal some items that might be confusing so they hesitated or changetheir minds.
c. It will help the researcher understand why the items might be confusing.
d. All of the above
10. Now that you have all the questions ready, reviewed, and sequenced, which ofthe following do you
still need to consider?
a. the type of paper where it will be printed
b. writing an introduction and instructions
c. the format of the question items
d. all of the above

LESSON 6: Conducting Surveys, Experiments or Observations

Research is significant in our everyday activities. It is the result of a thinking process that involves you in
questioning techniques or models. In order for you to have a grasp of the techniques in conducting
survey, experiments or observation, you have to know the processes involved in inquiry and research.
2. Experimental Research
Experimental research is a study that strictly adheres to a scientific research design. It includes a
hypothesis, a variable that can be manipulated by the researcher, and variables that can be measured,
calculated and compared. Most importantly, experimental research is completed in a controlled
environment. The researcher collects data and results will either support or reject the hypothesis.
The Scientific Method is a series of organized steps to which an experiment is done. The Scientific
Method helps you plan, predict, research, conclude and maybe even publish your findings. The Scientific
Method will make your experiment more organized, easy to interpret and learn from.
The steps to the Scientific Method are:
1) Pose a Testable Question.
2) Conduct Background Research.
3) State your Hypothesis.
4) Design Experiment.
5) Perform your Experiment.
6) Collect Data.
7) Draw Conclusions.
8) Publish Findings (optional).

3. Observation
May take place in natural settings and involve the researcher taking lengthy and descriptive notes of
what is happening. It is argued that there are limits to the situations that can be observed in their 'natural'
settings and that the presence of the researcher may lead to problems with validity.
Direction:. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on the
space provided.
1. Which data gathering method is utilized to collect, analyze and interpret the views of a group of
people from a target population?
a. survey c. experiment
b. research d. observation
2. The primary purpose of conducting survey is to .
a. find cause and effect relationships
b. compare groups to determine differences
c. determine and describe the way things are
d. predict the way things will be based on the way things are
3. Which of the following is true of survey research?
a. survey research is a subset of experimental research
b. survey research is often used in experimental research
c. survey research is never used in experimental research
d. survey research is always used in experimental research
_
4. Qualitative research and survey research are similar in that both .
a. have sample sizes
b. are descriptive research methods
c. are guided by predetermined variables to study
d. examine topics primarily from the participants perspectives
5. The most important characteristic of the sample in survey research is that it is .
a. convenient to access
b. easily observed in naturalistic settings.
c. representative of the target population.
d. large enough to compare differences between subgroups.
6. Which of the following is NOT a necessary component of survey research?
a. validity c. literature review
b. data analysis d. triangulation review
7. The major problem with non-respondents in survey research is that .
a. they tend to be alike in many ways.
b. data cannot be analyzed for only part of a sample.
c. they may have different opinions than respondents.
d. they cannot be found to determine if they are similar to respondents.
8. What type of survey question encourages an answer phrased in the
respondent's own words?
a. scan 3ended b. close-ended c. open-ended d. talk-ended
9. Which of the following typically does NOT apply to observers in survey
research studies?
a. They are participant observers.
b. They observe predetermined activities.
c. They obtain information by watching rather than asking.
d. They must be careful not to influence the activities they observe.
10. Which of the following is NOT a method in conducting survey?
a. email b. telephone c. personal interview d. video chats
11. Prior to the observation, what's the first important decision that a
researcher should make?
a. Methods of observation
b. Define a target object of study
c. Making contacts and appointments
d. Type of notes to make during observation
12. The variable that affects the dependent variable is called the variable.
a. optional c. dependent
b. scientific d. independent
13. An experiment generally tests how one is affected by another.
A. test B. option c. scientist d. variable
14. Which of these would be called results?
a. Number of Fruit Flies
b. Counting Fruit Flies
c. Seeing Fruit Flies on an Apple
d. Wondering Why a Fruit Fly was Born
15. Which of the following is NOT something one needs to consider when conducting an experiment?
a. The scientist's biases
b. The errors induced by measurement
c. Other variables that may not be under the scientist's control
d. Whether the results of the experiment will confirm the hypothesis

LESSON 7: Gathering of Information from Surveys, Experiments, or

Observations
Directions: Read each questions carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer
and write it on the space provided before each number.
1. Which of the following does not describe a good objective?
a. measurable
b. specific
c. realistic
d. smart
2. It is a process where researchers meet the participants face to face and ask
relevant questions.
a. panel interview
b. virtual interview
c. in- person interview
d. group interview
3. It is a method of collecting data where the identified 6 to 10 people with similar
characteristics are group together.
a. focus group
b. small group
c. control group
d. case group
4. These survey questions comprise two or three options.
a. multiple- choice questions
b. dichotomous questions
c. open – ended questions
d. close – ended questions
5. These are questions that allow users to input their own answer and do not
provide predefined response options.
a. close – ended questions
b. open-ended questions
c. multiple- choice questions
d. rating scales
6. It is the observational method that follows people with similar characteristics
over a period.
a. ecological method
b. cross-sectional method
c. cohort method
d. case- control method
7. It is a method that creates cases and controls and then observes it. A case has
been exposed to a phenomenon of interest while a control has not.
a. ecological method
b. cross-sectional method
c. cohort method
d. Case-control method
8. It is a sampling technique which every member of the population has an equal
chance of being chosen as participants.
a. random sampling
b. cluster sampling
c. systematic sampling
d. stratified sampling
9. It is a sampling technique that consists of available members of the population,
but this often leads to biased studies.
a. bias sampling
b. convenience sampling
c. cluster sampling
d. volunteer sampling
10. It is the number of participants in an experiment.
a. Sample size
b. Population
c. Participants
d. Respondents

LESSON 8: SUMMARIZES FINDINGS AND EXECUTES THE REPORT THROUGH

NARRATIVE AND VISUAL/GRAPHIC FORMS
1. The text summarizes teenagers' answers to ___ about their TV viewing habits.
a. one question b. two questions c. three questions
2. The proportion of teenagers that did something else while watching TV was ___.
a. more than 50 per cent b. more than 75 per cent c. more than 80 per cent
3. We don't know from the survey results ___ while watching TV.
a. what percentage of teenagers read b. if teenagers talk to their families
c. if teenagers do more than one other activity
4. The top two activities done while watching TV could show ___.
a. a general trend b. a very surprising change
c. that teenagers’ habits are the same as they’ve always been
5. The proportion of teenagers that do nothing else while they watch TV is ___.
a. surprisingly small b. unknown c. significant

What is a questionnaires?
A list of survey questions asked to respondents to extract specific information.
Questionnaire is the data collection component of overall survey. Are questionnaire and survey the
same? Very often, the questionnaire and survey are used to mean the same thing. But there is an
important distinction between them: SURVEY describes the process of conducting a research, which
includes the series of 7 steps, while the questionnaire is one part of the survey process.