Some extension problems in groups

Chengyan Hu
Department of Mathematics

Before we start M onomorphismφ : H → G Corollary: Hall Theorem for solvable groups

Theorem1(Schur-Zassenhaus) For groups A, B st.(|A|, |B|) = 1, every extension of A by B split. Suppose that a set map c : H → A satisfies Theorem2(Hall’s Theorem) Let π be a set of primes, and G a finite solvable group. Write |G| =
We are going to prove Theorem1 as the first part of the poster. f (h1, h2) = c(h1h2)c(h1)−1c(h2)−1 , ∀h1, h2 ∈ H (8) mn,where n is a π-number and m a π’-number. Then G has a subgroup of order n.
h 1
Lemma1(Frattini Argument) If N / G and P ∈ Sylp(N ),Then G = NG(P )N . Proof We prove by induction on the order of G. The result is trivial for |G| = 1, so assume |G|1.
Then we would have:
Proof By Sylow IV, we know all Sylow-p subgroups of N conjugates in N. ∀g ∈ G,g −1P g ≤ c(h1h2)th1h2 = c(h1)c(h2)h1f (h1h2)th1h2 (9) Let M is minimal normal subgroup of G. By induction hypothesis, the group G/M has a Hall π
g −1N g = N , hence g −1P g ∈ Sylp(G). Hence,∀g ∈ G, ∃n ∈ N st. g −1P g = n−1P n. Then -subgroup H/M .Hence H/M is a π-group and |(G/M ) : (H/M )| = |G/H| is a π ’-number. By
= c(h1)th1c(h2)t−1 t t
h 1 h1 h2
(10) lemma2, M is a p-group form some prime p. If p ∈ π,then clearly H is a Hall π -subgroup of G,
ng −1P gn−1 = P , so gn−1 = x ∈ NG(P ), g = xn ∈ NG(P )N . That is, G = NG(P )N . = c(h1)thc(h2)th2 (11) we are done.
∀h1, h2 ∈ H.
Reduce to a good case If p ∈
/ π ,then (|M |, |H/M |) = 1.By Theorem1, H splits as an extension of M .So ∃K ≤ H st.|K| =
Clearly, the map φ : H → G defined by φ(h) = c(h)th would be a group homomorphism. If |H/M |.As |K| is a π − number and |G : K| = |G : H||H : K| = |G : H||M | is a π ’-number.Hence,
Let’s start by prove by contradiction. For A, B mentioned in Theorem1, assume the exact se- 1 6= h ∈ H , then th ∈
/ A and hence c(h)th 6= 1. That is, Ker(φ) is trivial. K is a Hall π -subgroup,as we expected.
quence 1 → A → G → B → 1 doesn’t split, and G the object of least order with such property.
Hence it suffice to show such set map c does exists.
That is, any group of order less than |G| will satisfy Theorem1. The other direction: Burnside transfer Theorem
Claim1 A is a minimal normal subgroup of G. Construct map c satisfies (8) During our proof of Theorem1, we proved that if G is an extension of abelian p-group A,the
Proof Suppose ∃A0 / G st. {e} ( A0 ( A. Say |A| = a, |B| = b, consider the group G/A0, whose Q extension must split. How about the other direction? That is, what can we talk about G if G is an
order less than |G|. Since A/A0 / G/A0, |G/A0| = |A/A0||G/A| = |A/A0|b ∧ (|A/A0|, b) = 1, by our Define a function e : H → A by e(h) = k∈H f (h, k) for h ∈ H. extension of some group B by an abelian p-group A.The following theorem answered a special
assumption, G/A0 is a split extension of A/A0 by some group K ∼ = G/A. As K=C/A0 for some By the cocycle identity, we have: case of the question.
C ≤ G, |C| = |A0|b < ab,there is a subgroup of order b in C and hence in G by the minimality of Y
G, the extension 1 → A → G → B → 1 hence split. This is a contradiction. f (h1, h2)ne(h1h2) = (f (h1, h2), f (h1h2, h3)) (12) Theorem3(Burnside Transfer) Let P ∈ Sylp(G), and suppose that P ≤ CG(P ) = NG(P ).Then G is
h3∈H
a split extension of some N / G by P .
Claim2 A is an abelian p-group.
Defination For P ≤ G, the focal subgroup of P in G is: FG(P ) =< xy −1|x, y ∈ P , x and y
Y
= (f (h2, h3)h1f (h1, h2h3)) (13)
Proof Let P ∈ Sylp(A), by Lemma1 we have G = ANG(P ). Then G/A ∼ = NG(P )/(A ∩ conjugates in G >
NG(P ).|NG(P )|=|A ∩ NG(P )|b ∧ |A ∩ NG(P )| divides a. Since A ∩ NG(P ) / NG(P ), if NG(P ) h3∈H
Y Y Due to the limitation of pages, I skipped the defination of tranfer homomorphism and proof of
is a proper subgroup of G then by minimality of G there is a subgroup of order b in NG(P ), and =( (f (h2, k)))h1 f (h1, k) (14)
lemma3.Those can be found in reference[3],chapter9.
hence in G. This is a contradiction, so NG(P ) = G.By Claim1, P = A. Since p-groups has non- k∈H k∈H
trivial centre, /e/ ( Z(A) / A . Again, by Claim1, A = Z(A),A is an abelian p-group. = e(h2)h1e(h1) (15) Lemma3(Focal subgroup Theorem) Let P ∈ Sylp(G),and let τ : G → P/P 0 be the transfer homo-
morphism. Then FG(P ) = P 0 ∩ G0 = P ∩ Ker(τ ).
Where n is the order of H.Hence we have f (h1, h2)ne(h1h2) = e(h1h2)−1e(h1)e(h2)h1,∀h1, h2 ∈ H.
New tool for the good case: 2-cocyle As A abelian, l : A → A st. l(x) = xn is an endomorphism of A. Moreover, since (n, |A|) = 1,l ∈ Lemma4 Let P ∈ Sylp(G).Then ∀x, y ∈ CG(P ),x,y conjugates in G =⇒ x,y conjugates in NG(P ).
1 1 1 1
0 0 0
Aut(A).Therefore, ∀x ∈ A,∃!x ∈ A st. l(x ) = x. We denote this x as x n . Clearly,(x, y) n = x n y n Proof Let x, y ∈ CG(P ). Then P ≤ CG(x) ∩ CG(y), P ∈ Sylp(CG(x)), Sylp(CG(y)). Then P ≤
Say H = G/A,view h ∈ H as coset of A in G. For t, u ∈ h, t−1u ∈ A. Since A abelian,txt−1 =
uxu−1 for any x ∈ A. Define xh := txt−1 ,t ∈ h. Clearly, xh is well-defined as t1ht−1 = t ht−1, −1 1 − 1
∧ (x ) n = x n ,∀x, y ∈ A. CG(x) =⇒ gP g −1 ≤ CG(gxg −1) = CG(y) for some g ∈ G. Hence P , gP g −1 ∈ Sylp(CG(y)).
1 2 2
∀t1, t2 ∈ h. This gives a homomorphism from H to Aut(A). 1
By SylowIV , ∃c ∈ CG(y) st. P = cgP (cg)−1. Then cg ∈ NG(P ), cgx(cg)−1 = cyc−1 = y. x, y
We define c : H → A st.c(h) = e(h) n . It follows that: conjugates in NG(P )
Choose a representation th for every h ∈ H, this gives a n-element set {th|h ∈ H}. t−1 h1h2 A = 1
f (h1, h2) = (e(h1)e(h2)h1e(h1h2) ) = c(h1h2)c(h1)−1c(h2)−1
−1 n (16) Proof of Theorem3 Let x, y ∈ P st. x, y conjugates in G. Then by lemma4, ∃n ∈ NG(P )st.y =
(t(h1h2))−1 = (h1h2)−1 = h−1
2 1h−1,∀h , h ∈ H. Hence, t t t−1 ∈ A. Define function f :
1 2 h1 h2 h1h2
h 1
nxn−1. But NG(P ) = CG(P ),so y = nxn−1 = x,that is, xy −1. Hence, we have FG(P ) = {e}.
H × H ⇒ A be such that th1th2 = f (h1, h2)th1h2 . The assosiativity of group multiplication induces As required in (8).Hence, G has a subgroup of order |G/A| = b.G hence a split extension of A
the following identity: by B,which is a contradiction with our previous assumption.We can conclude that such G with Let τ : G → P be the transfer homomorphism. By Lemma3, P ∩ Ker(τ ) = FG(P ) = {e}. Let
property exact sequence 1 → A → G → B → 1 doesn’t split cannot exist. That is, every extension N = Ker(τ ),clearly, as P ∈ Sylp(G) and G/N ∼ = Im(τ ) ≤ P , N is a p0-group and G/N is a
th1(th2th3) (1) of such A by B splits.Theorem1 is now proved. p-group. Hence G = P N and P ∩ N = 1. G is a split extension of N by P as expected.
= th1f (h2, h3)th2h3 = th1f (h2h3)t−1
h 1th1th2h3 (2)
= f (h1h2)h1f (h1, h2h3)th1h2h3 (3) A short lemma for next corollary References
= (th1th2)th3 (4)
= f (h1, h2)th1h2 th3 (5) Lemma2 For a finite group G,let N its minimal normal subgroup. If N is solvable, then N is 1.J.L.Alperin, Rowen B.Bell,GTM162 Groups and Representations,pages = 81,84,
= f (h1, h2)f (h1h2, h3)th1h2h3 (6) elementary abelian. 2.Martin Lieback, Group Theory MATH 60036(22-23),pages=22,46
We conclude that the function f satisfies the cocycle identity: Proof As N solvable, N 0 N . Since N 0charN ,we have N 0 / G. As N minimal normal,N 0 must 3.Keith Conrad, The Schur-Zassenhaus Theorem
equal to {e},so N is abelian. Let p a prime divisor of |N |,consider A := {x ∈ N |xp = 1}. Clearly,
f (h2, h3)h1f (h1, h2h3) = f (h1,h2)f (h1h2, h3) (7) as N abelian, AcharN ,hence A / G. Hence A = N , N is elementary abelian.
∀h1, h2, h3 ∈ H.

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