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Author(s): American Society of Mechanical Engineers
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Year: 2009
Language: english
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL
CONFERENCE ON GEOLOGICAL
ENGINEERING
OCTOBER 10-15, 2007

WUHAN, CHINA
EDITED BY
Huiming Tang China University of Geosciences-Wuhan

Guosheng Jiang China University of Geosciences-Wuhan
Baosong Ma China University of Geosciences-Wuhan
Li Wu China University of Geosciences-Wuhan
Xinli Hu China University of Geosciences-Wuhan
Mohammad Najafi The University of Texas at Arlington
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COPYRIGHT INFORMATION
Proceedings of
the 1st International Conference on Geological Engineering (ICGE-2007)
Copyright © 2009 by ASME
All rights reserved.

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ISBN Number 978-0-7918-0292-2
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FOREWORD
The 2007 International Conference on Geological Engineering (ICGE 2007), was

organized by the China University of Geosciences-Wuhan, and sponsored by the
National Natural Science Foundation of China, U.S. National Science Foundation
(NSF), China Geological Survey, American Society of Mechanical Engineers
(ASME), The University of Texas at Arlington (UTA), the Center for Underground
Infrastructure Research and Education (CUIRE), China Continental Scientific Drilling
Association, Wuhan Society of Rock and Soil Engineering, Moscow College of
Exploration Engineering, and Chinese Academic Committee of Geological Society.
ICGE 2007 covered all the various aspects of Geological Engineering. Topics
included geologic hazard forecast and prevention, theory and technology on rock and
soil mass prevention, drilling technology for mineral resources and oil/gas and other
applications, continental and ocean scientific drilling, theory and technology on
underground construction, safety technique on geological engineering, underground
logistics technology, trenchless technology and asset management of critical
underground infrastructure, and development and education reform on geological
engineering. More than 400 delegates from more than 10 countries, including U.S.,
UK, Germany, Russia, the Middle East, and China attended the three-day
international conference. Research results on new and emerging scientific concepts
were presented and debated in the plenary and concurrent sessions which resulted in
important contributions in the field of geological engineering.
We hope that these proceedings will provide a detailed state-of-the-art account of the
various facets of Geological Engineering. As editors, we thank all the speakers and
contributors who made this important and unique conference possible. The efforts of
Cong Zeng, Ph.D. candidate at the China University of Geosciences in Wuhan
(currently visiting scholar at The University of Texas at Arlington), Shripad Maldikar,
Kosha V. Shah, and Hoda Alavi (graduate students at The University of Texas at
Arlington) to format these papers are greatly appreciated.
Conference Co-Chairs:
Yanxin Wang China University of Geosciences-Wuhan, China
D. T. Iseley Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, USA
Conferences vice Chairs:
Huiming Tang China University of Geosciences-Wuhan, China
V. I. Komshenko Moscow College of Exploration Engineering, Russia
Xinwen Cheng China University of Geosciences-Wuhan, China
Secretaries:
Guosheng Jiang China University of Geosciences-Wuhan, China
Xinli Hu China University of Geosciences-Wuhan, China
Technical Committee Chair:
Sijing Wang Member of China Academy of Engineering
iii

Technical Committee Vice-Chairs:
Yinao Su Member of China Academy of Engineering
Qihu Qian Member of China Academy of Engineering
Fenglin Tang China University of Geosciences-Wuhan, China
Huiming Tang China University of Geosciences-Wuhan, China
Technical Committee Members:
Deli Gao China University of Petroleum-Beijing, China
Youjian Hu China University of Geosciences-Wuhan, China
Wei Long Central South University, China
Mohammad Najafi The University of Texas at Arlington, USA
Baosong Ma China University of Geosciences-Wuhan, China
N.G.Egorov Russian Research Institute of Geological Science and
Technology, Russia
Jianbing Peng Chang’an University, China
Ray Sterling Louisiana Tech University, USA
Youhong Sun Jilin University, China
Ding Tan Imperial University London, UK
Da Wang China Geological Survey, China
Li Wu China University of Geosciences-Wuhan, China
Yuanyou Xia Wuhan University of Technology, China
Wei Xiang China University of Geosciences-Wuhan, China
Guangli Xu China University of Geosciences-Wuhan, China
Qiang Xu Chengdu university of Technology, China
Taining Yan China University of Geosciences-Wuhan, China
Aiguo Yao China University of Geosciences-Wuhan, China
Kunlong Yin China University of Geosciences-Wuhan, China
Cuiying Zhou Sun Yat-Sen University, China
Conference Organizing Committee Members:
Jianping Chen China University of Geosciences-Wuhan, China
Jin Chen China University of Geosciences-Wuhan, China
Longchen Duan China University of Geosciences-Wuhan, China
Chunlin Hu Wuhan Society of Rock and Soil Engineering, China
Mohammad Najafi The University of Texas at Arlington, USA
Yushi Lu China University of Geosciences-Wuhan, China
Weifu Teng China University of Geosciences-Wuhan, China
V. I. Komshenko Moscow College of Exploration Engineering, Russia
Guoqing Xiao National Natural Science Foundation of China
Yunsheng Zhao China University of Geosciences-Wuhan, China
Wenjian Zhu China Continental Scientific Drilling Association, China
iv

CONTENTS
Track 1. Drilling and Exploitation of Mineral Resources
Simplified Method for Estimating Pull Force on Polyethylene Pipe for Mini-HDD
Applications
Lawrence Slavin
Signal Propagation and Attenuation of Electromagnetic Telemetry System for

Measurement-While-Drilling
Wu Xiang, Da Wang, and Rongjing Wang
Asset Management Program Implementation Case Studies

Sanjiv Gokhale
Details of Field Testing of Major Trenchless Technology Methods for Road Crossings
Mohammad Najafi, Brett Gunnink, and George Davis
Vibration-proof Design on Measuring Circuit for Drill Footage

Fu Xiancheng, Rao Jianhua, Li Jichun, and Bu Jiawu
International Technology Transfer in Tunneling and Trenchless Technology

Raymond Sterling
Research on the Effect of XC and Clay on the Rheological Behavior

of Gas Hydrate Drilling Fluids
Ling Zhang, Jiang Guosheng, Tu Yunzhong, Dou Bin, Ning Fulong, and Cai Jihua
Seafloor Gas Hydrates Monitoring System Arranged from within Borehole

Ning Fulong, Jiang Guosheng, Wu Xiang, Dou Bin, and Ling Zhang
Key Factors Affecting Borehole Stability in Gas Hydrates Bearing Formations

Jiang Guosheng, Ning Fulong, Ling Zhang, Dou Bin, and Jiaming Zhang
Erosion and Corrosion of WC-base Matrix Materials and their Impregnated Diamond
Composites for Drill Bits under the Impingement of Drilling Fluids
Duana Longchen and Liua Zhiyu
Study on Steel Ball Impactor for Rotary Percussion Drilling

Lu Chunhua, Yan Taining, Jie Zhang, and N. G. Egorov
Application of a New Water-saving Drilling Technology for Dry Region

Tao Zhang, Lu Chunhua, Yan Taining, and Jiang Guosheng

Underground Freight Transportation Network through Pipeline - A Sustainable Way to
Solve the City Syndrome in Beijing
Ma Baosong, Zeng Cong, and Wang Shuhong
New Underground Freight Transportation Technologies-State of the Art

Liu Henry
Research on Mud Technologies of Decreasing Circulating Pressure Loss

Gu S., Wu X. M., Cai J.H., and Wang H.
Research on Mud Technologies of Long Distance Horizontal Directional Drilling in China

Cai J. H., Gu S., Wu X. M., and Wang H.
3D Quantitative Simulation of Guide Trace in Guided drilling

Wu Xiaoming, Niu Hongliang, Wang Hai, Tong Hongmei, and Sun Pinghe
Image Processing Based Analysis of Diamond Exposure on the Crown of Impregnated

Diamond Bit
Pan Bingsuo and Tian Yongchang
Mechanics Simulation of Sampling Process by Using Vibrating Seabed Sampler

Ren Yansheng, Lan Kai, Bu Jiawu, Yan Taining, and Duan Xinsheng
Experimental Study and Kinetics Model of Gas Hydrate Dissociation

Zhao Jianzhong, Shi Dingxian, and Zhao Yangsheng
Research on Derrick Structure of JYD-1500 Full Hydraulic Core Drill Rig

Dajun Zhao, Na An, Tao Xing, Wu Xiaohan, and Yu Ping
Offshore Downhole CPT and Its Equipment Developed

Qi Chen, Yao-hong Shi, Yi Pan, and Jia-wu Bu
Discussion on Deviation Control and Correction of CCSD Well-1

Zhu Wenjian
Research on Gas Drilling Techniques to Increase Penetration Rate in Pu-Guang Gasfield

Hou Shu-gang, Zhang Ke-qin, Shu Shang-wen, Hu Qun-ai, and Li Tie-cheng
Experimental Research on Fiber Grating Sensor Acoustic Emission Detection of Rock

Material Specimen Failure
Qi Jiang, Qingmei Sui, and Hongliang Cui
Trenchless Pipe-paving in Complex Hard Stratum by Directional Drilling Technology

Wen Guojun, Wu Xiaoming, and Chen Han
vi

Design of Mini Type Horizontal Directional Drilling Rig
Xu Linhong, Wen Guojun, and Yang Jie
Study on Hot-pressed Diamond Bits of Steel-bonded Carbide Matrix

Yang Zhan and Tang Fengling
Pipeline Condition Assessment as Relates to Asset Management

D. T. Iseley and Oleh Kinash
Decision Tool for Selecting the Most Appropriate Technology for Underground Conduit
Construction
Makarand Hastak and Sanjiv Gokhale
Cost of Underground Infrastructure Renewal: A Comparison of Open-Cut and Trenchless

Methods
Behnam Hashemi, Mohammad Najafi, and Rayman Mohamed
Application of Extreme Vertices Design in Matrix Formula Experiment for Hot Pressing
Diamond Tools
Fang Xiaohong, Pan Bingsuo, and Yang Kaihua
Application of EM-MWD in China

Rongjing Wang and Taining Yan
Experimental Research on Reverse Circulation Constant Sampling Air Jet bit Drilling
R. S. Wang, K. Yin, M. S. Wang, B. Y. Chen, J. M. Peng, and S. L. Ji
Experimental Study on the Tensile Strength of Coal

Wu Jiwen
Thermal Damage Behaviors and Mechanism of Ni-W-B Clad Diamonds by Electroless

Plating
Juchuan Zhang
Analytical Models for Soil-Structure Interaction during Pipe-Jacking

Anil Misra and Lance Roberts
Discussion on the Safety of Pipeline Construction Using HDD

Yachun Zhang, Wenjian Zhu, and Ricky Wang
Asset Management of Pipeline Infrastructure in the United States

James Rush
Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Zhengzhou

Shasha Zhang, Menggui Jin, Gang Chen, and F Al Bassam
vii

Simulation and Experiments on Mechanical Breaking Foam for Foam Drilling
Hazaea Mohammed, Youhong Sun, and Jinghua Wu
Non-smooth Characteristic on Biological Surface and Development of Bionics Non-smooth

Diamond Bit
Youhong Sun, Chongmei Zhong, Liang Xu, Ke Gao, Luquan Ren, and Baochang Liu
Analysis of the Coal-bed Methane Mass Development

Yongdong Tian, Zhaoping Meng, and Guofu Li
Study on the Vertical Drilling System with Complete Closed-Loop at Bottom Hole
Yao Ai-guo, Shi De-quan, and Xu De-ming
Better Risk Management for Underground Pipelines and Tunnels Using Sound
Geotechnical Interpretation
Jey Jeyapalan
Study of Annular Fluid and Pressure Control in Turbine Drilling of CCSD

Li Lianggang, Zhu Yongyi, Yi Xiaoming, Shao Chun, and Zhang Hui
Fabrication of Single Crystal Diamonds/Cemented Carbide Composite Cutter for Rock

Drilling
Baochang Liu, Zupei Zhang, and Youhong Sun
Dynamic Cycling Theory on Gas Hydrate Reservoirs

J. A. Guan, S. S. Fan, F. L. Ning, and D. Q. Liang
Pipeline Safety
Mohammad Najafi and Pamela Salvador
Study on Formation Fracture Evaluation by Using Mathematical and Mechanical Model

and Its Application
Yuezhi Wang, Kuiwei Liu, Xiaoshuai Lu, Zhiqiang Yu, and Yuangui Song
Quantitative Risk Analysis of Oil-Gas Pipeline Corrosion Damage

Guo Hainlin, Ni Xiaoyang, Yu Huawei
Track 2. Drilling and Exploration of the Mineral Resources
Orientation Ability of Clay Minerals in Sliding - Soil From X-Ray Diffraction and Its
Effects on Landslide
Hong Xing Wang, Guan Wang, and Hui Ming Tang
viii

Numerical Test Research on the Shear Strength Parameters of Rock Joints Based on the
Fractal Theory
Lei Xu, Qingwen Ren, and Fangliang Chen
Study on Probability Distribution of Shear Strength Parameters of Sliding Zone in Three

Gorges Reservoir Zone Based on Multiple Test Methods
Wenqiang Luo, Chunhua Feng, and Chan Zhang
Numerical Modeling for Centrifuge Tests on Large Deformations of Dyke on Liquefiable

Soils
Mingwu Wang and S. Iai
Study on Damage Developing Model of the Coal rock With Non-Residual Stress
Yuliang Wu, Yueping Qin, Qianqian Jin, and Junfen Hu
Swelling Mechanism of Expansive Soils in Hexu and Hean Expressways

Lidong Bai, Wei Xiang, Kerui Cui, and Wuming Xu
Quantitative Study on the Shear Strength Parameter of Undisturbed Loess

X. Y. Cheng, W. Xiang, Y. E. Yu, and W. F. Zhang
Experimental Study on Ionic Soil Stabilizer Reducing Adsorbed Water of Clay

Wei Xiang, De Cui, W. F. Zhang, and Li Cao
Meso-experiment on the Softening and Cracking of Surrounding Rock from a Railway

Tunnel under Water Damage Condition
Y. J. Li, X. Chen, and X. C. Huang
Simulation of the Fracture Network in the Inter-Bed Layered Rock Masses

Gang Lu and Zhifang Zhou
A Study on Rock Mass Structure Feature and Surrounding Rock Classification for Xiluodu
Hydropower Station
M. H. Wang, Y. Bai, and E. C. Yan
Experimental Study of Double Reinforced Cushion

Su Qi, lilue Zhang, XianJiao Dong, and Lei Ming
Experimental Analysis on Dynamic Behavior of Porous Rock by SHPB Apparatus

Yongxiang Dong, Taiyong Zhao, Shunshan Feng, and Changjing Xia
Behavior of Calcareous Sand under Triaxial Drained Shear Condition

Zhang Jiaming and Jiang Guosheng
Study on the Self-boring In-situ Shear Pressure Meter and It’s Uplift Mechanism
Zhang Xiaolun and Xu Guangli
ix

Failure Criterion of Rock-Soil-Concrete and Estimate of its Strength Parameters
Yun an Li, Yuanxiong Li, and Xiaoyan Lu
Experimental Study on Microcosmic Failure Mechanism of Surrounding Rock under

Complex Stress State
ZhuGe Yisi, Chen Xiutong, and OuYang Li
Strength Characteristic and the Analysis of Slope Stability of Unsaturated Loess

Li Yon gle, Yang Lile, She Xiaoguang, Zhang Hongfen, and Cui Xiangyu
Influence of the Clay Content to Rock Mass Elastic Modulus

Liang Ye, Wang Liangqing, Tang Huiming, and Zhang Guang-cheng
Study on Relationship of Shear Strength Parameters Between Saturated and Dry Granites
A. H. Zhang, X. J. Hu, H. Zhang, and J. H. Liu
Effect of Loose Structure on Slope Stability

Y. E. Yu, H. M. Tang, and X. Y. Cheng
Track 3. Engineering Properties of Rock and Soil
Study on Thermal Stability of Swampy Slope Roadbed In Permafrost Regions of Qinghai-

Tibet Railway
Lianjun Wang, Long Jiang, Yupeng Shen, and Wenjie Zhao
Landslide Risk Evaluation Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process Method and Fuzzy
Comprehensive Evaluation
Li Liu and Hong-ming Yu
Analysis of the Precipitation Inducing Geologic Hazards and Its Monitoring and Prediction
Fangqiang Wei, Y. Jiang, J. Xu, and J. Zhang
Rock Slope Geological Model Establishment Based on Discontinuities Analysis

Yin Xijie, Yan Echuan, and Lu Xuesong
Study on the Evolvement History of the Typical Gorge Bridge Site Slope Based
On Flac
Yu Zi-hua, Yan E-chuan, Meng Xi-chun, and Liao Ai-ping
Stability Analysis for Post-office Building Landslide in Xingshan County, Three

Gorges Reservoir Area
Jia Hong-biao, Ma Shu-zhi, Tang Hui-ming, and Liu You-rong
Optimization Design Model and System of Landslide Anti-slide Pile

Xia Yuanyou, Sun Ximin, Li Mei, and Xie Zuoqiang

Application of GIS-Based Logistic Regression Model and Cluster Method to
Regional Landslide Risk Zoning
Li Xueping, Tang Huiming, and Chen Shi
Study on the Application Technique of Vertical Prestressed Anchor Retaining

Earth Wall in Landslide Field
Pang Wei, Yang Qing, Lv Peng, and Zhou Yon g
Study on Key Landslide Factors in Zhuhai, Guangdong by Means of GIS

J. Sun, J. Y. Jia, and W. H. Zhan
Geological Characteristics’ Structural Indication of Weak Intercalated Layer in

Consequent Bedding Rock Slope
Yongjun Xiao and Kunlong Yin
Frequency Analysis for Regional Rainfall-induced Landslides

Chen Lixia and Yin Kunlong
Some Supplements of the Controlling Factors for Stability of Unsaturated Soil Slope
Chen Yong, Liu Defu, and Wang Shimei
Interface Model to Predict the Stability of Landslide with Weak Intercalated Layer
Y. L. Luo and H. Peng
Influence of Drawdown of Reservoir Water Level on Wanzhou Middle School Landslide

Stability
Z. Y. Zhang, K. L. Yin, L. L. Liu, A. H. Zhang, and X. Y. Lu
Study on Typical Destabilization Models and Development Condition of the Engineering

Slopes in Zipingpu Water Conservancy Project of Minjiang
Yunjiang Cao, Huiming Tang, and Runqiu Huang
Evolution and Hierarchical Characteristics of Rock Mass Structure

Chai Bo, Yin Kunlong, Du Juan, Dai Yunxia, and Miao Haibo
Bank-side Stability Analysis under the Actions of Rainfall and Reservoir Water Level
Fluctuation
Cheng Jiang-tao, Yan E’Chuan, Liu Li, and Li Hong-gang
Method for Identification of Key Contact Face in Fact-contacted Block Structure

G. R. Feng and L. X. Kang
Stability Analysis of Unsaturated Soil Slope Based on Fredlund Strength Theory

Wang Shi-mei, Liu De-fu, Chen Yong, and Lai Xiao-ling
xi

Numerical Analysis of the Stability of Maoping Landslide in Geheyan Reservoir Area of
Qingjiang River
Wu Guan-mao, Xu Rui-chun, Yang Wei-min, and Tan Zhen-xuan
Typical Example of Lateral Rock Spreading in Three Gorges Reservoir Area

Xiao Shi-rong
Landslide Hazard Zonation of the New Badong County Seat Based on GIS
Dujuan, K. L. Yin, L. X. Chen, and B. Chai
Stochastic Finite Element Method for Slope Stability with Solid-Fluid Interaction
X. He, J. X. Li, J. J. Liu, and X. L. Huang
Retrieval Model of Slope Stability Evaluation System Based on Cluster Analysis and
Genetic Algorithm
Li Meia and Xia Yua n-you
Sensitivity Analysis of Influencing Factors of Bedding Bank Rock Slope Based on

Orthogonal Design
Y. Y. Li, K. L. Yin, Z. P. Lian, and D. Y. Li
Sensitivity and Correlation Analysis of Influencing Factors of Landslide Speed

Yang Wang, Kunlong Yin, and Guoqing Xu
Research on the Adaptation of Strength Reduction Method Using FLAC

Youcheng Yang, Huiming Tang, Xinze Chen, Kai Guo, and Dapeng Yu
Study on Calculation and Distribution Model of Landslide Thrust

Zhou Chunmei, Yin Kunlong, and Jian Wenxing
Analysis on the Deformation of Tangjiao Village Landslide under Reservoir Water Level
Drawdown Condition
Yan Echuan, Xue Xingqiao, Li Xiangyi, and Yin Xijie
Minimum Factor of Safety and Failure Mechanism in Slope Stability Analysis

Ding Tan
Three-dimensional Non-linear Finite Difference Analysis on Crack Genesis of High Slope at

the Site of Tonglushan Ancient Copper Mine
Bin Hu, Yourong Liu, Changdong Li, and Guangcheng Zhang
Research on Strengthening Mechanism of Plant Root in Slope Protection

Yun -yan Zhou and Jian-ping Chen
xii

Study of Transfer Factor Method Applied to Landslide Stability Analysis
by Physical Model Test
H. M. Tang, X. W. Hu, and X. L. Hu
Stability Evaluation of an Age-Old Landslide by Numerical Method

Xiaoli Liu and Youyuan Chen
Study on the Influence of Water Level Fluctuation on Landslide Stability in Three Gorges
Reservoir
Hongming Luo, Huiming Tang, Bo Yu, Bin Hu, and Yixi Gu
Dangerous Rock Miss Stability and of Right Abutment of Yujianhe Arch Dam
Yu R u-Shan, Xu Dong-Li, and Zhang Yi-Hu
Study on the Karst Water Bursting Hazard Forecasting in the Course of Mountain
Railway’s Construction
J. Lei, M. Z. Bai, Z. Y. Xu, and Y. L. Fu
Influences of Underground Drainage and Rainfall on the Stability of Landslide

Yan S haojun, Tang Huiming, and Xiang Wei
Instability Length Determination of Bedding Rock High

Shi Honglian, Wang Xutaob, and Cao Ming-huad
Application of Information-ANN Model for Landslide Hazard Assessment in Slope Field

Wu Yi-ping, Yin Kun-long, and Yehui
Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation of Geological Disasters Vulnerability in the Three Gorges

Reservoir Area
Hu Huan-xiao, Zhang Li-ming, and Liu Xian
Track 4. Foundation Treatment and Foundation Engineering
Application of Grey Verhulst Model in Settlement Prediction of Soft-Soil Subgrade

Xueting Wu, Guangli Xu, Jindong Xu, Xiaolun Zhang, and Jihui Chen
Application of Grey System Theory in Subgrade Settlement Forecasting

Ya Jie Zhu, Xiao La Feng, Teng Huang, and Fa Ming Xu
Test Study on Bearing Behaviors of Piles Considering the Influence of Caves

Huang Shenggen, Yu Peng, and Peng Congwen
Experimental study on Dewatering of Tunnel Construction in Loess

Kang Ting, Xu Jin-yu, Bai Ying-sheng, and Ren Xiao-hong
xiii

Design and Application of Prestress Drill-Grouted Diaphragm Wall in the Foundation Pit
Bracing
Zhangzhong Wu, Guangli Xu, Li Wu, and Qinbo Deng
FEM Analysis of Bearing Mechanism of Super - long Piles

Hongzhi Lu
Calculation of Parabolic Foundation Pressure and Additional Stress

Y. L. He, X. F. Wang, and L. L. Zhou
Bearing Capacity of Bored Pile with Large Length/ Diameter Ratio

Lan Kai, Yan Tai-ning, and Yang Jian-lin
Analysis of the Affect of Heat Pipe Line Engineering Construction on the Settlement and
Deformation Tunnels of Beijing Subway Line 10
Shengchuan Liu, Lianjun Wang, and Guiling Ding
Application of BP Neural Network in Identifying Soil Strata by CPTU

Ma Shuzhi, Jia Hongbiao, Liu Shilian, and Xiong Wenlin
Study on Cushion Height of Cement-soil Piles Composite Foundation

W. L. Zhang, B. J. Cai, and Y. X. Lin
Finite Element Dynamic Analysis of a Stratified Saturated Soil Foundation during

Dynamic Consolidation
Mingyan Zheng, Shihao Yang, and Yile Song
Structure Health Monitoring Field Data Analysis on a Bridge

Jianping Wu, Weiming Lei, Liting Han, and Aftab Mufti
Study on Deflection of FRP Sheet Pile Wall by Numerical Simulation Analysis Method
Yao Cheng, Fuqin Liu, and Shunhua Xu
Study on Vertical Load Bearing Performance of Pile

T. Li, J. S. He, Z. H. Xu, and T. Qian
Reinforcing Mechanism of Reinforced Embankments over Soft Soils

Jiandong Niu, Linrong Xu, Baoceng Liu, and Dawei Lu
Three - dimensional Numerical Simulation of Treatment on Dam Foundation with Weak

Interlayer
Yunfeng Peng, Yunlong He, and Wei Xiao
Mathematical Models for Total Settlement Process of Soft Highway Foundation

Wei Wang, Xiaoni Wang, and Tinghao Lu
xiv

Model Testing for Earth Pressure and Stability of Two Sides Vertical Anchored Backfill
High Road Dyke Reinforced Retailing Wall
Bin Dou, Xiang Wu, Guosheng Jiang, and Xiaoqing Wan
Discussion on the Modification of Settlement Calculation Parameters for Structural Soft

Soil, Considering Structure Damage
Tan Song-lin, Chen Qi, Wang Jiang, and Yang An-ying
Evaluation of Rock Mass Quality by Single Fractal Dimension and Mutifractal Spectrum
Xu H. Q., Chen Z. J., Tang H. M., and Wang L. Q.
Research of the Soil Movement by Jacking Construction of a Super-large Shallow Buried

Box-culvert
Pu You -lin, Huang Sheng-gen, Zhang Jian, and Duan Longchen
Application of Bolting and Shotcreting with Wire Mesh Support Technique in Small Cross-
section Roadway Excavation
Fu-ding Mei, Lian Chen, and Zengyong Lin
Study on Routing Effect of Workplace Weak Rock Foundation for Guangzhao Hydropower
Station
Bo Yu, Hong-ming Luo, Hui-ming Tang, Yue-e Yu, and Yi-xi Gu
Study on the Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Layered Foundation Rock Masses with Distinct
Element Method
Lei Fan, Hui-ming Tang, Liang-qing Wang, and Bin Hu
Study on Prediction of Foundation Settlement of Qingshan Power Plant in Wuhan

Xin Xiang, Lei Fan, and Yixi Gu
New Computation Method of Anti-sliding Pile Based on Pile-soil Interaction

Liu Jing, Hu Huanxiao, and Yang guo
Study on Application of Surface Wave Technology in Filling Sea Area of Shenzhen

Yang Xiangdong and Liu Tianyou
ADINA - Based Analysis of Parameters Affecting the Deformation of Foundation Pitch

Wall (Case Study: Foundation Pitch Wall in Guilin)
Chen Xuejun, Song Yu, and Chen Fujian
Numerical Simulation of Spatial Synergic Interaction in the Double-Row Anti-Sliding Piles

Tonghui Qian and Huiming Tang
xv

Track 5. Tunneling and Other Underground Engineering
Determining Predicting Parameters of Mining Subsidence Based on Fuzzy Optimization

Huabin Chai
Comparison of Several Shield Posture Surveying Techniques

Ping Ouyang, Yufang Zhang, and Beiping Wu
Optimum Form of Geological Conditions Destruction Indexes and Its Statistical Prediction
Liangcai Wu, Zhiming Wei, and Shuyuan Zhang
Numerical Simulation Study on Wall-rock Deformation Mechanism in Non-pillar Sublevel

Caving Mining Tunnel
Chuan Zhou, Zhi Fu, Ying Yao, and Shou Jiang
Stochastic Prediction for Frost Heave Effect of a Subway Tunnel

Zhou Taiquan, Hua Yuan, and Zhang Zhiguo
Study on Monitoring Analysis and Time Forecasting of Landslide Based on Fourier

Transform and Wavelet Analysis
Changdong Li, Huiming Tang, Xinli Hu, Dongming Li, Bin Hu, and Linji Liu
Theoretical Research and Numerical Simulation for Defects Detection of Concrete with
Infrared Thermograph (IRT)
Wu Ying, Li Zhou-qiu, and Song Xian-hui
Model Test and Numerical Simulation of the Overburden Movement and Deformation Due
to Strip Mining Below Thin Bedrocks
Xiaohong Xia and Weifeng Yang
Early Stage Tunnel Lining Experimental Study of Jinhuashan Railway Tunnel

Construction with in Soft and Weak Rock Mass
Hua Yuan, Zhou Taiquan, and Lv Baohua
Lessons Learned from a Tunnel Collapse

Wu W. and Wang
Case Study on the Problems of Tunnel Design and Construction

Tianjun Yan, Xianzhao Du, and Li Wu
Analysis of Sudan Vegetation Dynamics Using NOAA-AVHRR NDVI Data from 1993–2003
Habib Aziz Salim, Xiaoling Chen, and Jianya Gong
Seepage Stability of the Dam Foundation of Luhun Reservoir

Liangqing Wang, Ye Liang, Xinli Hu, Huiming Tang, and Qiong Wu
xvi

Application of Fuzzy Pattern Recognition in Prediction of Karst Collapse Hazard
Chan Zhang, Wenqiang Luo, Yong Feng, Chunhua Feng, and Shangde Xiao
Fluid-Solid Coupling Model of Contaminant Transport Considering Landfill

Biodegradation and Simulation
Junzhen Di, Zhixiang Yin, and Jianjun Liu
Application of PLS Path Model to Forecast Karst Collapse Hazard in Wuhan City
Yong Feng, Wenqiang Luo, Guangli Xu, Shangde Xiao, and Chunhua Feng
Back-Analysis of Initial Geo-stress Field of an Underground Workshop

Tian Dongfang, Liu Defub, and OuYang Li
Estimation Mean Trace Length of Rock Mass Discontinuities

G. C. Zhang, L. Q. Wang, Q. Wu, and H. M. Peng
New Model for Rockburst Prediction Based on Gaussian Process

Guoshao Su, Bin Hu, and Xiaofei Zhang
Analysis on the Critical Rainfall of Debris Flows Based on the Logistic Regression Model
and Antecedent Effective Rainfall
Cong Wei-qing and Pan Mao
Application of Multi-Objective Fuzzy Pattern Recognition in Danger Evaluation of Debris

Flow in Beijing Mountains
Mei Dong, Naiqi Shen, Bin Zhang, Hui Hu, and Xiang Ao
New Calculation Method of Tunnel Water Inflow Quantity and it’s Application in
Qiyueshan Tunnel
Guiling Ding, Lianjun Wang, and Shengchuan Liu
Numerical Analysis on the Seepage Field of Hardfill Dam Foundation

Wenzheng Liu and Yunlong He
Analysis of Dangerous Falling Rock Movement

Xuesong Lu, Xiancai Shen, Xiaoyi Zheng, and Hongjian Xie
A Study on Risk Evaluation of Mining Collapse in Western Mountains in Beijing

Naiqi Shen, Weixin Li, Lizhi Song, Jinglian Wei, and Changmin Zhang
Scattering of Out-plane Line Source Load by a Shallow-embedded Circular Lining

Structure and the Ground Motion
Zailin Yang, Meijuan Xu, Baitao Sunb, and Jiaxi Zhao
xvii

Mechanical Effect Analysis of Interaction Between Tunnel Support Structure
and Surrounding Rock
Changqun Zuo, Jianping Chen, and Shibiao Zhang
Study on the Statistic Damage Model of Joint Rock in Railway Roadbed Slope Quality
Evaluation
M. Z. Bai, Z. Y. Xu, Y. L. Fu, and Lei J.
Research and Cause Analysis of Ground Subsidence for Pingding Shan Coalfield
Chang Min, Ma Chuan-ming, and Yan Ze
Sensitivity Analysis on the Effect of the Seepage from Underground Hydraulic Tunnel
under High Internal Water Pressure
Xiaokai Du and Qingwen Ren
Application of HF Radar Detection in Partition Wall between Cave 5 and Cave 6 in

Yungang Grottoes and 3-D Finite Element Stability Analysis of the Grottoes
Yun Fang, Aihua Zhang, Jizhong Huang, Shuzhi Ma, and Shikun Deng
Optimization Design for 3D Roadway Based on Space Analysis of GIS

Jinhu Hu, Hehua Zhu, Xiaojun Li, and Na Wan
3-D Geological and Laneway Integrated Model of Mine Disaster

Ming Huang and Suping Peng
Environmental Problems of Coal Gangue Air Storage in Pingdingshan Mining Area and
Prevention and Remediation Countermeasures
C. M. Ma and L. H. Zhao
ICA Algorithm of BSS and Its Application in Geological Engineering

Nian Zhang and Tianyou Liu
Methodological Study of Coastal Geological Seawater Intrusion Hazard Assessment Based

on GIS
X. L. Zhao, J. Liua and Y. C. Yuec
Coupled Model and Simulation of Gas Generation and Transport in Landfill under Non-
isothermal Condition
Wei Zhang, Qiang Xue, Lei Liu, and Jianjun Liu
Application of Groundwater Simulation Technology to the Kuahu Bridge Canoe Sites’

Conservation
Zhou Lizhen, Liu Yourong, Zhang Tao, and Zhou Haihui
xviii

Sensitivity Analysis of Mechanical Parameters Influencing Stabilization of Surrounding
Rocks of Tunnel
Chen Jianping and Li Haiyang
Submarine Sediment Scouring in Sea-crossing Bridge Locations (Xiamen Rail-cum-road

Bridge on Fuzhou-Xiamen Railroad Taken as an example)
Xu Wenfeng
Application of GPS in Horizontal Control Survey of Very Long Tunnel

Gang Chen, Xinwen Cheng, Xuedong Tian, and Song Li
Predication and Evaluation on Contamination Leakage of Landfill Leachate

Yonggui Chen and Keneng Zhang
Study on the Remote Sensing Imagery Alteration Information Extracting Technology: Case
Study of Gold Mineralization in Zhaoyuan City, Shandong Province, China
Wang Ningtao, Chen Zhihua, Shi Tingting, and W. Yangmei
Application of and Optimum Design for Gravity Retaining Wall with Complex Algorithm
Theory
Xinli Hu and Qiong Chen
Study on Rock Mass Deformation Characteristics and Supporting Measures in Baozhen

Tunnel
Li Wu, Cunyou Lin, and Zhangzhong Wu
Fuzzy Evaluation on Rockfall Parameters Influence

Yu Hong-ming and Wei Qi-zhen
Application of the Improved Fuzzy K-Modes Algorithm in Evaluating the Ground Collapse
Risk in Covered Karst Region of Wuhan City
Hunhua Feng, Wenqiang Luo, Yong Feng, Chan Zhang, and Shangde Xiao
Application of Stress Relieving Method in Rectifying Deviation of Buildings

Chunyan Wang, Zhangzhong Wu, Guangli Xu, Hongchang Zhang, and Xi Wu
Integrated Assessment of Water Resources in Zhengzhou, China

Yuchi Luo, Menggui Jin, Qiankun Han, and Shasha Zhang
Application of Explosion Controlling Technique in Underwater Complicated Environment

Yangtao Shao and Chunjun Li
Discussion on Geological Prediction for Tunnel Construction

Hu Xiuwen
xix

Research on Wind Load Experiments for a Construction Project in Quanzhou, Fujian
Province
Zhenli Lv, Shouying Li, Zhengqing Chen, and Kangsheng Ye
Track 6. Surveying, Mapping Engineering and Remote Sensing
Research on the Prototype Knowledge System in Remote Sensing Application

Li-ping Lv and Long-qi Zhang
Analysis of the Precision of On-line GPS Data Processing Software

Youjian Hu, Bin Zhao, and Lei Jin
Study of Forming Lenticular Sandbody with Stochastic Modeling Method

Chengzhu Li, Zhifang Zhou, and Xin Zhang
System for Real-time Data Acquisition and Processing of Control Surveying Based on PDA
Liang Xinmei, Cheng Xinwen, Lai Zulong, and Huang Haijun
Study on the Best Number of IGS Stations for Grouping Network

Yingchun Yue, Chunming Chen, Xuelian Zhao, and Zulong Lai
Applications of Airborne LIDAR Technology in Topographic Survey of Tidal Flat and

Coastal Zone
Zulong Lai, Xinwen Cheng, Xingyi Chen, and Youchuan Wan
3D Geological Modeling of Taiyuan Quaternary Fault Basin Based on GIS

Min Zhang, Hong Fu Liu, Zi Hong Li, and Ying Yang
Design and Implementation of the Integrated Platform for Highway Environment

Information System
Zutao Ming, Haijun Huang, ChunMei He, and Qi Wang
Forecast the Risk of Water Inrush from Coal Floor Based on Support Vector
Machine Coupled with Component GIS
Jiang An-nan, Liang Bing, Zhang Jiao, and Jin Lifu
Using New Remote Sensing Techniques to Investigate Geological Disaster in Three Gorges
Reservoir Region and Accuracy Checking
Lijian Zhao, Xinwen Cheng, Yingcheng Li, Pei Liu, and Zhuolei Wu
Advances and Applications of Hyperspectral Technology in Marine Airborne Remote

Sensing Monitoring
Hande Zhang, Xuewei Fan, Yumei Zhao, and Yi Ma
Study on Engineering Geological Alignment Analysis Method of Pipeline Based on

MAPGIS in Xinjiang, China
Teng Wei-fu, An Hai-tang, and Liu Pei-qing
xx

Study on Positioning Accuracy and Error Correction of PDA GPS
Cheng Xinwen, Chen Gang, Sun Buyang, and Zou Li
Research on Solid Mineral Exploration Reserve Estimating Based on Integration

Mode of Spatial Models
Xiuguo Liu, Jia Yang, and Luojia Zhong
Study on Selecting Diversion Line between Xiangxi and Daning River in Mid-line
of PSNTW
Haiwei Yang and Qinghua Li
Effects of SDI Filtration on Wastewater Quality for Irrigation

Payam Najafi and Seyed Hasan Tabatabaei
xxi

Simplified Method for Estimating Pull Force on Polyethylene Pipe for Mini-
HDD Applications
Lawrence M. Slavin*
Outside Plant Consulting Services, Inc., Rockaway, NJ, 07866 USA
ABSTRACT:
A simplified method has been developed to estimate the pull loads on polyethylene pipe
installed by a mini (or midi) - HDD process. The method and associated formulae are based
upon approximations to the equations and procedures provided in ASTM F 1962, Standard
Guide for Use of Maxi-Horizontal Directional Drilling for Placement of Polyethylene Pipe or
Conduit Under Obstacles, Including River Crossings. The objective is to provide a convenient
means of identifying potentially problematic mini-HDD installations and/or to aid in the pipe
selection process, in contrast to the extensive planning or analytical investigations characteristic
of typical maxi-HDD projects. The proposed mathematical model reflects the major route
parameters (bore length, planned bends) and buoyant weight for an empty PE pipe, and also
accounts for unplanned curvatures resulting from path corrections in a typical mini-HDD
installation.
Keywords: Pull force, Mini-HDD, Polyethylene pipe, Estimating method.
INTRODUCTION:
ASTM F 1962, Standard Guide for Use of Maxi-Horizontal Directional Drilling for
Placement of Polyethylene Pipe or Conduit Under Obstacles, Including River Crossings, was
initially approved in 1999, following development within the ASTM F17.67 Trenchless
Technology Subcommittee. A detailed description of ASTM F 1962, and its application, was
provided during NO-DIG 2006 (Petroff, 2006). The ASTM document provides overall
guidelines for a major horizontal directional drilling (HDD) operation, addressing preliminary
site investigation, safety and environmental considerations, regulations and damage prevention,
bore path layout and design, implementation, and inspection and site cleanup. One of the
significant contributions of ASTM F 1962 is the provision of a rational, analytical method for
selecting the polyethylene pipe strength based upon the estimated installation and post-
installation (operational) loads on the equations and procedures provided in ASTM F 1962
represent a relatively complicated methodology when considering smaller, lower cost operations
associated with typical mini-HDD polyethylene (PE) pipe applications.
Mini-HDD operations are often performed during an upgrade of a large community,

comprising many individual installations, with any single installation not requiring or receiving
extensive analysis. For isolated cases in which problems may arise, the low investment in the
mini-HDD process allows a subsequent re-attempt, with appropriate adjustment, at a minimal
cost penalty. Nonetheless, some mini-HDD installations may be considered to be relatively
critical, or approach limits with respect to the capability of the available drill rig and/or the
strength of the product pipe being installed. It would therefore be valuable to have a practical,
readily applicable method for judging the likelihood of success of the mini-HDD operation, as a

function of the relevant parameters (route and pipe characteristics). The original principles and
theoretically derived formulas that were provided in ASTM F 1962 for maxi-HDD installations
have therefore been simplified and adopted to mini-HDD applications. With the recognition that
such results necessarily provide only a rough, albeit generally conservative, estimate of that
which is a very complex process, which is difficult to quantify even with the use of sophisticated
techniques, the present method represents an extremely useful tool.
Although the method is primarily conveniently described with respect to mini-HDD

installations, the results are also applicable to midi-HDD operations. The procedure is applicable
to either high density polyethylene (HDPE) or medium density polyethylene (MDPE) pipe, both
of which have characteristically low bending stiffness.
DESCRIPTION OF ASTM F 1962:
Figure 1 illustrates a typical geometry for a major (maxi-HDD) operation, corresponding

to a river crossing. The indicated path corresponds to that shown in ASTM F 1962 and
comprises four segments, including those spanning the pipe entry to exit point (L2, L3, L4) and
the excess length (L1) remaining after the span has been accomplished. Thus, the length of the
actual crossing, Lbore , is given by
Lbore = L2 + L3 + L4
Due to the typically low pipe entry angle, , and exit angle, , and gradual path
curvature, the depth of the crossing, H, is small compared to the transition distances L2 and L4 .
Figure 1: Nominal maxi-HDD route (river crossing)
Using the above terminology, ASTM F 1962 provides a set of recursive relations to
predict the required pull force -- TA , TB , TC , and TD -- corresponding to the leading end of the
pipe reaching point A, B, C and D (Figure 1). Thus,
T A = eυ aα ⋅ υ a ⋅ wa ⋅ (L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 ) [1a]
(
TB = eυbα ⋅ TA + υ b wb ⋅ L2 + wb ⋅ H − υ a ⋅ wa ⋅ L2 ⋅ eυaα ) [1b]
(
TC = TB + υ b ⋅ wb ⋅ L3 − eυbα ⋅ υ a ⋅wa ⋅ L3 ⋅ eυaα ) [1c]

( [
TD = eυb β ⋅ TC + υ b ⋅ wb ⋅ L4 − wb ⋅ H − eυbα ⋅ υ a ⋅ wa ⋅ L4 ⋅ eυ aα ]) [1d]
where wa and wb are the empty (above ground) and buoyant weights of the pipe,
respectively, and va and vb. are the corresponding coefficients of friction. Equations 1 are
sufficiently general to consider the possible implementation of anti-buoyant measures to reduce
the otherwise high values of wb for plastic (i.e., PE) pipe. In the absence of such anti-buoyancy
measures, the maximum pull force will tend to occur towards the end of the installation; e.g., TC
or TD .
Equations 1 are based upon conventional Coulomb friction, which assumes that drag
forces on the pipe are proportional to the local normal bearing forces applied at the pipe surface,
with the proportionality constant designated as the “coefficient of friction”. Such bearing forces
may be due to the dead (empty) weight of the pipe where above ground, the buoyant weight of
the submerged pipe (possibly mitigated by anti-buoyancy measures), bearing/bending forces
associated with pulling a stiff pipe around a curve, or bearing forces resulting from (previously
induced) axial tension tending to pull the pipe snugly against any locally curved surfaces.
For the case of PE pipe, of typically low bending stiffness relative to that of the steel drill
rods that created the gradually curved original bore hole path, the corresponding bearing/bending
forces may be ignored. However, the tension-induced bearing forces are primarily dependent
upon the cumulative bend angles, which may be significant, independent of the gradual nature or
variable direction of such curves or degree of pipe bending stiffness, and are included in the
analysis. Such effects compound, and in some situations may become the dominant source of
drag, essentially controlling practical placement distances. This phenomenon is referred to as the
“capstan effect” (i.e., the operating principle of the “capstan winch”) and is the basis of the
exponential terms in Equation 1. In particular, the following relationship illustrates the basic
phenomenon for the idealized case of a weightless, flexible pipe:
F2 = F1 ⋅ eυθ [2]
where F1 represents axial tension at the entry point of a bend of magnitude (radians),
is the local coefficient of friction between the product pipe and bore hole wall surface, and F2 is
the required axial tension at the exit point of the bend. In practice, the impact of the actual
weight of the pipe may be reflected in the preceding tension, F1 .
SIMPLIFICATION FOR MINI-HDD APPLICATIONS:
In order to reduce the complexity of the set of Equations 1 for mini-HDD installations,
the procedure is limited to PE pipe without the use of anti-buoyancy techniques. Substituting
specific (conservative) values for several of the parameters, and a comparison of the typical
magnitudes of the resulting calculations, allows a major simplification of the predicted pull force
at the end of the installation, TD . In particular, values of the frictional coefficients a and b
are assumed to be equal to 0.5 and 0.3, respectively, and pipe entry and exit angles, , and ,
are assumed to be 20°. Thus, it may be shown that Equation 1d can be simplified to

TD ≈ Lbore · wb · (1/3) [3]
It is recognized that, under appropriate conditions and actual installations, it is possible

that the pull force may achieve its maximum level prior to point D. However, with the present
basic theoretical model, under the assumed conditions and conservative parametric values, the
predicted tension at point D would be a maximum, or reasonably close in magnitude to a
previously occurring (predicted) maximum value.
For mini-HDD installations, the above estimate TD must be modified to account for the
possibility of additional path curvature due to deliberate route bends as well as the likelihood of
unplanned undulations resulting from path corrections. The presence of such characteristics in
the final (“as-built”) path will increase the required pull force, consistent with the capstan effect
described above. These effects may be conservatively estimated by the applying the exponential
term in Equation 2 to the tension TD , such that
TD1 = TD ⋅ eυbθ [4]
For which the angle θ is selected as equal to the total additional route curvature. The
latter may be expressed as
θ = n ⋅ (π 2) [5]
Where, n is equal to the number of additional 90° route bends due to the cumulative route
curvature, as described below. Considering the assumed value of vb of 0.3, combining Equations
3 - 5 then yields
TD1 ≈ [Lbore · wb · (1/3)] · (1.6)n [6]
Additional Path Curvature. The value of n in Equations 5 and 6 may be expressed as
n = n1 + n2 [7]
Where, n1 is the effective number of deliberate/planned 90° route bends, and n2 is the
cumulative curvature due to the unplanned undulations. For example, if a deliberate horizontal
(planar) bend of 45° to the right, in order to avoid an obstacle or follow a utility right-of-way, is
followed by another 45° horizontal bend to the left, each 45° bend is equal to half of a 90° bend,
corresponding to a total of ½ + ½ = 1 full 90° bend; i.e. n1 = 1. It is considerably more difficult
to predict or determine the value of the cumulative unplanned curvature, n2, since this will
obviously vary among installations due to soil conditions, expertise of the crew, … However,
the following rule may be used to provide a reasonable estimate for a mini-HDD operation:
n2 ≈ Lbore (ft) / 500 ft. [8]
i.e., there may be assumed to be effectively one 90° bend, due to path corrections, for
each 500 ft. of path length. This rule is based upon limited experiences, including analyses of

sample as-built data. It is noted that this value is not necessarily intended to be a conservative
estimate, and that significant variability may be anticipated (see Section 4).
The magnitude of unplanned path curvature provided by Equation 8 is intended to be

applicable to a mini-HDD operation, which typically uses steel drill rods of approximately 2-in.
diameter. Larger diameter drill rods are stiffer and therefore result in more gradual path
deviations and corrections, resulting in a reduced level of path undulations. Thus, when applying
the above procedures to a midi-HDD operation, a reduced value of n2 should be used. In
particular, since the rod stiffness is directly proportional to rod diameter, the following general
value is implied
n2 ≈ [Lbore (ft) / 500 ft.] · [2-in / d (in)] [9]
Where, d refers to the diameter (inches) of the steel drill rod. For example, a 4-in.
diameter drill rod would correspond to one 90° bend every 1,000 ft.
Buoyant Weight: In order to apply Equation 6, it is necessary to determine the buoyant weight,
wb , of the portion of the PE pipe submerged in the drilling fluid in route segments L2, L3, and L4,
illustrated in Figure 1. ASTM F 1962 provides general formulae for calculating the effective
buoyant weight of the pipe under various conditions, including empty, filled with water, and
filled with drilling fluid. For the present mini-HDD case of interest, for which the pipe is empty,
and, as suggested in ASTM F 1962, the specific gravity of the drilling fluid (mud) is
conservatively assumed to be equal to 1.5, the buoyant weight may be conveniently determined
by
wb (lbs/ft) = 0.5 · D2 - wa (lbs/ft) [10]
Where, D is the outer diameter (inches) of the pipe. The value of wa may be obtained from the
manufacturer specifications for each pipe of interest (diameter and DR rating).
IMPLEMENTATION:
Equations 6 – 10 provide a means of predicting the peak pull force, TD1, on the pipe
during a mini (or midi) - HDD installation. The predicted load should then be compared to the
safe pull strength for the pipe, which is provided in Table 1 for HDPE for a variety of pipe sizes.
The safe pull strength (lbs) is based upon the safe pull tensile stress (SPS), as given in ASTM F
1962, as applied to the pipe cross-section. As explained by Petroff (2006), the SPS accounts for
the load duration, assumed to be 12 hours for the HDD applications, and a significant reduction
(less than half) relative to the nominal tensile test strength of HDPE (3,200 lbs/in2) to limit non-
recoverable viscoelastic deformation. For MDPE pipe, the values in Table 1 must be adjusted by
a factor of 0.75.

Table 1: Safe pull strength (lbs), HDPE pipe, 12 hours
Nominal Pipe Diameter to Thickness Ratio (DR)

Size 7.3 9 11 13.5 15.5 17 21
2-in. 2,400 2,000 1,700 1,400 1,200 1,100 900
3-in. 5,200 4,400 3,700 3,000 2,700 2,500 2,000
4-in. 8,600 7,200 6,000 5,000 4,400 4,000 3,300
6-in. 18,500 15,500 13,000 11,000 9,500 9,000 7,200
8-in. 31,000 26,000 21,500 18,000 16,000 14,500 12,000
12-in. 69,433 58,006 48,538 40,282 35,446 32,515 26,635
ASTM F 1962 requires that the predicted peak tensile load be no greater than the
corresponding safe pull strength, without the employment of any explicit safety factor. This is
considered reasonable for a typically well-planned, well-controlled maxi-HDD operation since
there is a degree of conservatism incorporated into the employed material properties, and in the
other parametric values. However, for a typical mini-HDD installation, there may be a wide
variability in the as-built route characteristics, such as the degree of actual path curvature and
undulations, as discussed in Section 3, somewhat less than ideal drilling practices, and other
departures from the idealizations and various approximations and assumptions incorporated into
the simplifying model described herein. A factor of safety of 2-to-1 is suggested to account for
such effects, as well as to indirectly provide additional margin against collapse due to possible
degrading effects of tension; i.e., it is proposed that TD1 (Eqs. 6 - 10) ≤ safe pull strength (Table
1) / 2.0
COMPARISON TO FIELD DATA:
The best measure of the validity of the presented simplified model in predicting the pull
load on a PE pipe during an HDD operation is a comparison to actual field data. Pull loads for
maxi-HDD operations have been reported in the literature (e.g., Francis et al, 2004), but are
generally not directly applicable to the present case of interest -- i.e., mini-HDD installations.
Furthermore, in many cases the pull force experienced by the pipe is not directly measured by an
in-line force gauge, or equivalent, but is determined by means of other information monitored at
the drill rig (hydraulic pressure, ...). The latter information reflects not only the resistance or
drag experienced by the product pipe, but also the drag forces on the drill string in the ground, as
well as the load imposed on the back-reamer. In other cases, the pull force on the pipe itself is
deduced from the load at the drill rig based upon a sequence of pull-back operations in an
attempt to extract the pull force on the pipe itself (e.g., steel pipe; Puckett, 2003). The ideal field
data would be that directly measured by an in-line force gauge at the leading end of PE pipe, as it
is installed during a mini (or midi) - HDD operation. Fortunately, such data has been presented
in Finnsson (2004) and Knight et al (2002).
Finnsson (2004) provides data obtained during a trial of a commercially available product
(TensiTrak™) for monitoring tension at the leading end of the pipe. In particular, a detailed plot
of force vs. installed length is provided for a 6-in. DR 11 HDPE pipe installed in a nominally
straight, 460 ft. route. The data shows a monotonically increasing tension, reaching a peak load
of 3,500 lbs at the completion of the installation. In this case, a midi-HDD drill rig, with 15 ft.

long, 3.5-in. diameter drill rods was employed, and Equation 9 must be used to estimate the
unintended path curvature. The following physical properties and characteristics therefore apply:
Lbore =460 ft.

D =6.625-in.
wa =4.7 lbs/ft
n1 =0 (no deliberate route bends)
n2 =[Lbore (ft) / 500 ft.] · [2-in / d (in)]
=0.53 (additional equivalent number of 90° bends)
n = n1 + n 2
= 0.53
wb = 0.5 · D2 - wa (lbs/ft)
= 17.2 lbs/ft
Thus, Equation 6 predicts a peak pull load of
TD1 = [Lbore · wb · (1/3)] · (1.6)n
= 3,383 lbs
Which, is within 3% of the measured load. This high degree of accuracy is fortuitous,
considering the complicated process and simplified mathematical model that attempts to estimate
the associated soil imposed drag loads. Ignoring the term corresponding to the unintentional
curvature (i.e., assuming n2 = 0) would result in a predicted tension of less than 2,650 lbs --
underestimating the load by 25%.
Knight et al (2002) describes a series of three installations, using and reusing the same
590 ft. long nominally straight borehole path, pre-reamed as necessary to approximately 50%
greater than the outer diameter of the pipe. Two of the installations placed a 6-in. DR 11 MDPE
pipe and the third placed an 8-in. DR 17 HDPE pipe, to a depth of 6.5 ft. with entry and exit
angles of approximately 11°. The installations were accomplished using 10 ft drill rods,
assumed to be of approximately 2-in. diameter, typical for a mini-HDD rig. The recorded peak
pull loads were 5,620 lbs., 3,372 lbs., and 5,845 lbs., in the sequence described, and in general
were experienced prior to the end of the operations. These loads compare to predicted levels of
5,924, 5924, and 10,580 lbs., based upon the present method.
Figure 2 illustrates the results described above, demonstrating that the proposed
simplified model is able to predict the general magnitude of the experienced peak tensile load
during a mini (or midi) - HDD operation, within a factor of 2 or better, based upon the limited
sample size. In general, the degree of agreement is excellent, depending upon whether the
additional tensile load due to increased curvature from unintended bore path undulations is
included in the estimate. In some cases, such considerations result in outstanding agreement,
while in other cases the agreement is excellent without considering the additional tension due to
this effect. This is not surprising, since the magnitude of such effects will vary widely as a
function of the soil conditions, operator skill, and path characteristics. Thus, the simplified
model is capable of providing an indication of the general magnitude of the pull force
experienced in an actual installation. However, in spite if the demonstrated good-to-excellent
agreement in a few sample cases, a wide variability must be anticipated when considering mini-
HDD installati[ons in general, due to the complexity of the soil-pipe interaction and associated

drag effects, thereby requiring the employment of the design margin of 2-to-1 discussed in
Section 4.
12,000
predicted
10,000
predicted
actual
(n2 = 0)
Peak Tension, lbs

8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
Finnsson Knight-1 Knight-2 Knight-3
Figure 2: Actual vs. predicted tension for mini-HDD installations
SUMMARY:
The proposed simplified method attempts to reduce a very complex process, through
mathematical simplifications of the theoretical model originally provided in ASTM F 1962 for a
maxi-HDD operation, to a readily applied formula (Equation 6) for the purposes of estimating
the tensile forces to be experienced installing PE pipe in a mini (or midi) - HDD application.
The objective is to provide a convenient means of identifying potentially problematic
installations and/or to aid in the pipe (DR) selection process. In general, mini-HDD applications
do not entail, nor justify, the more extensive planning or analytical investigations characteristic
of maxi-HDD projects. The resultant mathematical model reflects the major route parameters
(bore length, deliberate bends, ...) and buoyant weight for an empty PE pipe, and also accounts
for unintended curvatures (undulations) resulting from path corrections in a typical mini-HDD
installation.
A comparison of the predicted pulling tensions to those directly measured, using in-line
force gauges, in actual mini- and midi-HDD field installations yields good-to-excellent
agreement, providing confidence in the overall procedure for its intended application. The
specific formulae and method are applicable to PE pipe, with its characteristically low stiffness.
REFERENCES:
ASTM F 1962 (1999). Standard Guide for Use of Maxi-Horizontal Directional Drilling for
Placement of Polyethylene Pipe or Conduit Under Obstacles, Including River Crossings.
Finnsson, S. (2004). TensiTrak™ – A Tension Load and Drilling Fluid Pressure-Monitoring

Device for Horizontal Directional Drilling Installations, NO-DIG 2004.
Francis, M., Kwong, J., Kalani, J., Nakayama, D. (2004) Comparison of Calculated and
Observed Pipeline Pullback Forces During Horizontal Directional Drilling, NO-DIG 2004.

Knight, M.A., Duyvestyn, G.M., and Polak, M.A. (2002) Horizontal Directional Drilling
Installation Loads on Polyethylene Pipes, NO-DIG 2002.
Petroff, L. (2006). Designing Polyethylene Water Pipe for Directional Drilling Applications
Using ASTM F 1962, NO-DIG 2006.
Puckett, J.S. (2003). Analysis of Theoretical Versus Actual HDD Pulling Loads, ASCE Pipeline
2003 Conference.

Signal Propagation and Attenuation of Electromagnetic Telemetry System for
Measurement-While-Drilling
Wu Xianga*, Wang Dab and Wang Rongjingc

a) Engineering Faculty, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan Hubei, China
b) China Geological Survey, Beijing c) Engineering Faculty, China
University of Geosciences, Wuhan Hubei, China
*E-mail: wubox@126.com
ABSTRACT:
Based on electromagnetic field theory, the paper has studied the property of the signal
propagation and attenuation of electromagnetic wave for MWD transiting through strata. Some
conclusions have been drawn as follows. Firstly the signal attenuation will be increase with the
decrease of the stratum resistibility. Secondly in the frequency range form 1 to 10 Hz the stratum
absorptivity is tiny and does not add noticeably with the increase of the electromagnetic wave
frequency and the decrease of the stratum resistibility. Thirdly in the frequency range from 1 to
10000 Hz the stratum absorptivity does not increase noticeably with the decrease of the dielectric
constant of the stratum. The conclusions as mentioned above have provided the theoretic
foundation for the design, study and application of the electromagnetic wave MWD.
Keywords: Electromagnetic wave, MWD, Signals propagation, Signals attenuation.
Introduction:
As a critical technology in directional drilling technologies, measurement while drilling

can greatly simplify the process engineering, increase the drilling efficiency and control accuracy
of directional drilling through improving the drilling craft to realize signal the propagation. To
live transmit underground electromagnetic wave signal telemetry system get attention from
abroad and home gradually, monitor pulses, electromagnetic wave and Earthquake wave or
others means on trial. Although mud pulses telemetry system is a developed technology, there
exists some flaw. For example, it has a high demand for drilling fluid which can not be used in
the underbalanced drilling, the technology of more conditions like air drilling and foam drilling
etc. With the development of the modern technology of the signal telemetry system such as
developed mud signal to the surface is the key technology of MWD, remarkable advantages of
MWD is signal propagation has a small effect to drilling fluid. Electromagnetic wave MWD
instrument has already been used in manufacture, but because the impact on signal propagation
by underground earth medium, magnetoelectricity, which would be worked in the drilling under
3000 meter in some document report, at the same time, while files show that it's difficult to
detect the reliable signal from the surface due to the decreased signal when the depth of the
drilling exceed 800-1600 meter. The ways to resolve the problem is increase signal emission
power and carry out more research on electromagnetic wave in the earth to lessen the attenuation
in the proceeding of signal propagation as far as possible.

WORKING PRINCIPLES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE MWD:
Electromagnetic wave MWD is an instrument in which has an electromagnetic wave

emitter, and as a part of assemblies, it can dispatch Required Data with binary code through the
downhole sensor gathering information in the bottom of a well. Signal will be gathered by the
antennae fixed on the surface nearby drill. Its structural composition and principle of operation
are shown in figure 1[1]. Electromagnetic wave MWD telemetry system includes downhole
instrument 1 and surface instrument 2. Surface instrument is used to receive, separate, real-time
transform and record signal. Downhole instrument includes azimuth sensor 3, vertical angle
sensor 4 and position sensor 5 with gyration mutual-inductor, and signal inverter 6, turbo-
generator 7 as well as signal sender 8. One signal propagation electrode is drill pipe 9, the other
is the downhole drilling combination, and they are separated by isolator 11 for insulation.
Figure 1: Electromagnetic telemetry system
A stick receiving antenna 12 is set into the underground at the range of 50-300 meter
from the drilling. There will has electric current passing through the rock around the isolator 11
and between the drilling pipe 9 and receiving antenna 12,so the signal from the device in the
surface is the voltage difference result from above electric current. Surface instrument 2 can deal
with that signal from downhole in virtue of some analysis means, and shows the obtained
parameter on the display screen 13.
SIGNAL PROPAGATION AND ATTENUATION FOR

ELECTROMAGNETIC TELEMETRY SYSTEM:
As Electromagnetic Wave propagates in the medium, it experience induction and

radiation of electric field and magnetic field. Electromagnetic wave propagation follows
Maxwell equations set:

ρ ρ
ρ ρ ∂D ρ ∂E 
∇×H = J + = σE + ε 
∂t ∂t 
ρ ρ
ρ
∇×E = −
∂B
= −µ
∂H  (1)

∂t ∂t 
ρ
∇•B =0 
ρ 
∇•D = q 
Where;
ρ
E ——electric field intensity (v/m);
ρ
H ——electric field intensity (v/m);
ρ
J ——electric field intensity (v/m2);
ρ
D ——inductance intensity or electric flux density (C/m2);
ρ
B ——magnetic induction intensity or flux density (wb/m2);
q——charge density (C/m3);
σ——dielectric conductivity density (Ω/ m);
ε——dielectric constant(A.s/Vm);
μ——dielectric permeability(H/m).
For harmonic field, electric field and magnetic field equation is written as:
ρ ρ ρ ρ
E = E m e − jωt , H = H m e − jω t (2)
ρ ρ
Where; E m , H m are field intensity amplitude value, e − jωt is complex exponential offer for
harmonic field cosωt, ω is angular frequency for harmonic field, t is time.
By combining (1) and (2) and solving, alternating electromagnetic field wave (3) and (4) are
written as:
ρ ρ 1 ρ
∇ 2 E + ω 2 µ ε~ E = ∇σ − jω µ J (3)
ε
ρ ρ ρ
∇ 2 H + ω 2 µ ε~ H = −∇ × J (4)
Where; ε~ is complex dielectric constant.
Figure 2 shows spherical coordinate for electric dipole antenna. Electric field and
magnetic field component can be obtained from (3) or (4):

k 2 I l e − jω t 1 j 
Er = [ + ]e jkr cos θ 
2πω ε~ ( kr ) 2 ( kr ) 3 
k 2 I l e jω t − j 1 j jkr
 (5)
Eθ = ~ [ + 2
+ 3
]e sin θ 
4πω ε kr ( kr ) ( kr ) 
2
k I l e − jω t
− j 1 
Hφ = [ + ]e jkr sin θ 

2
4π kr ( kr )
Figure 2: Relationship among Er, Eθ, Hφ in sphere coordinate
Where; k is propagation constantamperage, k 2 = ω 2 µε~ ; I is current intensity in electric

dipole antenna; l is electric dipole length; r is distance from observing point to electric dipole
centric. According to (5), space impact for three components is different. When kr is very little,
high-order term in (5) is more importance than low-order term. Hence, low-order term can be
omitted. In addition, e jkr → 1 . Thus, (5) can be simplified as:
jIl jω t 
Er = e cos θ 
2 πω ε~ r 3

jIl jω t  (5a)
Eθ = ~ 3
e sin θ 
4 πω ε r 
Il 
Hφ = e j ω t sin θ 
4π 
Equation (5a) shows that the skewing of the electric field and magnetic field is π/2. It is t
o say, when electric field (magnetic field) touch maxima, magnetic field (electric field) just is zer
o, and average energy-flux density vector is zero. It means that if kr stay in pimping region (1~2
wavelength), energy at electric field and magnetic field is interconversion instead of radiation, na
mely is mutual inductance.
When kr is very big, low-order term in (5) is more importance than high-order term. Hen
ce, high-order term and Er can be omitted. Thus, (5) can be simplified as:

− jIl ωµ − j (ω t − kr ) 
Eθ = ~ e sin θ 
4π ε r (5b)

− jIl ω µ ε~ e − jω t − j ( ω t − kr )
Hφ = e sin θ 
4π r 
Due to rock and earth media are lossy dielectric, k general is complex number and it can be
written as:
k = α + jβ
Thus e − j (ωt − kr ) in (5b) can be written as:

r
− jω ( t − )
− j (ωt − kr )
e =e ω /α
⋅ e − βr
r
− jω ( t − )
ω /α
Where; e is retarded time of variation of field intensity from source field to r point;
Propagation constant real component, α is phase factor, which relates to phase retardation; e − βr is
field intensity attenuation owing to propagation in the medium, β is dielectric absorption
coefficient. Exponential factor e − j (ωt − kr ) refer to energy is radiation.
Assuming k 2 = ω 2 µε~ , α, β are given as follows:

1 σ
α = ω µε [ 1 + ( ) 2 + 1] 
2 ωε  (6)

1 σ 2 
β = ω µε [ 1 + ( ) + 1] 
2 ωε 
Equations(6)indicates that β is a complicated function of electromagnetism parameter
σ(σ = 1/ρ ,ρ is dielectric resistivity, Ωm), ε(ε =εrε0 , εr is relative dielectric constant, ε0 is
dielectric constant in vacuum ) , µ(µ =µrµ0, µr is relative permeability magnetic, µ is
permeability magnetic permeability in vacuum) and working frequency f (f =ω/2π).For
antimagnetic or feebleness magnetic media, µ ≈µ0, magnetic loss is zero. According to (6), figure
3 and figure 4 which show the relation curve of β, ρ, ε and f can be drawn without regard for
magnetic loss.
Figure 3, shows that absorption coefficient changes with a increase in electromagnetic

wave frequency when relative dielectric constant is 4 and formation resistivity is from 2 ohm
meter to 3000 ohm meter. The figure indicated that electromagnetic absorption increases with an
increase in formation resistivity. The lower is formation resistivity, the faster absorption
coefficient increases, while formation resistivity exceeds 3000 ohm meter, the change of
absorption coefficient is little. The result shown in figure 3 confirm that absorption coefficient is

small and increases slowly with a increase in electromagnetic wave frequency when
electromagnetic wave telemetering channel is in the frequency range form 1 to 100 Hz,
obviously, which is good for signal transmission.
Figure 4, presents absorption coefficient changes with an increase in electromagnetic

wave frequency when formation resistivity is from 10 ohm meter to 3000 ohm meter and relative
dielectric constant is 4, 9, 25. It is observed that absorption coefficient is decrease in general with
an increase in electromagnetic wave and dielectric constant. Formation resistivity is inversely
proportional to absorption coefficient, and reduced slowly with an increase in dielectric constant.
And it shows the change of absorption coefficient is little with an increase in dielectric constant
and when electromagnetic wave is in the frequency range from 1 to 10000 Hz.
CONCLUSION:
According to the research and analysis, signal propagation of electromagnetic wave

MWD is in the form of radiation and interconversion between the electric field and magnetic
field in the finite conductivity medium. In the course of the electromagnetic propagation, signal
will be loss gradually with the increasing electromagnetic wave frequency, diminishing stratum
resistivity and relative dielectric constant. In the frequency range from 1 to 10 Hz, the stratum
absorptivity is tiny and does not add noticeably with the increase of the electromagnetic wave
frequency and the decrease of the stratum resistibility, and in the frequency range from 1 to
10000 Hz, the stratum absorptivity does not increase noticeably with the decrease of the
dielectric constant of the stratum.
The text reckons that above conclusion has strong reflection on designing of
electromagnetic wave MWD, research and application. Substantially, the same conclusion has
been obtained by researcher aboard and home. The paper just focus on the research of
electromagnetic propagation and attenuation in one layer, but it is more complexity for
multilayered medium because of the wave reflection, refraction as well, so which deserve
research in the future.
β(neper/m)
10
ρ=10Ωm εr=4
1
ρ=10Ωm
ρ=10Ωm εr=9
εr=25
ρ=500Ωm
ρ=500Ωm εr=4
εr=9
ρ=500Ωm
ρ=3000Ωm εr=25
ρ=3000Ωm εr=4
0.1
εr=9
ρ=3000Ωm εr=25
0.01
0.001
0.0001
f(Hz)
0.00001
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000 100000000
Figure 3: Chart of relationship between the
absorptivity

β(neper/m)
0.55
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
ρ=2Ωm
0.3 ρ=10Ωm
ρ=50Ωm
0.25 ρ=100Ωm
0.2 ρ=300Ωm
ρ=1000Ωm
0.15 ρ=3000Ωm
0.1
0.05
0 f(Hz
-0.05 )
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
Figure 4: Chart of relationship between the absorptivity
and the dielectric constant
ACKNOWLEDGMENT:
The paper is supported by the project of the national lab of the scientific drilling. The
name of the program is The Characteristic Study of The Signal Propagation of the EM-MWD,
which number is the NLSD200603.
REFERENCES:
Burka, L. P. (1993). “A hypertext history of multi-user dimensions.” MUD history,

http://www.ccs.neu.edu/home/lpb/mud-history.html > (Dec. 5, 1994).
Fisher, J. W., and Struik, J. H. A. (1974) Guide to design criteria for bolted and riveted joints,
Wiley, New York.
International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO). (1997). Uniform building code, Whittier,
Calif.
Kurtz, M. (1991). “Section 7: Transformation of space in computer graphics.” Handbook of

applied mathematics for engineers and scientists, McGraw-Hill, New York, 7.1 - 7.42.
Mossberg, W. S. (1993). “Word isn’t perfect but new WordPerfect is too much for words.” Wall
Street J., Dec. 2, B1.
Pennoni, C. R. (1992). “Visioning: The future of civil engineering.” J. Profl. Issues in Engrg.
Educ. And Pract., ASCE, 118(3), 221 - 233.

Asset Management Program Implementation Case Studies
Sanjiv Gokhale*
Professor of Civil Engineering and Director of Construction Management
Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN. USA
*E-mail: s.gokhale@vanderbilt.edu
ABSTRACT:
Population growth and development have overwhelmed expansion of collection systems

across much of the United States. Many cities continue to rely on water and sewer pipes that
were put in the ground over a century ago. In 1980, the federal government budgeted $9.7 billion
for upgrading water and sewer systems. Adjusted for inflation, that sum would be approximately
$22 billion today. However in fiscal 2002 EPA funding had dwindled to $2.2 billion a year, a
tenth of what was being spent twenty-five years ago.
Maximizing efficiencies and programming Operation and Maintenance (O&M) in a

systematic way is critical to sustaining the buried municipal infrastructure. Several municipal
jurisdictions in the United States have had success implementing programs that have adopted
ASSET Management principles and philosophies, along with innovative technologies to create
solutions to address the funding gap. This paper will present two case studies, one for a large
population center in the U.S., and the other for a small city.
Keywords: Asset management, Program, implementation, Case studies.
INTRODUCTION:
In the United States, about 54,000 community water systems supply most of the nation’s
drinking water and about 16,000 wastewater treatment systems provide sewer service. The
integrity of the nation’s drinking water and wastewater infrastructure is at risk without a
concerted effort to improve the management of key assets—pipelines, treatment plants, and other
facilities—and a significant investment in maintaining, rehabilitating, and replacing these assets.
According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA 2007) and other
organizations, drinking water and wastewater utilities will need to invest hundreds of billions of
dollars in their capital infrastructure over the next two decades. However, if utilities maintain
current spending levels, financing the needed investments could be problematic. Based on a
survey of several thousand drinking water and wastewater utilities, the U.S. General Accounting
Office (U.S. GAO 2002) reported in August 2002, that a significant percentage of the utilities 29
percent of the drinking water utilities and 41 percent of the wastewater utilities—were not
generating enough revenue from user rates and other local sources to cover their full cost of
service.
Furthermore, roughly one-third of the utilities:

• Deferred maintenance due to insufficient funding,
• Had 20 percent or more of their pipelines nearing the end of their useful life, and
• Lacked plans for managing their capital assets.

ASSET MANAGEMENT:
Asset management is a planning process that ensures that you get the most value from
each of your assets and have the financial resources to rehabilitate and replace them when
necessary. At its most basic level, asset management involves the systematic collection of key
data and the application of analytical tools such as life-cycle cost analysis and risk assessment.
Asset management thus provides information that managers can use to make sound decisions
about their capital assets and allows decision makers to better identify and manage needed
investments in their organization’s infrastructure. By following this approach, organizations also
change the process they use to make decisions, including the types of information they bring to
bear and which segments of the organization participate in the decision-making process. Using a
fully integrated decision process, many segments of an organization, including accounting,
engineering, finance, maintenance, and operations, are expected to exchange relevant
information, share in the decision making, and take an organization’s wide view when setting
goals and priorities.
For drinking water and wastewater utilities, an integral part of a comprehensive asset
management program is ensuring that adequate funds are available through user rates or other
means so that asset management decisions can be implemented. Comprehensive asset
management is a relatively new concept for drinking water and wastewater utilities in the United
States (U.S. GAO 2004).
The key elements of a comprehensive asset management program are (see Figure 1):
• Level of service definition
• Selection of performance goals
• Information system
• Asset identification and valuation
• Failure impact evaluation and risk management
• Condition assessment
• Rehabilitation and replacement planning
• Capacity assessment and assurance
• Maintenance analysis and planning
• Financial management
• Continuous improvement
ASSET MANAGEMENT CASE STUDY

FAIRFAX COUNTY, VIRGINIA:
Fairfax County is a region in northeastern Virginia located along the western bank of the
Potomac River. Between 1970 and 2000, the county's population grew from 300,000 to 950,000,
resulting in steady suburban residential development and a number of high-technology business
and industrial parks.
The Fairfax County Wastewater Collection Division (WCD) sewer collection system
serves 234 square miles of Fairfax County and nearly 85% of its population. The 3,100-mile
sanitary sewer system contains 60 pump stations, 279 grinder pumps, 51 permanent flow meters,

and 11 rain gauges. The oldest system components were installed in areas that developed around
the City of Alexandria and Arlington County in the 1940s and 1950s. Components were added as
the system grew south and west over the next 60 years. Older lines were constructed using
vitrified clay pipe. Lines installed between 1950 and 1970 were primarily concrete, and lines
installed after 1970 were made of PVC. The system collects an average of 100 million gallons
per day (mgd) of flow and delivers it to five treatment plants: Fairfax County's Noman M. Cole,
Jr., Pollution Control Plant (which receives 45% of the flow), and four regional treatment
facilities operated by the Alexandria Sewerage Authority (ASA), District of Columbia Water and
Sewer Authority, the Upper Occoquan Sewage Authority, and Arlington County.
Figure 1: Elements of comprehensive asset management

(Source: U.S. GAO 2004)
History:
WCD began tracking Sanitary Sewer Overflows (SSOs) closely in 1995, when there were
128 occurrences. There were no known water quality violations as a result of SSOs, and 22
sewer damage claims were paid to private property owners. WCD's primary reason for
embarking on major operational and management changes were based on its desire to improve
customer service and to prepare for the anticipated EPA SSO control rule, which at that time was
in the early stages of development.
Solution:
Integrated asset management: Targeted Infiltration and Inflow (I/I) Reduction Program. In
1995, WCD's wet weather peak flows of more than 80 mgd were well over its allocation of 65
mgd. Rather than construct a large wastewater storage facility to contain excess peak volumes,
WCD opted to reduce I/I into its system in the service area contributing flow to ASA. WCD had
already planned a similar I/I abatement program in the adjacent Little Hunting Creek (LHC)

watershed, so a sewer system evaluation study (SSES) of both areas was launched (see Figure 2).
In addition, WCD began tracking SSOs throughout the collection system.
The SSES included CCTV inspection of all trunk sewers in the LHC area. The video
revealed that several large diameter (15-inch and above) lines were severely deteriorated due to
age and corrosion. Prior physical inspection of these lines had failed to detect the severity of
deterioration. These trunk sewers were rehabilitated during 1995 and 1996 using the cured-in-
place pipe relining process to restore structural integrity; however, little I/I improvement was
observed.
In 1996, the inspection program was expanded to include sewer mains in the ASA area.
Using flow data from the hydraulic study, WCD ranked the three ASA subsewer sheds according
to the severity of I/I, and discovered where the most serious problems were concentrated.
Comprehensive television inspection was performed on all sewer mains in this area, revealing a
large number of deteriorated lines. These lines were rehabilitated using trenchless rehabilitation
processes, including cured-in-place, fold-and-form, pipe bursting, and a robotic point repair
system. These repairs yielded significant progress toward WCD's goal of reducing peak flows to
the ASA plant, with peak flows reduced to below 50 mgd—well below the target reduction of 65
mgd.
The rehabilitation project also led to a slight reduction in SSOs, but the continuing
incidence of basement backups and manhole surcharges indicated that more work was needed.
As a result of the SSO data tracking and the extensive video inspections, WCD learned that
except for a few overflows caused by vandalism, most SSOs resulted from grease buildup and
root intrusion. Because the rehabilitation efforts had been focused in the ASA area, the number
of blockages had remained high in other parts of the system. WCD realized that in order to
address the blockages effectively, the program had to be expanded to the entire system, and had
to address operation and maintenance (O&M) issues as well as rehabilitation needs.
Restructuring to Accommodate New Asset Management Approach. With the other

branches of the Fairfax County Wastewater Management Program, WCD underwent leadership
training on the High Performance Organization (HPO) model through the University of
Virginia's Senior Executive Institute. The HPO model provides a framework to create a
participative and collaborative work culture through teambuilding, improving communication,
and empowering front line employees. The first step was to establish vision, mission, values and
leadership philosophy, which constitute the guiding principles of the Wastewater Management
Program. These principles were used in the development of a strategic plan for the entire asset
management program.
Within WCD, the primary strategic plan activity is improving the relationship between
management and field staff. Formerly a typical hierarchical or top-down organization, WCD now
involves field staff in program planning and encourages them to use their knowledge and
expertise to make decisions and improve collection system operation and customer service. In
fact, staff involvement was critical to the development of the program. By collaborating closely
with field staff, WCD gained the benefit of their years of expertise and ensured their enthusiastic
cooperation in implementing the new procedures.

Asset Management Program Elements:
The program includes the eight activities listed below.
Adequate Maintenance Facilities and Equipment. One of the most important features of
the program is to ensure field crews have state-of-the-art equipment and knowledge to operate it.
WCD operates six combination units, four sewer rodding machines, various cleaning devices,
and pole-mounted digital cameras for visual inspection. Two Extend-a-Jet units allow crews to
park their equipment in an accessible area and extend sewer cleaning devices into easements
farther from the road. Staffs responsible for sewer inspection and cleaning are trained by
equipment manufacturers. Pole-mounted digital cameras are used for sewer inspection during
overcast days when the traditional way of "mirroring" the lines cannot be done.
Figure 2: Elements of an I/I investigation program

(Source: Graham and Gokhale 2006)
Development and Maintenance of a Map of the Collection System. Historically, WCD staff have
used and maintained grid maps bound in the form of books. These maps show sanitary sewers
superimposed on property tax maps drawn at a scale of 1":500'. A one-square-mile area is shown
on each map. In 2000, all of the collection system was digitized and added as a separate layer to
the Fairfax County geographical information system (GIS). All sewer lines, pump stations and
manholes are included in this GIS layer. As new sewer lines are added, the developer provides
WCD with as-built drawings that are used to update both the maps and the GIS.
Management of Information and Use of Timely Information to Establish and Prioritize

Activities. WCD uses a computerized asset management system to track all related information,
including maintenance, rehabilitation, and emergency calls. WCD plans to link the GIS with the
asset management system and, in the future, may extend the linkage to its sewer capacity model
and/or to the sewer billing system. Such linkages would allow various departments within WCD
to work more closely on capacity analysis, short- and long-term activity planning, budget
development, rate setting, and annual reporting.
Routine Preventive Operation and Maintenance Activities. WCD believes that a formal
operations and maintenance plan is a necessity, but the program must have the flexibility to

adjust based on performance data and changing conditions. For instance, as a result of the
operations audit, WCD realized the inefficiency of scheduling sewer lines for inspection and
maintenance as a single task. By separating these functions and creating specialized crews, WCD
was able to schedule many more sewers for inspection and send the cleaning crews only to those
that needed work.
In the initial phase of the program, the impetus was to televise lines in the ASA service
area to facilitate rehabilitation planning. As the rehabilitation phase is nearing completion, WCD
is placing a renewed emphasis on blockage identification and removal, by readjusting its
inspection tactics. Now, rather than televising every sewer (which is slow and resource-
intensive), crews will perform physical and visual inspection of lines in neighborhoods as
indicated by sporadic television inspections, and thus will cover much larger areas each day.
Based on an evaluation of all available information (trouble reports, maintenance/rehabilitation
history) video inspection will be performed on several, but not all, sewers in older
neighborhoods. If a severe problem is found, the video inspection will be expanded to additional
lines in that area. If a line requires immediate maintenance or rehabilitation, the appropriate crew
will be called. If a lower-priority problem is detected, the line will be added to the maintenance
(inspection or cleaning) schedule. If no problem is found, the crews will move to a different
neighborhood.
Line cleaning and routine maintenance includes rodding and flushing of lines blocked by
tree root intrusion and heavy grease accumulation. Routine pump station maintenance is also
planned to ensure around-the-clock operation without service interruption. To protect manholes
from damage during road construction, WCD coordinates manhole maintenance with planned
street repaving. When a repaving project is scheduled, WCD raises the manhole covers to the
height of the finished pavement, which ensures that street crews do not seal off the manhole
covers.
WCD has a grease control program for commercial facilities, since most of the blockages
caused by grease buildup have occurred at or downstream of commercial centers. WCD has
permanently assigned a crew to inspect grease-buildup "hot spots" on an ongoing basis. This has
virtually eliminated sewer blockages at these locations. To better control grease deposits, WCD
plans to work with the Fairfax County Department of Health, which is responsible for ensuring
that grease trap maintenance requirements are enforced at commercial facilities. WCD has
determined that most commercial establishments have the required traps, but often fail to hire
contractors to clean them out. Once the traps become blocked by grease, they are no longer
effective in keeping the grease from entering the sewer lines, and the sewer lines then become
blocked.
WCD also plans to inspect and clean a number of inverted siphons that run under the
Potomac River and other major streams. These siphons have never been cleaned and have shown
evidence of reduced capacity. A sonar diagnostic system was successfully pilot-tested at the
Jones Point siphon. The test revealed that only about 13 inches of the 30-inch pipe are available
for flow; the upper three inches are crusted with grease, and the lower 14 inches are packed with
sediments. WCD plans to expand the sonar inspection to all siphons and will hire a specialty
contractor to clean these facilities.

Program to Assess the Current Capacity of the Collection System and Treatment
Facilities. As part of the self-audit, a complete sewer system evaluation survey (SSES) was
performed between 1995 and 1997. In this study, WCD analyzed flow capacity of all major
system components and performed detailed hydraulic analysis of the ASA and LHC service
areas. Capacity assessment is performed annually with assistance from a static sewer system
model called Capacity Assessment Program (CAP).
CAP is applied to all lines 12" or larger, plus all lines that connect to pump stations. It is
supported by a network of 52 permanent real-time flow monitors and 34 temporary monitors.
Permanent meters measure flows that cross jurisdictional boundaries, producing data that are
used for billing purposes, as well as model input values. Portable meters are used to assess flow
conditions in the system under various storm conditions and are extremely useful in identifying
capacity limitations. CAP is linked to the Fairfax County Comprehensive Plan, which is updated
every year. WCD's philosophy is to design the system using a conservative interpretation of
available data and growth estimates. This allows flexibility when new development is permitted
that wasn't anticipated in the long-term growth plan.
Identification and Prioritization of Structural Deficiencies for Short- and Long-term

Rehabilitation Plan. Since 1995, WCD has maintained an ongoing prioritized schedule of
rehabilitation projects to correct structural deficiencies and upgrade out-of-date equipment.
Major programs are:
• Trunk line rehabilitation program: Initiated in 1995, this phased program was completed
in 2000. In the future, the program will be expanded to other neighborhoods where trunk
sewers have been found to be less severely deteriorated.
• Pump station rehabilitation program: A program to rehabilitate all pump stations has been
underway since 1990. Under the phased program, all 32 older stations and 250 grinder
pumps will be rehabilitated by 2003. Depending on the condition of each individual
pump station, rehabilitation may include replacement of pumps and pump motors, control
panels, level control systems, standing power generators, and alarms. Even though the
pump stations have been functioning well, many are being rehabilitated to take advantage
of new technologies. These upgrades will also facilitate the installation of a new
supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system that will enable staff to
monitor pump stations from the WCD headquarters or other remote locations.
• Sag elimination program: As a result of the SSES, several sewer line segments with sags
ranging in length and severity have been identified throughout the system. The major
causes include faulty installation (improper bedding and/or backfill), poor soils, and
settling of support piers. So far, no pipe failures have been attributed to sag problems, but
they do contribute to grease blockages resulting from sluggish flows, and thus require
frequent maintenance. Minor sags are replaced by WCD crews, and lines with large sags
are replaced under contract.
• Flow meter replacement program: WCD has 52 permanent flow meters that measure
interjurisdictional flows, and 34 temporary flow meters at various locations to identify
areas that have excessive I/I. WCD has initiated a phased replacement program to replace
flow meters that have reached the end of their useful lives with state-of-the-art meters.
This program will be completed in 2005.

• Training: No matter how well-conceived the program, if staff lacks training, expertise, or
the drive to succeed at their tasks, the program cannot succeed. All field personnel are
trained by manufacturers on the use of any equipment relevant to their tasks and refresher
training is provided annually. The significant benefits of manufacturer training over on-
the-job training include more in-depth knowledge about all equipment functions, and
avoidance of having incorrect practices passed on to new employees. Motivational
programs include empowering staff to have more input into their jobs, encouraging
individual leadership, and recognizing good performance. Positive feedback is given
through celebration of achievements and recognition of employees based on internal staff
awards and positive customer feedback.
• Equipment and replacement parts inventories: WCD's information management system is
used for tracking equipment and parts inventory. Critical replacement parts that are non-
shelf items are identified and kept on hand. For instance, 16-foot pipe lengths and gaskets
for 30-inch, 36-inch, and 42-inch pre-stressed concrete force mains are stored for
emergency repairs.
RESULTS:
The success of WCD's program is measured by reductions in the number and impacts of
SSOs, and by reductions to peak flows to the ASA wastewater treatment plant. SSO Reductions.
Between 1995 and 2001, WCD reduced the number of SSOs by 67% (from 128 in 1995 to 48 in
2001), and also made significant reductions in the impact of SSOs on the environment and
private property. During the same time period, the number of claims paid to homeowners for
private property damage caused by SSOs decreased from 22 in 1995 to six in 2001. Progress was
interrupted in September 1999, when Hurricane Floyd produced a near-record rainfall of 4.3
inches in less than six hours. Although the performance was better in 2000, unexpected increase
in blockage-related SSOs occurred. WCD responded by implementing a more efficient sewer
inspection and cleaning program. These efforts paid off with a return to significant progress in all
performance goals in 2001.
Peak Flow Reductions to ASA Wastewater Treatment Plant. WCD's I/I reduction goal
was to decrease its peak flow to the ASA wastewater treatment plant from 85 mgd in 1995 to a
maximum of 65 mgd. With the exception of an extremely heavy rain associated with Hurricane
Floyd in September 1999, peak flows have remained around 50 mgd even during heavy rainfall
events.
Costs and Funding. WCD is part of an enterprise fund that includes all three divisions of
the Fairfax County Wastewater Management Program. While some revenue bond financing is
used to support wastewater treatment plant expansion, WCD's annual operating expenses are
covered by customer revenues. Fees are charged at a rate of $2.81 per 1,000 gallons of water
used—among the lowest rates in the region. Established annual rate increases of between 2% and
4% ensure a stable rate structure that mitigates the impact of annual budget fluctuations. The
affordability of sewer fees is demonstrated by the fact that 99% of customers pay their bills on
time each year.

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Title: Lapveden meteli

Historiallinen näytelmä 5:nä näytöksenä (6 kuvaelmaa)
Author: Martti Wuori
Release date: July 18, 2024 [eBook #74066]
Language: Finnish
Original publication: Helsinki: Kust.Oy Kansa, 1907
Credits: Tapio Riikonen
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LAPVEDEN

METELI ***
LAPVEDEN METELI
Historiallinen näytelmä 5:nä näytöksenä (6 kuvaelmaa)
Kirj.
MARTTI WUORI
Helsinki, Suomalainen Kustannus-osakeyhtiö Kansa, 1907.

NÄYTELMÄN HENKILÖT:
Kustaa Götrikinpoika Fincke, Savonlinnan isäntä, Suomen

käskynhaltija. Henrikki Klaunpoika Horn, Etelä-Suomen laamanni.
Juhana Niilonpoika, linnankirjuri. Pertti Yrjänänpoika Rännäri, vouti.
Erkki Huotari, voudin kirjuri. Neljännesmies. Kymmenysmies. Aatami
Arpiainen, Lapveden nimismies. Kerttu, hänen vaimonsa. Maunu
Nyrhi, talollinen. Inko Multiainen, talollinen, lautamies. Helka, hänen
äitinsä. Riitta, hänen sisarensa. Liukku, | Remes, | lautamiehiä.
Kupia, | Vainikainen. Tarkka. Haataja. Tarkan emäntä. Haatajan
emäntä. Katri, | palvelustyttöjä. Kirsti, | Kaksi kenkkäriä. Muita
Lapveteläisiä: lautamiehiä, talonpoikia, kuokkavieraita, naisia ja
lapsia. Jääskeläisiä, savolaisia ja hämäläisiä talonpoikia. Fincken ja
Hornin palvelijoita. Huoveja ja muuta sotaväkeä.
Tapahtuma Lapvedellä. Aika v. 1552.
Huomautuksia.
Fincke oli syntynyt v. 1510 ja on siis näytelmän tapahtumain

aikaan 42 vuoden vanha.
Horn oli syntynyt v. 1512 ja on siis edellistä kahta vuotta
nuorempi.
Rännäri ajateltakoon noin likemmä 50 vuoden vanhaksi.
Arpiainen, iso mies ("Koljaatti"), mutta luonteeltaan hieman

saamaton, noin 38 vuoden iässä.
Kerttu, lihava, reima eukko, kasvultaan miehensä kokoinen, häntä

muutamaa vuotta nuorempi.
Nyrhi, noin 22 vuoden tienoissa, vilkas, intohimoinen, taipumaton,

hieman salakavala luonteeltaan.
Multiainen, 27 tienoissa oleva, miettivä, suora, vakava, tyyni, vaan

hieman veltto luonteeltaan.
Helka, vähän yli 50 vanha, arka, myöntyväinen.
Riitta, 19 vuoden vanha, kaunis, vaaleanverinen, vähän veljensä

luonnetta, syntynyt hiljaista onnea varten, vaan vedetään metelin
pyörteeseen, johon kiihtyvän intohimonsa tähden hukkuu.
Näytelmän esittämisen helpottamiseksi voi henkilöiden lukua

vähentää seuraavilla:
2:ssa näytöksessä — neljännes- ja kymmenysmiehillä, 3:ssa

näytöksessä — Fincken ja Hornin palvelijoilla, ja 4:nen näytöksen
II:.ssa kuvaelmassa —12 lautamiehellä, sekä 5:ssä näytöksessä —
jääskeläisillä, savolaisilla ja hämäläisillä talonpojilla, tarkoituksen
mukaisesti muuttamalla lauseet, joissa heistä puhutaan näytelmässä.
Ensimäinen näytös.
Multiaisen talo. Pihamaa. Oikealla asuinrakennus, vasemmalla

aittoja. Perällä aita, portti keskellä. Taustalla peltoja, järveä, järven
takana metsää.
Kevätkesä. Ihana päivä; järvi on tyyni, taivas sininen. Linnut kilvan

laulaa lirittävät.
Lapveteläisiä talonpoikia, joukossa joku nainenkin, seisoo

ryhmittäin pihalla ja istuu rakennusten portailla, Vainikainen, Tarkka
ja Haataja etualalla. Vilkasta, vaan ei kovin äänekästä keskustelua.
Helka tulee asuinrakennuksesta. Keskustelu lakkaa.
Helka. Hyvää päivää, hyvät naapurit!
Kaikki (vastaavat). Hyvää päivää! — — Hyvää päivää! — — Jumal'

antakoon.
Vainikainen (kättelee Helkaa). Jumala antakoon hyviä päiviä

Multiaisen taloon.
Helka. Terve, Vainikainen. — (Kätellen Tarkkaa.) Mitäs Tarkkalaan

kuuluu?
Tarkka. Kiitoksia vain.
Helka (Katellen Haatajaa.) Mitenkäs Haatajan emäntä jaksaa?
Haataja. Kiitoksia kysymästä… Terveisiä vain paljo.
Tarkka. Me puolestamme emme nyt sen enempää teiltä, emäntä,

kuulumisia kysykään.
Helka. Niinpä niin. Tiettyhän se.
Vainikainen. Ne tahdotaan kuulla lautamieheltä itseltään.
Helka. Niin. No nythän se on kotona, Jumalan kiitos!
Haataja. Se viesti kiertää jo maita ja mantereita.
Helka. Arvaahan sen. — Kyllä hän koht'sillään tulee. Hän jo

tietääkin, että meille on näin paljon naapureita kerääntynyt. Ja
Maunukin on täällä. Yhdessä saavat nyt kuninkaan terveiset kertoa.
Tarkka. Niitäpä meidän juuri kovin palaakin halu kuulla.
Ääniä joukosta. Niitä halutaan. Niitä ollaan tultu kuulemaan.
Vainikainen. Meidän, näet, kun olivat miehet kuninkaan pakeille

lähettämät, niin… — No, terveinä, Jumalan kiitos, ovat kaikki
Tukholmasta palanneet?
Helka. Terveinä — Jumalan kiitos! — niin pitkältä matkalta. —

Eivätkös isännät vielä ole muita mukana olleita tavanneet — Liukkua,
Remestä tai Kupiaa?
Vainikainen. Emme ole.
Tarkka. Lähetystön johtajaltahan sitä tultiin asiata tiedustelemaan.
Helka. No. Kyllä hän kertoo. Vaikka yhdessähän ne olivat kaikki

kuninkaan linnassa olleet.
Vainikainen. Vai kaikki he saivat kuninkaan nähdä?

Helka. Niin. Ja hyvin sanoo Inko Kustaa kuninkaaseen
ihastuneensa. — Kauniin miehenkin sanoo kuninkaan olevan.
Vainikainen. Sitähän ne kaikki kuuluvat sanovan, jotka hänen

nähneet ovat.
Tarkka. Oikein jalo muodoltaan, sanotaan.
Helka. Mutta kovin taitaa olla kiivasluontoinen, koska niin oli

tuimistunut, kun kuuli meidän miesten valitukset täkäläisiä herroja
vastaan.
Ääniä joukosta. Vai niin?! Vai tuimistunut?!
Helka. Niin — herroihin oli vihastunut, ei meidän miehiin.
Ääniä joukosta. Siinä sen näette! Siis herrojen vehkeitä! Ehkäpä

nyt apu lähtee!
Helka. Vaan tuossapa poikani jo tulee. Saatte nyt kuulla häneltä

asiat tarkkaan itseltään. Ja Nyrhi voi vielä hänen sanansa tosiksi
todistaa. (Puhelu taukoaa.)
Multiainen ja Nyrhi (tulevat sisältä).
Kansa (tervehtien.) Hyvää päivää! Tervetuloa kotia!
Multiainen ja Nyrhi (tervehtivät ja kättelevät).
Nyrhi (syrjään Multiaiselle). Kerro siis asia niinkuin sanoin! Muu ei

auta. (Menee istumaan rahille, joka on etualalla asuinrakennuksen
ikkunan alla, pitää päätään käsien varassa, kyynärpäät polviin
nojaten, katsoo maahan ja seuraa miettiväisenä koko ajan
keskustelua.)
Multiainen. Tietoja, arvaan, olette tulleet kuulemaan kuninkaan
pakeilta?
Kansa. Niitä, niitä. Lähetystön suun kautta. (Ympäröivät

Multiaisen, vetäytyen etualalle.)
Multiainen. No, sen voin jo alunpitäen ilmoittaa, että saatte hyviä

uutisia. Kuningas on meidän puolellamme vääryyttä vastaan.
Kansassa (mielihyvän ilmaisuja). Meidän puolellamme! — Rehti

kuningas! — Tiesihän sen!
Multiainen. Vaan minä kerron teille kaikki juurta jaksain. Tahdotte

varmaan kuulla?
Ääniä joukosta. Hiljaa! — Kuunnellaan! — Mielellämme!
Multiainen. Nähkääs, ei se ihan ilman vaivoja kulunut, se matka.
Vainikainen. Arvaahan sen.
Multiainen. Siihen, näette, on toista kuukautta aikaakin mennyt.
Haataja. Niille paikoin sen minäkin olen laskenut.
Multiainen. Ensin maamatka Turkuun, — rospuuton aikaan, — oli

sitä Lapvedeltä asti aluksi siinäkin taivaltamista.
Tarkka. No, oli kyllä.
Vainikainen. Jumalan kiitos, ettei vaivat ja vastukset ole hukkaan

menneet.
Nyrhi. Se se on pääasia.
Multiainen. No, vaan saatiinpa sitä sitte Turussa levätä viisi
vuorokautta. Ja pakostakin se oli tehtävä. Ei päästy heti merelle eikä
yli Ahvenan selän. Oli kovia kevätmyrskyjä, niin täytyi vuottaa. Vaan
kun sitte lähtemään päästiin, niin onnellisesti kävi taas matka
Tukholmaan asti. Vaan vaikeampi se oli siellä pääsy kuninkaan
puheille.
Vainikainen. Sen kyllä arvaa.
Haataja. Talonpojan pääsyn kuninkaan luo.
Nyrhi. Niin. Ei ne hovin herrat hevillä meille linnan portin avaimia

helistele.
Ääniä joukosta. Ei! — Tietenkään! — Ei!
Nyrhi. Kun pelkäävät totuuden kuninkaan korvaan kopsahtavan.
Ääniä joukosta. Niin juuri! — Oikein! — Pelkäävät!
Multiainen. Niin, no. Toista viikkoa siinä sitte kului ennenkuin

sisään päästiin.
Tarkka. Siellä sitä mahtoi olla meikäläisen moukan silmälle

kaikellaista nähtävää?!
Multiainen. Säästäväisenhän sitä sanotaan Kustaa kuninkaan kyllä

olevan…
Nyrhi … vaan sittenkään ei kykene moukan kieli sitä komeutta

kuvaamaan!
Kansassa (mutinaa). No jo! — Tietäähän sen!-Mitenkäs!

Multiainen. Eipä siltä! Täytyyhän sen suuren valtakunnan
hallitsijan suuresti elääkin.
Nyrhi (ivallisesti). Luonnollisesti! Siihen sillä on oikeuskin!
Multiainen. Vaan sitä ei ole hänen käskynhaltijoillaan ja muilla

virkamiehillä, jotka meiltä liikoja veroja kiskovat. Ja sitä me
kuninkaalle selitettiinkin, että ihan meiltä jo viedään viimeinen
leipäpala suusta….
Kansa (alakuloisesti säestäen). Viimeinen leipäpala suusta!
Multiainen… kun voudit nyt ovat ruvenneet neljiä käräjiä pitämään

ja sen kautta käräjäin kestitsemismaksut, kyyditsemis- ja rahtiverot
ovat entisestään kaksin verroin kasvaneet. Urakkamiehet, —
sanottiin, kantavat kukin elatukseksi veroa itselleen ja sitä paitsi
jokainen vielä ylemmilleen. Paitsi myllypäivätöitä, joita
kymmenysmiehille tehdään, on näille veroja maksettava niin, että he
vuorostaan voivat neljännesmiehille ja nimismiehille kaikki suorittaa.
Neljännesmiehet taas ottavat "ruokaruotsinsa." Vaan mistäs ne
oravannahkansa ja haukinsa herrain, rouvain ja lasten anniksi sekä
lahjoiksi laamannille, tuomarille, linnankirjurille, maakirjurille, linnan
kyökkimestarille, kokille ja kellaripalvelijoille ottavat?! Mistäs
muualta, kuin talonpojan aitasta.
Kansa (hampaiden lomitse). Kaikki talonpojan aitasta!!
Multiainen. Mistäs ne veronsa nimismiehelle ottavat?
Kansa (hiukan kovemmin). Talonpojan aitasta!
Multiainen. Ja mistäs nimismiehet oman elatuksensa ottavat?

Kansa (vielä kovemmin). Talonpojan aitasta!
Multiainen. Mistäs nimismiehet sitte määrätyn taksan joka vuosi

linnaan ottavat?
Kansa (äänekkäästi). Talonpojan aitasta!
Multiainen. Entäs milläkäs he sitte maanvoutia kestitsevät, kun

hän veronkannossa käy? Milläs he maanvoutia, laamannia ja
linnanvoutia kestitsevät, kun he nyt neljillä käräjillä vuodessa
käyvät? Milläs he silloin linnanvoudin kolmeakymmentä viittä,
laamannin kahtatoista ja maanvoudin kahdeksaatoista hevosta
monta päivää ja yötä peräkkäin ruokkivat? Millä? Niin, me se kyllä
tiedetään millä.
Kansassa (nurinaa ja äänekästä huutoa). Me se kyllä tiedetään! —

Meidän hiellä ja vaivalla!
Multiainen. Juuri niin asia kuninkaalle esitettiin.
Kansa. Hyvin puhuttu! Oikein sanottu!
Vainikainen. Mitäs siihen kuningas?
Ääniä joukosta. Niin. Mitäs kuningas sanoi? Multiainen. Kovin

vihastui. Varsinkin kun sitte vielä sai kuulla, että laamanni kulettaa
mukanaan suurta koiralaumaakin, jota päiväkausia syöttää pitää,
kun hän seurueineen käräjien aikaan metsästämään rupee.
Tarkka. Vai senkin kerroitte? Haataja. Se oli hyvä.
Multiainen. Kaikki saatettiin kuninkaan tietoon. Vieläpä sekin, että

Fincke kohtelee meitä kuin mitäkin Viron orjia, ja ett'ei siltä lainkaan
mukaan oikeutta saa, ell'ei käräjillä hänen huoneensa nurkkaan
suuria lahjakasoja kanna.
Ääniä joukosta. Ähäs! Se oli oikein! Multiainen. Vaan siitäpä

tiedosta kuningas tuli hyvin pahoille mielin. Se, näet, näkyy olevan
hyvin kuninkaan suosiossa, tuo Savonlinnan isäntä. Vainikainen. Vai
on se Suonniemen Kustaa herra siellä niin hyvissä kirjoissa?!
Tarkka. Kai se kuningas sen tautta hänet siirsikin Viipurista pois ja

antoi hänelle Savonlinnan Klemetti-kirjurin jälkeen.
Haataja. Kyllä minusta jo vähän alkaa niinkuin tuntua, ett'ei niin

ollen, tähän meidän asiaamme lopulta suurta apua lähdekään.
Kansassa (masentuvan mielialan ilmauksia). Vai on se sillä lailla?

— Kuka sen sitte tietää? — — Taitaapa viimeksi toisaanne
kääntyäkin!
Multiainen. Asiamme lupasi Kustaa kuningas tutkituttaa ja pysyttää

ainoastaan kahdet käräjät käytännössä.
Haataja. Jos hän linnanvoudilla asian tutkituttaa, niin kyllä sen

sitte tietää, minkälainen tulos siitä koituu.
Vainikainen. Sitähän se Fincke vouti kuuluu viime käräjillä

sanoneen, että eihän sitä kerkiä neljilläkään käräjillä enää teidän
asioitanne tutkia, kun näin niskoittelette hallitusta vastaan.
Haataja. Vai on se niskoittelemista, kun ei enää omia peltojaan saa

kyntää, vaan linnassa täytyy veropäivätöitä tehdä ja pitkiä matkoja
kyyditä pitää.
Tarkka. Hyvähän sitä on käräjillä vain sakkoja tuomita, jos kuka ei
veroa maksa, vaikk'ei sillä aitassa jyväkolmannesta olisi.
Haataja. Ja jos siltä päivätyö jää tekemättä sentähden, että

nälkätautia potee.
Nyrhi (joka sillä aikaa on puhellut Helkan kanssa, puuttuu nyt

yht'äkkiä puheeseen). Mutta nyt on kuningas luvannut, että me
saamme omiksi tarpeiksemme käyttää kaksien käräjien kapat. Ja
siksi me annamme nyt pirun kantaa verot ja viedä ne linnaan.
Kansassa (iloista rähinää). Annetaan! — Piru ne vieköön! — — Se

on paras konsti!
Multiainen. Niinkuin sanottu: kuningas on vaatimukseemme

suostunut ja luvannut veroja vähentää.
Nyrhi. Ja me emme siis enää anna Rännärin selkänahkojamme

nylkeä.
Ääniä joukosta. Ei! Ei anneta! Ei!
Helka (portilla). Vaan ketäs vieraita tuolla vielä tulee? Katsohan,

Inko! Eikö ne ole…?
Multiainen. Remeshän siinä näkyy yksi olevan.
Helka. Sehän se on. Ja Liukku toinen.
Multiainen. Ne molemmat.
Nyrhi. Ja Kupia kolmantena, vaikka ensimäisenä edellä.
Helka. Takakyläin lautamiehet yhdessä. Mitäs nyt on tekeillä?

Multiainen. Tosiaankin. Kaikki yhdessä. Ja Kupia — sieltä kaukaa
— kihlakunnan kulmalta.
Kupia, Liukku ja Remes (tulevat).
(Tervehdyksiä.)
Multiainen. Terve tuloa! Vaan mikäs lautamiehiä nyt näin

odottamatta taloomme tuo?
Helka. Siltä näyttää, ett'ei ilon sanomia muassa ole.
Kupia. Vai ilon sanomia?!
Liukku. Niitäkö tähän maailman aikaan?!
Nyrhi. No? Mitä nyt sitte on tapahtunut taas? Haastakaa!
Remes. Kupia se meille ensin poikkesi. Yhdessä sitte mentiin

Liukun luo ja sieltä päätettiin kolmin tulla tänne neuvottelemaan.
Multiainen. Kerro, kerro, Kupia, asianne! Salattava ei se liene

keltäkään.
Nyrhi. Parahiksi tässä sattuu olemaan kuulijoita enemmänkin.
Multiainen. Heille tässä vast'ikään käynnistämme kuninkaan luona

selkoa tein. Mitä siis on tapahtunut? Suu puhtaaksi vain kaikkien
kuullen.
Kupia. Arvaatte: uusi ei ole asiani; vanha on nuotti virressäni.

Veronkannon on Perttivouti jälleen meidän kulmalta alkanut. Eikä
viikkoa viipyne ennenkuin on täällä.
Ääniä joukosta. Joko liikkeellä jälleen? - — Kyllä sitte taas
kiskominen alkaa!
Nyrhi (pontevasti). Mutta nyt me asetumme vastarintaan, jos se

ilves kovin nälkäiseksi näyttäytyy.
Ääniä joukosta. Asetumme! — Se on tehtävä! — Vihdoinkin!
Multiainen. Mitäs maksuja se nyt sitte on kantamaan käynyt?
Kupia. Jousi- ja kilttirahoja ynnä muita kirkkokymmenyksiä se

meiltä vaati.
Liukku. Kerrohan kaikki sen elkeet ja vääryydet!
Kupia. Nähkääs: jousirahat vaati hän Erkin ja Maununkin puolesta,

vaikka poikani ovat vasta kolmen- ja neljäntoista iässä.
Nyrhi. Ethän toki sille suorittanut noita laittomia maksuja?
Kupia. Minkäs minä mokomalle taisin?! Uhkasi heti, että

sakotetaan niskoittelemisesta. "Valehtelet", — sanoi, — "jo ne ovat
viisitoista vuotta täyttäneet. Minulla" — sanoi, — "on kaikkien ikä
kirkonkirjoista muistiin merkitty. Näkeehän sen", — sanoi, — "noiden
roikaleittesi iän kasvusta muutenkin."
Nyrhi. Sitäkös on roisto!
Remes. Sitte oli vielä jokaiselta maholtakin lehmältä naulan voita

laskenut.
Kupia. Niin. Saman kuin lypsävältä. Ja sitte meni Elinan perässä

aittaan ja pakoitti punnitsemaan sen, minkä itse vaati.
Helka. Pyhä Neitsyt!
Liukku. Eikä sillä hyvä. Näki aitan orrella ristiketun nahan riippuvan
ja tahtoi senkin. "Kas tuon", — sanoi — "vien lahjaksi rouvalleni.
Sinullahan on tulevilla käräjillä sakkojuttuja esillä. Ne saat tästä
anteeksi."
Kansassa (äänekästä murinaa). Sakkojuttuja! — — Anteeksi!
Kupia. Mitä kalliimman nahan sillä lailla ihan ilmaiseksi ryösti.
Helka (kyynelissä). Herra Isä! On se koko rosvo! — Kivestä on sen

miehen sydän, kivestä!
Multiainen. Jos hänellä lienee sydäntä laisinkaan!
Kansassa (edelleen kovaa murinata). Rosvo! — — Kivisydän! —

Aivan sydämetön!
Nyrhi. Mutta nyt sitä ei enää kärsitä, ei!
Kansa (voimakkaasti säestäen). Ei! Ei! Ei!!!
Nyrhi. Sillä, niinkuin äsken kuulitte, nyt on kuningas puolellamme.
Remes. Puolellamme kyllä, mutta etäällä meistä sittenkin.
Liukku. Eikä hänen korvansa kaikkia kuule eikä silmänsä kaikkia

näe.
Kupia. Ei näe, miltä tuntuu, kun kaikki talosta ryöstetään, ett'ei

enää syötävääkään jää.
Multiainen. Näinpä ei asia saa jäädä. Nyt on neuvoteltava, mihin
toimiin taas on ryhdyttävä.
Nyrhi. Mihin? — Asia on selvä. Itsemme on meidän nyt siihen

käsiksi käytävä.
Multiainen. Astukaa tupaan, hyvät lautamiehet! Keskustellaan me

ensin siellä.
Helka. Tehkää niin hyvin. Mahtaa olla nälkäkin niin pitkäin

taipaleiden päästä tultua. Minä panen pöytään vähän syötävää.
Multiainen. Oikein, äiti. Eipä sitä tiedä, milloin meilläkään ei enää

ole vieraillemme mitään tarjottavaa.
Kupia. Kiitoksia vain. (Menee Remeksen, Liukun ja Multiaisen

kanssa sisään.)
Helka (menee ruoka-aittaan).
Vainikainen. Siinä sitä nyt sitte ollaan entisellämme jälleen.
Tarkka. Parasta lienee lähteä kotiin vuottamaan, miten tässä

maailma lopulta kääntyy.
Haataja. Entisiin askareihinsa. Ei tästä muutosta tule. Aikakin vain

kuluu arvellessa, päivä päätä käännellessä.
Nyrhi. Ei, miehet! Kesken asiamme ei saa jäädä — —
Joku joukosta (poistuu, tehden kädellään merkin, ett'ei asia enää

parane). Hyvästi vain!
Nyrhi. Nyt minä sanon, että tuumasta on ryhdyttävä toimeen ja se
on oleva yhteinen meille kaikille. Jos yksi tekee niin, toinen näin,
silloin emme voita mitään. Se on selvä. Meidän on siis toimittava,
kuin yksi mies asiamme puolesta. Siis vuottakaa vielä hiukan, niin
saatte kuulla, mitä sisällä keskustellaan ja mitä siellä päätetään. Sillä
päätös on nyt tehtävä, kuinka jokaisen on meneteltävä, kun
Perttivouti taloon tulee. Yksi tuuma, yksi toimi, — se on ainoa
pelastuksemme.
Vainikainen. Se on oikein haastettu.
Tarkka. Se kai se olisi ainoa mahdollinen keino enää…
Haataja … että kaikki panisivat vastaan. No, vuotellaan sitte vielä.
Nyrhi. Ja minä lähden myös kuulemaan ja keskustelemaan…
Vainikainen. Kai sitte päätös tulee.
Nyrhi. Ja minkä lausuin vast'ikään, se on oleva tästä lähin

kehoitukseni kaikille. — Elkää siis vielä menkö, hyvät naapurit!
Vuottakaa! Palaan paikalla ja ilmoitan päätöksemme. Nyt se on
tehtävä ja kohta saatte sen kuulla. (Juoksee sisään.)
Helka (tulee aitasta, kantaen leipää, kupissa kaloja ja lautasella

kuivattua lihaa, jotka vie tupaan).
Riitta (seuraa häntä, kantaen vastakirnuttua voita).
Vainikainen. Kas, hyvää päivää, Riitta! Talouden puuhissa — voita

ollut kirnuamassa, näemmä.
Riitta. Niin. Sitähän… Missäs sitä pitäisi…?

Tarkka. Terveeksi! — Missäpäs muussa. Emännän toimissa sen olla
pitää, joka kohta emäntänä omassa talossaan hyörii.
Haataja. Hyviä päiviä! — Ja kun tässä katselen, niin sen vain

sanon, että nuoren ja pulskan vaimon se Nyrhin Maunu täältä
Multialasta itselleen sieppaa.
Riitta. Mitäs te nyt, isäntä, joutavia…!
Vainikainen. Mikä on totta, se on totta, sanon minäkin.
Tarkka. Ja viikon perästä ne siis jo vietetään läksiäiset?
Riitta. Niinhän nuo ovat päättäneet.
Haataja. Ettäkö ilman morsiamen suostumusta?
Vainikainen. Eihän toki.
Riitta. No, eihän sentään.
Tarkka. Sitähän minäkin. Ei sitä Multiaisen Riittaa ole niinkään

viety, vaikka olisi ottajia kyllä ollut ennenkin.
Helka (tulee ja ottaa voin Riitalta). Tähänkös sinä, kultaseni,

tarinoimaan jäitkin?
Vainikainen. Meidän se oli syy. Elkää panko pahaksenne. Ei

hennottu laskea.
Haataja. Oikein tässä tahdottiin ihaella teidän tytärtänne, emäntä

hyvä.
Helka. Vielä siinä mitä! — Tuohan, Riitta, haarikalla kirnumaitoa
tupaan. (Palaa sisään.)
Riitta (menee aittaan). Paikalla, äiti.
Haataja. Oikein hän on tämän seudun koru ja kaunistus, tuo

Multiaisen Riitta.
Tarkka. Ja lisäksi veljensä kanssa tämän talon perijöitä, kahteen

mieheen.
Vainikainen. Siitäkös lopulta Nyrhiläkin kasvaa. Maunu on yksin

tilansa haltija ja saa siihen osan täältäkin, naimisensa kautta, liittää.
Haataja. Aimopa mies se on Maunu isännäksikin. Innokas työssään

ja toimessaan, ottipa eteensä mitä tahansa.
Tarkka. Ei se kauan aprikoi.
Vainikainen. Heti se panee toimeen ja haikailematta, minkä on

päähänsä saanut.
Haataja. Toista maatahan se on vähän hänen tuleva näälänsä.
Tarkka. Kauanhan se Inko tavallisesti punnitsee, ennenkuin

mihinkään ryhtyy. Ei olisi Tukholmaankaan lähtenyt, ell'ei Nyrhi olisi
häntä siihen taivuttanut.
Vainikainen. Nyrhihän se on toimen, Multiainen tuuman mies.
Haataja. Ihan se siltä on tähän saakka näyttänyt, kuin toinen olisi

ollut säkkinä ja toinen suuna. Mutta nytpä taitaa Maunu Nyrhi ruveta
hoitamaan kumpaisiakin tehtäviä.
Riitta (kantaa haarikoilla kirnumaitoa aitasta tupaan).
Tarkka. Eiköhän se Maunu sieltä jo palaa meille tietoja tuomaan,

mihinkä tulokseen siellä on tultu?
Riitta. Minä sanon hänelle. (Menee sisään.)
Vainikainen. Tahi jos mihinkään tulevat?
Haataja. Kummalliseltapa tuo tuntuu. Näyttää jo ihan siltä kuin ei

miehet olisikaan asioista niinkään yksimielisiä.
Tarkka. Sitä samaa minäkin tässä jo rupean tuumaamaan.
Haataja. Syrjässä meistähän nuo näkyivät tahtovan neuvotellakin.
Vainikainen. Ja kauan neuvottelevat.
Tarkka. Ei ole hyvä merkki.
Haataja. Tuossapa tuo Maunu vihdoin jo onkin.
Vainikainen. Yksin! Entäs muut?
Nyrhi (on nopeasti rientänyt ulos tuvasta, vaan pysähtynyt

miettiväisenä portaille).
Tarkka. Eipä taida olla päätöstä tehtykään, vai?
Nyrhi (ikäänkuin havahtuen mietteistään, yht'äkkiä innokkaasti).

On kyllä. — Jäivät aterioimaan vain. — Niin, miehet, päätös on tehty
ja tämmöinen se on: me asetumme kaikki voutia vastaan. Nyt ei
makseta enää veroa mitään.
Vainikainen. Ettäkö se sitte niin vain heti käy päinsä?
Tarkka. Ja ett'ei meidän käy ihan hullusti?!
Haataja. Eikäkö kuninkaallekaan annettaisi, mikä kuninkaalle on

tuleva?
Nyrhi. Joutavia! Vääryydestä emme pääse, ell'emme kerran

kokonaan tee tenää ja näytä kuninkaalle, että valituksessamme oli
perää. Niin ne ovat tehneet Ruotsissakin.
Vainikainen. Vai ovat?!
Tarkka. Ja apu lähti?
Haataja. Millä lailla?
Nyrhi. Minä kerron. Nähkääs: siellä on Ruotsissa Smoolantti-

niminen maakunta. Sielläkin olivat, niin meille Tukholmassa
kerrottiin, nuo aateliset varkaat, myöskin omin päin, uusia asetuksia
laatineet ja niiden mukaan veroja kiskoneet. Ja kun eivät sittenkään
vielä itselleen kylliksi rahaa saaneet, niin rupesivat lopulta
kirkonkellojakin myömään, — samoin voi käydä kohta meilläkin, —
vaan silloin sitä eivät enää papit eikä kansa voinut kärsiä.
Haataja. Jumalan häväistystä!
Riitta (palaa tällä välin tuvasta ja kuuntelee Nyrhin takana, oven

pieleen nojaten, hänen kertomustaan).
Nyrhi. Niin juuri. Kansa silloin vihdoin heräsi. Jumala on meidän

puolellamme, he sanoivat ja nousivat vastarintaan. Ja kansan
puolella Jumala olikin. Siellä oli, näette, muuan talonpoika, Niilo
Dacke nimeltään. Hän kutsui kansan kokoon ja kaikki päättivät
yhdessä käydä vouteja vastaan. Ja saipa silloin siinä ottelussa moni
vouti kuolemansakin.
Ääniä joukosta. Se oli oikein! — Jumalan rangaistusta!
Nyrhi. Ja kuulkaahan! Kansaa siellä auttoivat papitkin. Nekin olivat

vääryyttä kärsineet. Sillä luuletteko te, että nuo voudit papeillekaan
kaikki ne kymmenykset vievät, jotka ne meiltä heitä varten muka
kantavat?! Johan nyt!
Ääniä joukosta. Vielä mitä! Arvaahan sen!
Nyrhi. Ja tiedättekös mitä? Dacke sai apua Saksan keisariltakin. Ja

Lyypekistä myöskin hänelle apua lähetettiin. Nähkääs: muuallakin
maailmassa jo huomattiin, mitä vääryyttä talonpoikia kohtaan
harjoitettiin.
Vainikainen. Katsos vain! No, no? No, kuinkas sitte kävi?
Nyrhi. Sotaväkeä, tietysti, pantiin liikkeelle. Kansa muka kapinoi.

Mutta oikeus se lopulta sittenkin voitolle pääsi Belsebubin joukoista.
Niilo Dacke oli johtajana ja johti kansaa, kuin enkeli. Kaksi
kaupunkiakin he valloittivat ja sotajoukot joutuivat tappiolle. Silloin
täytyi herrojen taipua. Ja kun kuningas näin sai kaikki herrojen
vääryydet tietää, niin heti paikalla vähennettiin veroja.
Kansassa (äänekästä mielihyvän ilmaisua). Kas niin! — Sepä vasta!

— — Niin sitä pitää! — Voitto tuli!
Riitta. Mitäs minä olen kuullut kerrottavan, että sotajoukot sitte

olivat voittaneet talonpojat ja että niitä oli sakoitettu ja majoituksilla
rangaistu ja että Dacke ammuttiin kuoliaaksi.
Nyrhi (tiuskaisten). Sepä ei ole totta. Sen ovat herrat vain niin
kertoneet. Dacke päinvastoin vietiin kuninkaan luo ja kuningas kiitti
häntä, että oli herrojen vääryydet ilmisaattanut. — Siinä sen näette,
ett'ei meidänkään saata antaa niin vain ilman aikojamme itseämme
nylkeä, kuin mitäkin koiran raatoja.
Kansa. Ei! Ei! Ei!!!
Nyrhi. Ja sen tautta sitä nyt sitte on päätetty, että kun Rännäri
taloon tulee — olipa se kenen luo tahansa — niin pannaan mies
tiukalle. Eikö niin?
Kansa. No niin! — Tietysti! — Päätetty on!
Nyrhi. Oikein. Ja kun nyt kukin kotiinne palaatte, niin kertokaa

naapureillenne, että tämmöinen on yhteinen päätöksemme. Ja jos
taistelu syntyy, niin yhtenä miehenä asetutaan vastaan. Eikö niin?
Kansa (nostaen kätensä). Yhtenä miehenä! Kaikki!
Nyrhi. Ja siinä taistelussa tahdon minä olla ensimäinen. Luottakaa

siis minuun, kun apua tarvitsette. Kyllä minä sen koiran kidan tukin,
kun se päällemme hyökkää. Jääkää hyvästi nyt! Herran huomaan!
Kansa. Hyvästi! Herran haltuun! (Kaikki, myöskin Vainikainen,

Tarkka ja Haataja, käteltyään Nyrhiä ja Riittaa, poistuvat,
innostuneessa mielentilassa).
Nyrhi (istuutuu penkille, katse rohkeasti suunnattuna ylös).
Riitta (menee verkalleen hänen luoksensa; kotvan äänettömyyden

perästä). Kaikki näkyy alkavan käydä sinun mielesi mukaan, Maunu.
Nyrhi. Hyvin, — niin. Vaikka sinä, Riitta, olit pilata koko asian
puuttumalla puheeseen.
Riitta. Minähän puhuin, niinkuin asia on, Maunu rakas.
Nyrhi. Vähät siitä! Se ei ole pääasia.
Riitta. Ja minä kuulin, mitä mieltä muut tuolla sisällä ovat.
Nyrhi. Heillä ei ole mieltä mitään. Akkoja ovat kaikki. Ingonkin

ovat vähällä saada samallaiseksi.
Riitta. Kuninkaan tahtoon kuulin heidän vetoavan.
Nyrhi. Riitta, sinä et ymmärrä näitä asioita. Kuningas on meille

tahtonsa lausunut ja äsken kuulit kuitenkin mikä vaara meitä jälleen
uhkaa.
Riitta. En ymmärrä todellakaan, Maunu, miksi syöksyä suinpäin

siihen vaaraan.
Nyrhi. Rohkea vain rokan syöpi.
Riitta. Kaikki unhotat. (Hellästi.) Et minuakaan muista, tulevaa

onneamme ajattele. (Istuutuu Nyrhin viereen.)
Nyrhi (ottaa Riittaa kädestä). Kyllä, kainaloiseni, kyllä. Aina olet

siltä aatoksissani. Tässä mieleni myrskyssä tuikat sinä yhäti
houkuttelevana rauhan sataman tulena.
Riitta. Jospa vain onnellisesti perille pääsisit! Et tiedä, kuinka

kärsin tuota odottaen! Et tiedä, kuinka sydämeni vapisee sinun
tähtesi, Maunu! Kuinka nyt on käyvä?! Mitä tästä nyt tuleekaan?!
Viikon perästähän sinun on määrä viedä minut taloosi.
Nyrhi. Niin juuri, niin. Viikon kuluttua vien sinut täältä vaimonani,
tulet omanani talooni. (Hyväelee Riittaa.)
Riitta. Ja kuitenkin juuri nyt näin uhmailet. Tällaiseen

uhkataisteluun antaudut. Panet alttiiksi henkesi, — kaikki.
Nyrhi. Se on minun tehtävä. Se on velvollisuuteni. Tuntoni ei siedä

tätä vääryyden menoa enää. Siitä on tehtävä loppu. Millä keinoilla
tahansa. Ja nyt on asiaan ryhdyttävä. Aikaa ei ole enää hukattavana.
Nyt juuri se on tehtävä. Ja minun se on tehtävä. Se on
velvollisuuteni itseäni ja — teitä kaikkia kohtaan.
Riitta. Velvollisuutesi?! Vetääkö samaan vaaraan niin moni muukin,

— myöskin veljeni, äitini, minut? Ehkä koko maamme? Velvollisuutesi
sanot? Entä oikeus? Onko sinulla oikeutta siihen, Maunu?
Nyrhi. Kuulithan äsken: kansa on puolellani. Se kannatti minua.

Siinä oikeuteni.
Riitta. Kuulin, kuulin. Mutta kansa on kuohuksissa. Silloin se

kulkee, minne sitä johdetaan. Vaan sen mieli häilyy, kuin niityn
heinä, tuulen mukaan. Jos sitte hullusti käy, — ell'ei yritys onnistu, —
niin ketä se syyttää? Sitä, joka sen turmioon on johtanut. Ja silloin
hukka perii tuon syyllisen. Voi, Maunu, Maunu! Kun ei vain sinuakin
vielä…
Nyrhi (keskeyttäen). Vaan kunpa yritys onnistuu, niin se sama

kansa siunaa sinut ja jälkeisesi.
Riitta. Näetsen: oma onnesi siis ylinnä! Sen vuoksi vaarannat

muittenkin menestyksen. Mitä uhkapeliä, Maunu!
Nyrhi. Eikös sitte kaikki ole uhkapeliä, kaikki onnen kauppaa
elämässä, niin hyvin yksityisen, kuin koko kansankin.
Riitta. Jospa niin olisikin, niin ei sittenkään yksityisellä liene

velvollisuutta tahi oikeuttakaan panna semmoiseen peliin omaa,
saatikka muitten kansalaisten onnea.
Nyrhi. Ei, Riitta. Minun ajatukseni on toinen. Jos ainoastaan siten

kaikkien onni ja menestys on pelastettavissa, niin on se tehtävä. Ja
nyt olemme onnettomuuteen joutumaisillamme. Siitä turmiosta
pelastumme ainoastaan siten, että kaikki nousemme vastarintaan
vääryyttä vastaan. Ja me nousemme ja pelastumme.
Riitta. Korskasti luotat omaan voimaasi. Entä jos laskusi pettävät?

Hukumme kaikki. Parempiko sekin pelastus? Ja meidän onnemme,
Maunu, se, jonka nyt piti alkaa, sekin on silloin mennyt — ainiaaksi.
(Heltyy itkemään ja painaa kasvonsa Nyrhin olkapäätä vastaan.)
Nyrhi. Riitta! Vähän merkitsee meidän onnemme kaikkien

onnettomuudessa! — Mutta senkin ja juuri sen tahdon samalla
tämän kautta pelastaa. Kuule! Ole järkevä nyt, Riitta, ja koeta
käsittää asia oikein. Jos meidän omaisuutemme meiltä ryöstetään,
niin on tietysti kaikki, onnemmekin, meiltä mennyttä. Millä
eläisimme, missä saisimme silloin yhdessä olla?! Näet siis:
omaisuutemme pelastamalla, pelastamme senkin onnen, jota
voimme täällä nauttia. Ja siinä on ainoastaan omiin voimiimme
luotettava. Otamme ohjat omiin käsiimme ja asetumme sortajiamme
vastaan. Ja kun niin teemme, niin on voitto lopulta oleva meidän. Ja
kuinka ihanata sitte nauttia onneamme, tietäen, että itse olemme
sen hankkineet, voimiamme ponnistamalla voittaneet! Tuhat kertaa
kalliimpi on se meille silloin, tuhat kertaa rauhallisempi on oleva
elämämme ja omatuntomme sellaista onnea kokiessa! Pois siis vento

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Geological engineering proceedings of the 1st

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ASME Y14 34 2008 Associated Lists 1st Edition The American

ICSTE 2011 Proceedings of the 2011 3rd International

Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on

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ASME B40 100 2005 Pressure gauges and gauge attachments

Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering Proceedings of

Gas turbine engineering handbook 2nd ed Edition Meherwan P

Watershed Management Conference 2010 innovations in

OCTOBER 10-15, 2007

Huiming Tang China University of Geosciences-Wuhan

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ASME shall not be responsible for statements or opinions advanced in papers or

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The 2007 International Conference on Geological Engineering (ICGE 2007), was

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Track 1. Drilling and Exploitation of Mineral Resources

Signal Propagation and Attenuation of Electromagnetic Telemetry System for

Asset Management Program Implementation Case Studies

Vibration-proof Design on Measuring Circuit for Drill Footage

International Technology Transfer in Tunneling and Trenchless Technology

Research on the Effect of XC and Clay on the Rheological Behavior

Seafloor Gas Hydrates Monitoring System Arranged from within Borehole

Key Factors Affecting Borehole Stability in Gas Hydrates Bearing Formations

Study on Steel Ball Impactor for Rotary Percussion Drilling

Application of a New Water-saving Drilling Technology for Dry Region

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New Underground Freight Transportation Technologies-State of the Art

Research on Mud Technologies of Decreasing Circulating Pressure Loss

Research on Mud Technologies of Long Distance Horizontal Directional Drilling in China

3D Quantitative Simulation of Guide Trace in Guided drilling

Image Processing Based Analysis of Diamond Exposure on the Crown of Impregnated

Mechanics Simulation of Sampling Process by Using Vibrating Seabed Sampler

Experimental Study and Kinetics Model of Gas Hydrate Dissociation

Research on Derrick Structure of JYD-1500 Full Hydraulic Core Drill Rig

Offshore Downhole CPT and Its Equipment Developed

Discussion on Deviation Control and Correction of CCSD Well-1

Research on Gas Drilling Techniques to Increase Penetration Rate in Pu-Guang Gasfield

Experimental Research on Fiber Grating Sensor Acoustic Emission Detection of Rock

Trenchless Pipe-paving in Complex Hard Stratum by Directional Drilling Technology

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Study on Hot-pressed Diamond Bits of Steel-bonded Carbide Matrix

Pipeline Condition Assessment as Relates to Asset Management

Cost of Underground Infrastructure Renewal: A Comparison of Open-Cut and Trenchless

Application of EM-MWD in China

Experimental Study on the Tensile Strength of Coal

Thermal Damage Behaviors and Mechanism of Ni-W-B Clad Diamonds by Electroless

Analytical Models for Soil-Structure Interaction during Pipe-Jacking

Discussion on the Safety of Pipeline Construction Using HDD

Asset Management of Pipeline Infrastructure in the United States

Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Zhengzhou

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Non-smooth Characteristic on Biological Surface and Development of Bionics Non-smooth

Analysis of the Coal-bed Methane Mass Development

Study of Annular Fluid and Pressure Control in Turbine Drilling of CCSD