ASSIGNMENT No.

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Q.1 Discuss the importance women’s movements globally.

Definitions

In September 1995, Fourth World Conference was set in Beijing,

Amrita Basu used to collect the writings documenting the
exhibition of politics of feminism by local hard workings that
have changed the shape of women and it is done by feminism.

She demonstrates the struggles of women from the different parts of

the world according to women's inequality and respect. This is
the greatest thing ever that proper rules and rights are set up in
the case of women's prosperity.

Personal Reflection

When we reached on putting some ideas about publication on

Women’s Movement in Kenya, in our minds there a question
aroused: Any existence of women’s movement in Kenya? After
observation there, a lot of questions come into our minds: How to
handle this matter? (Kabira, n.d.) According to many authors, it
is admitted that this movement is just apart from other
movements because it does not relate to the conventional
elaboration of movement.

As it is observed that other social type of movements is just irrelevant

to this point of view. Because social sciences movements acquire
conventional definitions of movement that is why we do not get
it into social sciences.

Only a few persons are able to visualize that goal of this women's
movement is related to students, working persons, and human
values that come up forward for their members' rights. When
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 their light is falling on the women's movement, its main goal was
to take the affection of people of the world to this issue which is
being grown-up daily and its objective was to demonstrate
human rights and possible respect in every aspect of every field
of the world. As we see the women groups then we can identify
the power of the women conscription. These groups are making
changes in different field of life like relationships which are
valuable and more complex.

Case Study

It has been observed that the movement of Nigerian is unknown and

illiterate. It does not look like conventional movement. As it is
showing up that it is the movement it is growing up the
consistent movement of women for motherhood, nationhood, and
development of this. When we heard the voice of the African
women, so they were asking for equality, and here we are just
asking for our values and rights, we are not presuming to be
tempered with.

Specially they were asking for laws and regulations which have
degraded and dehumanized the value of women to the low level.
Their vision was not to have equality along with their better half,
they were pursuing them as their managers or bosses of their
families. There are many confusions are appearing in mind that
how to clearly clarify the definition of women’s movement, just
coming into mind that what is needed to explain and what should
it desires for.

In which between should we go up for. There are just pure relations

which means a lot because it is used to be clearly and purely felt.
If a woman is degrading, then there could be a big problem
between husband and wife, father and daughter, brother and
sister, wife, and mother in law, etc.
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There are many relationships that can lose their dignity so that is why
a woman should have the facility to get its individuality in every
aspect of life and have access to do everything with their will.
Women has to get those facilities that are given to men, there
must be equality between them.

There is only one way to clear all these rising issues which are not
being identified and solved, for to solve all these issues we have
to identify to similar propensities into the women’s movement.
 One of them is concerned with the identification of the gender, it
means gender like men and women are same, they shouldn’t be
compare in any aspect of life because women are being
degrading in different field of life, they are not being treated as
they have to be.

 Other is all about to focus on big projects for the transformation of

social society. Because in this social society, women have
become a vulgar thing who is not getting valuable respect.
Bell Hooks elaborate this process of concretization thus: “Our search
lead us back to where it all were began, to that moment when an
individual woman...who may have thought she was all alone, began a
feminist uprising, began to name her practice, indeed began to
formulate theory from lived experience.

Characteristics Diversity after going through some experiments of the

past 30 years with the beginning the assumption of sisterhood that is
held globally, specifically when sisterhood was been elaborated by the
minority as privileged. Diversity is the main cause of being
differences between gender and their abilities, due to this issue, there
are many consequences between people who are growing up day by
day. This amount is just going up to the highest level.

She goes on for identification: A second thing is in the world

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 women’s movement issue after making voice loud by two sisters
who had stood up for the rights of women and valuable respect.
Now this issue has become a global issue throughout the world
and as an actor this issue has become famous, in many countries
as political leaders have to take action according to this issue that
is being devastated the culture, dignity, and determination of
woman in the society.

As we see that in the final analysis what does not enough to describe
dark complexity or context of global women's movement because
there are many diversity's there are many confusions about this
understanding of women’s
movement using words there must be some shapes or some symbols
or images to describe it clearly, So it is comes up to mind in
different shapes like spiral, the wheel, the pyramid, the web and
the patchwork quilt.

Q.2 What are the issues of women of color in the western countries.

The experiences of women of color in Western countries are diverse

and shaped by a complex intersection of race, gender, culture,
and socioeconomic status. They often face unique challenges,
including racial discrimination, gender bias, cultural
stereotyping, and socioeconomic barriers. These experiences vary
significantly based on factors such as ethnicity, immigration
status, educational background, and the specific country they live
in. Below are some key themes:

Discrimination and Bias

Racial Discrimination
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Women of color often face racial prejudice in various aspects of life,
including the workplace, education, healthcare, and law
enforcement. They may encounter macroaggressions,
stereotyping, or more overt forms of racism.

Gender Bias

They may also face sexism, which can be compounded by racial

discrimination. This dual bias can limit opportunities for career
advancement and equitable treatment.

Representation and Media*

Underrepresentation:

Women of color are often underrepresented in leadership roles across

sectors, from politics to business to academia.

Media Representation:
Stereotypical portrayals in media can reinforce harmful narratives.
Positive, nuanced representation is crucial for breaking down
stereotypes and promoting inclusivity.

Economic Inequality

Wage Gap:

Women of color often earn less than their white counterparts and
men, even when performing similar roles. The wage gap is
particularly pronounced for Black, Latina, and Indigenous
women.
Access to Opportunities

Barriers to education and professional development can limit

economic mobility.

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Health and Well-being
Healthcare Disparities:

Women of color can face challenges accessing quality healthcare and

may experience bias within healthcare settings, leading to
disparities in health outcomes.

Mental Health:

The stress of navigating systemic racism and sexism can impact

mental health. However, cultural stigmas around mental health
may limit access to support services.

Social and Cultural Dynamics

Cultural Identity:

Balancing cultural heritage with assimilation into Western society

can be challenging. Women of color may navigate multiple
identities and expectations from both their own communities and
broader society.

Community Support:
Strong community networks can provide support and solidarity,
helping women of color navigate challenges.

Activism and Advocacy

Social Justice Movements:

Women of color have been at the forefront of social justice

movements, advocating for civil rights, gender equality, and
social change.
Intersectionality:

The concept of intersectionality, coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw,

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 highlights how overlapping identities (race, gender, class) create
unique experiences of oppression and privilege, emphasizing the
need for inclusive activism.

Education and Empowerment*

Educational Barriers:* Disparities in education access and quality
affect the opportunities available to women of color.
Empowerment Initiatives:

Programs and initiatives that focus on education, mentorship, and

empowerment can help address these disparities and support the
personal and professional development of women of color.

These themes illustrate the multifaceted experiences of women of

color in Western societies. Efforts to promote equality and
inclusivity must consider the unique challenges and strengths of
these women to create more equitable and just environments.

Q.3 Discuss the role of United Nations for the promotion of Women’s
Movement.

The United States has played a significant role in promoting the

women's movement both domestically and globally. This
involvement has spanned various facets, including policy
initiatives, advocacy efforts, and financial support for women's
rights organizations. Here's a breakdown of the key ways the
United States has contributed to the promotion of the women's
movement:

Legislative and Policy Framework

19th Amendment (1920):

The U.S. ratified the 19th Amendment, granting women the right to
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 vote, which was a crucial milestone for women's suffrage and
inspired similar movements worldwide.

Title IX (1972)

This landmark civil rights law prohibits sex-based discrimination in

federally funded education programs and activities, significantly
advancing gender equality in education and sports.

Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) (1994):

VAWA provided federal resources to address and reduce domestic

violence, sexual assault, and other forms of gender-based
violence.

Equal Pay Act (1963) and Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act (2009):*
These laws address gender pay disparity and advocate for equal
pay for equal work.

Advocacy and Activism*

*Women's Rights Organizations:*
Numerous advocacy groups, such as the National Organization for
Women (NOW), the Women's March, and others, have been at
the forefront of pushing for women's rights in the U.S. These
organizations have worked on issues ranging from reproductive
rights to workplace equality.

Civil Rights Movement:

The U.S. civil rights movement in the 1960s inspired the women's
liberation movement, which called for gender equality,
reproductive rights, and an end to discrimination.

Social Media and Campaigns:

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Platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram have been
instrumental in mobilizing support for women's rights issues,
highlighting campaigns such as #MeToo and #TimesUp, which
gained significant traction globally.

Global Influence and Diplomacy*

Foreign Policy and Aid:* The U.S. government has incorporated

women's rights into its foreign policy agenda. This includes
advocating for gender equality and women's empowerment in
international forums like the United Nations and providing
foreign aid aimed at improving education, health, and economic
opportunities for women.

U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID):*

USAID programs often focus on women's health, economic

empowerment, and education, aiming to elevate women's status
in developing countries.

First Lady Initiatives:

Figures like Eleanor Roosevelt, Hillary Clinton, and Michelle Obama

have championed women's rights and girls' education, using their
platforms to advocate globally.

Judicial Support*

Supreme Court Decisions:

Landmark cases like Roe v. Wade (1973) legalized abortion, which
was a critical decision for reproductive rights, though its recent
overturning in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
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 (2022) has sparked renewed debates and activism around
women's rights.

Cultural and Educational Contributions*

Media Representation:* American media, films, and television often

depict strong, independent female characters, contributing to
shifting cultural perceptions and inspiring global movements for
gender equality.

Academic Research and Women's Studies Programs:

Universities across the U.S. have established women's studies

programs, promoting research and education on gender issues,
which have become influential worldwide.

Corporate and Economic Support

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR):

Many U.S. corporations have adopted CSR policies that support
gender equality, diversity, and inclusion. This includes efforts to
close the gender pay gap, promote women into leadership roles,
and address workplace harassment.

The United States has played a critical role in advancing the women's
movement through a combination of legal frameworks, activism,
international advocacy, and cultural influence. Despite ongoing
challenges and debates, the U.S. continues to be a prominent
player in the global push for gender equality and women's rights.

Q.4 How Asian feminism is different from the Western feminism?

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The United States has played a significant role in promoting the
women's movement both domestically and globally. This
involvement has spanned various facets, including policy
initiatives, advocacy efforts, and financial support for women's
rights organizations. Here's a breakdown of the key ways the
United States has contributed to the promotion of the women's
movement:

Legislative and Policy Framework*

19th Amendment (1920):* The U.S. ratified the 19th Amendment,
granting women the right to vote, which was a crucial milestone
for women's suffrage and inspired similar movements worldwide.
Title IX (1972):* This landmark civil rights law prohibits sex-based
discrimination in federally funded education programs and
activities, significantly advancing gender equality in education
and sports.
Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) (1994):* VAWA provided
federal resources to address and reduce domestic violence, sexual
assault, and other forms of gender-based violence.
Equal Pay Act (1963) and Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act (2009):*
These laws address gender pay disparity and advocate for equal
pay for equal work.

Advocacy and Activism*

Women's Rights Organizations:* Numerous advocacy groups, such
as the National Organization for Women (NOW), the Women's
March, and others, have been at the forefront of pushing for
women's rights in the U.S. These organizations have worked on
issues ranging from reproductive rights to workplace equality.
Civil Rights Movement:* The U.S. civil rights movement in the
1960s inspired the women's liberation movement, which called
for gender equality, reproductive rights, and an end to
discrimination.
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 Social Media and Campaigns:

Platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram have been

instrumental in mobilizing support for women's rights issues,
highlighting campaigns such as #MeToo and #TimesUp, which
gained significant traction globally.

Global Influence and Diplomacy*

Foreign Policy and Aid:* The U.S. government has incorporated

women's rights into its foreign policy agenda. This includes
advocating for gender equality and women's empowerment in
international forums like the United Nations and providing
foreign aid aimed at improving education, health, and economic
opportunities for women.
- *U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID):* USAID
programs often focus on women's health, economic
empowerment, and education, aiming to elevate women's status
in developing countries.
First Lady Initiatives:* Figures like Eleanor Roosevelt, Hillary
Clinton, and Michelle Obama have championed women's rights
and girls' education, using their platforms to advocate globally.

Judicial Support*

Supreme Court Decisions:* Landmark cases like Roe v. Wade (1973)

legalized abortion, which was a critical decision for reproductive
rights, though its recent overturning in Dobbs v. Jackson
Women's Health Organization (2022) has sparked renewed
debates and activism around women's rights.

Cultural and Educational Contributions*

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Media Representation:

American media, films, and television often depict strong,

independent female characters, contributing to shifting cultural
perceptions and inspiring global movements for gender equality.
Academic Research and Women's Studies Programs: Universities
across the U.S. have established women's studies programs,
promoting research and education on gender issues, which have
become influential worldwide.

Corporate and Economic Support*

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR):* Many U.S. corporations

have adopted CSR policies that support gender equality,
diversity, and inclusion. This includes efforts to close the gender
pay gap, promote women into leadership roles, and address
workplace harassment.

The United States has played a critical role in advancing the women's
movement through a combination of legal frameworks, activism,
international advocacy, and cultural influence. Despite ongoing
challenges and debates, the U.S. continues to be a prominent
player in the global push for gender equality and women's rights.
Asian feminism differs from Western feminism in several key ways,
largely due to cultural, historical, and social factors that shape the
experiences and struggles of women in different regions. Here
are some distinctions:

Cultural and Religious Influences*

Asian Feminism*: Asian cultures are deeply influenced by traditional

values, including Confucianism, Buddhism, and Hinduism,
which often emphasize family, community, and social harmony.
Feminist movements in Asia may focus on adapting these
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 traditions to promote gender equality rather than rejecting them
outright.

Western Feminism

Western feminism is often more individualistic, focusing on personal

autonomy and individual rights. It tends to emphasize breaking
away from traditional norms and promoting personal freedom
and equality.

Focus on Family and Community*

Asian Feminism

Family and community are often central in Asian societies. Asian

feminists may emphasize the importance of balancing gender
equality with family responsibilities, sometimes advocating for
women's roles within the family structure to be respected and
empowered.

Western Feminism

While Western feminists also address family dynamics, there is a

stronger emphasis on women's independence and freedom from
traditional family roles, with a focus on equal participation in
public life and the workforce.

Approach to Activism and Change*

Asian Feminism*: In many Asian countries, activism may be less

confrontational due to political restrictions or social norms that
value harmony and respect. Feminists might work within existing
structures to bring about change, focusing on gradual reform and
coalition-building.
Western Feminism
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Western feminists are often more vocal and confrontational,
employing public protests, legal challenges, and media
campaigns to advocate for change. There is a strong emphasis on
individual rights and direct action.

Intersectionality and Class Issues*

Asian Feminism

There is a strong focus on intersectionality, considering how gender

inequality intersects with issues like caste, ethnicity, religion, and
economic status. Asian feminists often emphasize the diversity of
women's experiences and the need to address multiple layers of
oppression.

Western Feminism

Although intersectionality is increasingly recognized, early waves of

Western feminism were sometimes criticized for focusing
predominantly on the experiences of middle-class white women.
Modern Western feminism has become more inclusive, but Asian
feminism has often been more inherently intersectional from the
start.

Economic Development and Globalization*

Asian Feminism

Rapid economic development in Asia has led to unique challenges

and opportunities for women, such as the gendered impact of
labor migration, industrialization, and urbanization. Feminist
movements in Asia often address these economic issues,
advocating for fair labor practices and protections for women
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 workers.

Western Feminism

While economic issues are also important in Western feminism, the

context is often different, with a greater focus on issues like the
gender pay gap, reproductive rights, and representation in
corporate and political leadership.

Response to Colonialism and Imperialism*

Asian Feminism

Many Asian feminist movements are shaped by a history of

colonialism and imperialism, leading to a focus on
decolonization, cultural preservation, and resistance to Western
dominance. This perspective often emphasizes the importance of
understanding feminism within the context of national identity
and anti-colonial struggles.

Western Feminism

While Western feminism also engages with anti-colonialism, it is less

directly shaped by the experience of being colonized. There is
sometimes criticism that Western feminism can inadvertently
impose its values on non-Western cultures, leading to accusations
of cultural imperialism.

Representation in Media and Academia*

Asian Feminism

Asian feminists often challenge stereotypical representations of Asian

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 women in media and academia, advocating for a more nuanced
and diverse portrayal that reflects their realities and voices.

Western Feminism

Although it also addresses representation issues, Western feminism

has historically dominated global feminist discourse, sometimes
marginalizing or overlooking the perspectives of Asian women.

In summary, while both Asian and Western feminism strive for

gender equality, they differ in their approaches, priorities, and
cultural contexts. Asian feminism tends to be more community-
oriented, intersectional, and culturally adaptive, reflecting the
unique challenges and opportunities faced by women in Asia.

Q.5 Discuss Marry Wollstonecraft ideas about feminism in the UK?

The French Revolution was the basis for controversy over the
liberation of women. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the
Citizen, dated August 26, 1789, which declared that “Men are born
free and equal in dignity and rights” (art. 1), suggests that equality
was granted to all.

However, and although women participated in the transition,

successive sessions provided women with the elements of social
equality (especially in matters of inheritance), but refused to give
them the political equality demanded, among other things, by
mathematician and deputy marquis de Condorcet (1743-1794), and
woman of literature Olympia de Gouges (1748 or 1755-1793), who
published in 1791 the Declaration of the Rights of Women and
Citizenship. By imprisoning women in the domestic sector in this
way, the First Republic of France proved itself to be deeply anti-
feminist, depriving women of basic rights such as the right to
assemble and the right to participate in the expression of the will.

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The disruption sparked international criticism, for example, by
English philosopher Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797) 1792 in
response to a report by Talleyrand (1754-1838) of the previous year in
the region of Assemblée, which insisted that women should receive
only home education. He condemned the unfair and unethical
behavior of women.

That same year, the mayor of the Prussian city of Königsberg,

Theodor G. von Hippel (1741-1796), anonymously published an
article in which he opposed the improvement of the status of women.
The interests of women appeared in a similar way in many European
countries in the 1790s, including France, the Dutch Republic, and
provinces and officials in Italy and Germany.

Napoleon, who was crowned Emperor in 1804, however reenacted

France the same year with the Civil Code on gender equality, which
ensured the introduction of married women to their husbands and gave
them the authority of the pater families. As a result of Napoleon's
conquest, this State Act 57 was enforced - or used as an example - in
much of Europe, which cost much to have sex in Europe until the
middle of the twentieth century.

The new European order from the Congress of Vienna (1815) was not
inherently intended to encourage reform organizations, especially
those of women. However, the French society of Charles Fourier
(1772-1837), in which human development depended on women's
progress towards freedom, and the Saint-Simon's meditation on
women's liberation, which they examined in all its unscriptural
aspects, was discussed in neighboring countries in the 1820's and
1830.

Early Saint-Simona women's newspapers, such as La Femme libre,

which was published and written exclusively by women, encouraged
the spread of these ideas. During the 1848 uprising of the "People's
Spring", women were seen in the borders and democratic institutions
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of Paris, Vienna, Berlin, Prague, Frankfurt, Milan, Barcelona,
Cologne, Venice and Stockholm.

Taking the demands of rights and equality on their behalf, they seek
the right to participate in state affairs, to pursue education, to enjoy
marital freedom, and to divorce. Jeanne Deroin (1805- 1894) in Paris
and Karoline Perin (1808-1888) in Vienna urged women to be
courageous, and founded women's democratic clubs, such as the one
in Paris that focused on Eugénie Niboyet (1796-1883) and her
newspaper La Voix women.

In the subsequent rehabilitation phase, the anti-feminist response was

heard sharply, as European continental governments shut down
women's clubs and organizations and barred women from presenting
themselves in political newspapers. From 1850 on in Germany and the
Austrian Empire, women not only gained social status, but were also
legally barred from any political activity, steps that set them apart
from the social fabric of the time.

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