hand out lesson midterm lesson 3 - 5 (midterm)

DIVINE MERCY COLLEGE FOUNDATION INC.
129 University Avenue, Caloocan City
GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
NAME: _____________________________Course/Section: _______________DATE: _______________

HAND OUT LESSON 3 - 5 (MID TERM): CHEMICAL FORMULA
A. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: LESON 1 CHEMICAL FORMULA
➢ define chemical formula;
➢ give examples of common substances and its chemical formula;
➢ explain how chemical formulas can be used to describe elements and molecules.;
➢ draw molecular structure of a known substances ;
B. CONTENT
A chemical formula indicates the elements present in a compound and the relative number of
atoms of each.
•For example, H2O is the chemical formula for water; it indicates that water consists of hydrogen and
oxygen atoms in a 2:1 ratio.
•The formula contains the symbol for each element, accompanied by a subscript indicating the number
of atoms of that element. By convention, a subscript of 1 is omitted.
What are the element ratios for these common chemical formulas:
•NaCl
•CO2
•C12H22O11
•The subscripts in a chemical formula are part of the compound’s definition—if they change, the
formula no longer specifies the same compound.
•Chemical formulas list the most metallic elements first. •The formula for table salt is NaCl, not ClNa.
•In compounds that do not include a metal, the more metal-like element is listed first.
•Among nonmetals, those to the left in the periodic table are more metal-like than those to the right and
are normally listed first.
•We write NO2and NO, not O2N and ON.
•Within a single column in the periodic table, elements toward the bottom are more metal-like than
elements toward the top.
•We write SO2, not O2S
Practice:
•Write a chemical formula for each compound:
1. The compound containing two aluminum atoms to every three oxygen atoms
2. The compound containing three oxygen atoms to every sulfur atom
3. The compound containing four chlorine atoms to every carbon atom
POLYATOMIC ATOMS
Some chemical formulas contain groups of atoms that act as a unit. When several groups of the same
kind are present, their formula is set off in parentheses with a subscript to indicate the number of that
group.
Example: Mg(NO3)2 indicates a compound containing one magnesium atom (present
as the Mg2+ion and two NO3–groups.
•Many of these groups of atoms have a charge associated with them and are called polyatomic ions.
•To determine the total number of each type of atom in a compound containing a group within
parentheses, multiply the subscript outside the parentheses by the subscript for each atom inside the
parentheses.
Example:
1. Mg(NO3)2 2. Al2(SO4)3
Mg = 1 Al = 2
N=2 S=3
O=6 O = 12
TYPES OF CHEMICAL FORMULA
•An empirical formula gives the relative number of

atoms of each element in a compound.
•A molecular formula gives the actual number of atoms

of each element in a molecule of the compound.
•A structural formula uses lines to represent chemical

bonds and shows how the atoms in a molecule are
connected to each other.
•Molecular models: three dimensional representations of molecules that

are used to represent compounds.
•We use two types of molecular models:
•ball-and-stick
•space-filling
•In ball-and-stick models, we represent atoms as balls and chemical bonds

as sticks.
•The balls and sticks are connected to represent the molecule’s shape. The
balls are color coded, and each element is assigned a color.
In space-filing models, atoms fill the space between each other to more
closely represent our best idea for how a molecule might appear if we could
scale it to a visible size.
FORMULA WRITING
STEPS:
1. Write the symbols for each element.
2. On the upper right , write the oxidation number above each element.
ASSIGNED OXIDATION NUMBER OF ELEMENTS IN GROUP A
1A = +1 IIA = +2 IIIA= +3 IVA = +-4 VA = -3 VIA= -2 VIIA = -1

3. Cross the oxidation number of one element to the other element. The oxidation number will be the
subscript of the other element. (take the absolute value)
4. Rewrite the formula and drop the charges.
5. Reduce the subscripts to their simplest form if needed.
6.The sum of the oxidation number must be equal to zero.
Examples:
FORMULA: CaCl2 Mg2S2 = MgS Ca3(PO4)2
Other examples
O-2 ClO3-1 ClO4-2
Al+3 Al2O3 Al(ClO3)3 Al2(ClO4)3
NH4+1 (NH4)2O NH4ClO3 (NH4)2ClO4
NAMING COMPOUNDS
1. Metal and non -metal - Name the metallic element first, followed by the root word of the non-metallic
element, then end it with -ide
Examples:
1. Sodium + Chlorine (NaCl) - Sodium Chloride
2. Aluminum + Oxygen (Al2O3) – Aluminum Oxide
3. Calcium + Iodine (CaI2) – Calcium Iodide
2. Non – metal and non -metal - The prefix of the first element is mentioned then the name of the first
element followed by the prefix of the second element then the name of the second element, ending in -
ide.
Greek Prefixes
1 - mono 6 - hexa
2 - di 7 - hepta
3 - tri 8 - octa
4 - tetra 9 - nona
5 - penta 10 - deca
Examples:
1. Carbon and Oxygen (CO) = Carbon Monoxide 3. Boron and Chlorine (BCl3) = Boron Trichloride
2. Nitrogen and Oxygen (N2O5 ) =Dinitrogen Pentoxide
3. Polyatomic Ions - Name of the first element followed by the name of the polyatomic ions attached
into it.
Examples:
1. Magnesium and Nitrate (Mg(NO3)2 = Magnesium Nitrate
2. Potassium and Ferrcyanide (K3Fe(CN)6) = Potassium Ferricyanide
4. Metals with variable oxidation number - Stock System–indicates the metals ionic charge by writing
it in Roman numerals within parentheses.
Ion Stock system Ion Stock system
Fe+2 Iron(II) Cu+ Copper (I)
Fe+3 Iron(III) Cu+2 Copper (II)
Au+ Gold(I) Sn+2 Tin (II)
Au+3 Gold(III) Sn+4 Tin (IV)
Pb+2 Lead (II) Hg+ Mercury (I)
Pb+4 Lead (IV) Hg+2 Mercury (II)
Cr+2 Chromium (II) Mn+2 Manganese (II)
Cr+3 Chromium (III) Mn+3 Manganese (III)
Examples:
1. Iron and Oxygen (Fe2O3) = Iron (III) Oxide 3. Lead and Chlorine (PbCl2) = Lead (II) Chloride
2. Iron and Oxygen (FeO) = Iron II Oxide
5. Acid without oxygen - First the root word of hydrogen which is hydro, followed by the root word of
the second element, then end it with –ic and the word acid.
Examples:
1. Hydrogen and Chloring (HCl) – Hydrochloric Acid 3. Hydrogen and Sulfur (H2S) = Hydrosulfic Acid
2. Hydrogen and Bromine (HBr) – Hydrobromic Acid

6. Acid with oxygen - No longer use the root word of hydrogen. Instead their names depends upon the
suffix of their polyatomic ions. If the ending is -ate the acids ends in –ic followed by the word acid if-ite
the acids name ends in –ous followed by the word acid.
Examples:
1. Hydrogen and Perchlorate (HClO4) = Perchloric Acid
2. Hydrogen and Chlorite (HClO2) = Chlorous Acid
7. Base - Compounds with OH (hydroxide) is considered base, write the name of the first element
followed by hydroxide
Examples
1. Sodium and Hydroxide (NaOH) = Sodium Hydroxide
2. Aluminum and Hydroxide (Al (OH)2) = Aluminum Hydroxide
8. Hydrates - Hydrates are substances that include water in their formula. Name the first compound
followed by an appropriate prefix then hydrate for water.
Examples:
1. NaOH • 7 H2O = Sodium Hydroxide Pentahydrates
ISOTOPES
Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different in the
number of neutrons.
➢ To calculate the atomic mass of an element, you have to multiply the mass number of each isotope
by its percentage abundance in decimal form. Then add these amounts together to find the relative
atomic mass.
Example:
Chlorine-35 makes up 75.53 percent of all the chlorine in nature, and Chlorine-37 makes up the other
24.47 percent. Its atomic mass unit is 34.969 and 36.966 respectively. Write the symbols for the two
isotopes of Chlorine and determine the relative atomic mass.
ACTIVITY
I. Table Completion: Write the formula of the following combination of elements.
II. Write the name of the following
CaO P2O5
H3PO4 H2As
HgO BaF2 • 8 H2O
Ca4(Fe(CN)6)2 AgBO3
Be(OH)2 (NH4)2SO4
III. Write the symbols of the following compounds
1.Phosphorus Pentaflouride 6.Potassium Phosphate
2.Lead (II) Sulfite 7.Ammonium Iodide
3.Sulfuric Acid 8.Calcium Chloride
4.Barium Oxide 9.Boron Oxide
5.Calcium Hydroxide 10.Zinc Bicarbonate
IV. Solve for relative mass

1. Silicon has three isotopes, Silicon-28, Silicon-29 and Silicon-30, whose percentage abundances are
92.21%, 4.70% and 3.09% respectively. The atomic masses are 27.977 amu, 28.976 amu and
29.974amu respectively. Write the symbols for the three isotopes of silicon and determine the relative
atomic mass.
2. Boron has two isotopes, Boron-10 and Boron-11, whose percentage abundances are 19.8% and 80.2%
respectively. The atomic masses of Boron-10 and Boron11 are 10.0129 amu and 11.0093 amu
respectively. Write the symbols for the two isotopes of boron and determine the relative atomic mass.
Mps10/23/24

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DIVINE MERCY COLLEGE FOUNDATION INC.

129 University Avenue, Caloocan City

GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

NAME: _____________________________Course/Section: _______________DATE: _______________

•We write NO2and NO, not O2N and ON.

•We write SO2, not O2S

•Write a chemical formula for each compound:

2. The compound containing three oxygen atoms to every sulfur atom

3. The compound containing four chlorine atoms to every carbon atom

Example: Mg(NO3)2 indicates a compound containing one magnesium atom (present

as the Mg2+ion and two NO3–groups.

TYPES OF CHEMICAL FORMULA

•An empirical formula gives the relative number of

•A molecular formula gives the actual number of atoms

•A structural formula uses lines to represent chemical

•Molecular models: three dimensional representations of molecules that

•We use two types of molecular models:

•In ball-and-stick models, we represent atoms as balls and chemical bonds

1. Write the symbols for each element.

1A = +1 IIA = +2 IIIA= +3 IVA = +-4 VA = -3 VIA= -2 VIIA = -1

4. Rewrite the formula and drop the charges.

5. Reduce the subscripts to their simplest form if needed.

6.The sum of the oxidation number must be equal to zero.

FORMULA: CaCl2 Mg2S2 = MgS Ca3(PO4)2

O-2 ClO3-1 ClO4-2

Al+3 Al2O3 Al(ClO3)3 Al2(ClO4)3

NH4+1 (NH4)2O NH4ClO3 (NH4)2ClO4

1. Sodium + Chlorine (NaCl) - Sodium Chloride

2. Aluminum + Oxygen (Al2O3) – Aluminum Oxide

3. Calcium + Iodine (CaI2) – Calcium Iodide

2. Nitrogen and Oxygen (N2O5 ) =Dinitrogen Pentoxide

1. Magnesium and Nitrate (Mg(NO3)2 = Magnesium Nitrate

2. Potassium and Ferrcyanide (K3Fe(CN)6) = Potassium Ferricyanide

Ion Stock system Ion Stock system

Fe+2 Iron(II) Cu+ Copper (I)

Fe+3 Iron(III) Cu+2 Copper (II)

Au+ Gold(I) Sn+2 Tin (II)

Au+3 Gold(III) Sn+4 Tin (IV)

Pb+2 Lead (II) Hg+ Mercury (I)

Pb+4 Lead (IV) Hg+2 Mercury (II)

Cr+2 Chromium (II) Mn+2 Manganese (II)

Cr+3 Chromium (III) Mn+3 Manganese (III)

2. Iron and Oxygen (FeO) = Iron II Oxide

2. Hydrogen and Bromine (HBr) – Hydrobromic Acid

1. Hydrogen and Perchlorate (HClO4) = Perchloric Acid

2. Hydrogen and Chlorite (HClO2) = Chlorous Acid

1. Sodium and Hydroxide (NaOH) = Sodium Hydroxide

2. Aluminum and Hydroxide (Al (OH)2) = Aluminum Hydroxide

1. NaOH • 7 H2O = Sodium Hydroxide Pentahydrates

I. Table Completion: Write the formula of the following combination of elements.

II. Write the name of the following

HgO BaF2 • 8 H2O

III. Write the symbols of the following compounds

1.Phosphorus Pentaflouride 6.Potassium Phosphate

2.Lead (II) Sulfite 7.Ammonium Iodide

3.Sulfuric Acid 8.Calcium Chloride

4.Barium Oxide 9.Boron Oxide

5.Calcium Hydroxide 10.Zinc Bicarbonate

IV. Solve for relative mass

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NAME: _____________________Course/Section: _DATE: _________