EC22303 C Programming and Data Structures

INTERNAL EXAM 1 KEY

PART-A
1.What are the different data types available in “C”?
 Integer (int)
 Character (char)
 Floating Point (float, double)
 Void (void)
 Boolean (_Bool)
 Enum (enum)
 Array
 Structure (struct)
 Union (union)
 Pointer (pointer)
2.Distinguish between character and string.
Here's a clear differentiation between character and string:
Character:
1. Single symbol or glyph.
2. Enclosed in single quotes (e.g., 'a').
3. Occupies 1 byte of memory.
4. Represents a single ASCII value.
5. Example: 'a', '1', '@'.
String:
1. Sequence of characters.
2. Enclosed in double quotes (e.g., "Hello").
3. Occupies multiple bytes of memory.
4. Represents a collection of ASCII values.
5. Example: "Hello World", "abc123".
3.Differentiate break and continue statement with example.
Break Statement:
1. Terminates the loop immediately.
2. Exits the loop's scope.
3. Execution continues with the next statement after the loop.
Continue Statement:
1. Skips the current iteration.
2. Moves to the next iteration.
3. Does not exit the loop.
Example:
// Break Statement
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
if (i == 3) {
break; // exit loop when i == 3
}
printf("%d ", i);
}
// Output: 0 1 2
// Continue Statement
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
if (i == 3) {
continue; // skip iteration when i == 3
}
printf("%d ", i);
}
// Output: 0 1 2 4
4.How the members of structure object is accessed?
In C, members of a structure object can be accessed using two operators:
1. Dot (.) operator
2. Arrow (->) operator (for pointers)
5.Write a C program to print numbers from 10 to 1 using for loop statement.
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
for(int i = 10; i >= 1; i--) {
printf("%d\n", i);
}
return 0;
}```
6.What is a Pointer? How a variable is declared to the pointer?
What is a Pointer?

A pointer is a variable that stores the memory address of another variable. It "points to"
the location in memory where the variable is stored.
Declaring a Pointer Variable
To declare a pointer variable, use the asterisk symbol (*) before the pointer name.
data_type *pointer_name;
- data_type: Type of data the pointer will point to (e.g., int, char, float).
- pointer_name: Name of the pointer variable.
7.What is a file?
A file is a collection of related data or information stored on a computer's storage
device, such as a hard drive, solid-state drive, or flash drive. Files can contain various
types of data, including:
 Text (documents, notes)
 Images (photos, graphics)
 Audio (music, voice recordings)
 Video (movies, clips)
 Executable programs (software, apps)
 Binary data (compiled code, databases)
8.How addresses are assigned to pointers?
Addresses are assigned to pointers through various methods:
1. Address-of Operator (&): Gets the memory address of a variable.
int x = 10;
int *ptr = &x;
1. Dynamic Memory Allocation: Allocates memory at runtime using functions like
malloc(), calloc(), or realloc().
int *ptr = (int*) malloc(sizeof(int));
1. Array Indexing: Arrays store elements contiguously in memory; pointers can point to
array elements.
int arr[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
int *ptr = arr; // ptr points to arr[0]
1. Pointer Arithmetic: Incrementing/decrementing pointers moves them through
memory.

int arr[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

int *ptr = arr;
ptr++; // ptr now points to arr[1]
1. Function Arguments: Pointers can be passed as function arguments.
void myFunction(int *ptr) {
// ptr is assigned the address of the argument
}
9.Differentiate structure and union.
Structure
1. Collection of variables of different data types.
2. member occupies separate memory space.
3. Members are accessed using dot (.) operator.
struct Employee {
int id;
char name[20];
float salary;
};
Union
1. Collection of variables of different data types.
2. All members share the same memory space.
3. Only one member can be accessed at a time.
union Data {
int i;
float f;
char str[20];
};
Part-B
10.a. Demonstrate the concept of operator precedence and associtivity with example.
 Operator Precedence: Determines the order in which operators are evaluated
in expressions.
Example: *, /, % (higher precedence) vs. +,- (lower precedence)
Expression: 3 + 5 * 2 → 5 * 2 evaluated first → Result: 13
 Associativity: Defines the direction of evaluation when operators have the same
precedence.
 Left-to-right: +,-,*,/,%
Example: 10 - 5 - 2 → (10 - 5) - 2 → Result: 3
 Right-to-left: =, +=, -=
Example: x = y = 5 → y = 5, then x = 5
10b.Write a C program to do matrix addition and multiplication.
#include <stdio.h> // Header file for I/O functions
int main() { // Main function
int a[10][10], b[10][10], sum[10][10], mul[10][10]; // Arrays for matrices
int i, j, k, row, col; // Loop variables, matrix dimensions
// Input matrix dimensions
printf("Enter row, col: ");
scanf("%d%d", &row, &col);
// Input elements of first matrix
printf("Enter elements of matrix A: ");
for (i = 0; i < row; i++)
for (j = 0; j < col; j++)
scanf("%d", &a[i][j]);
// Input elements of second matrix
printf("Enter elements of matrix B: ");
for (i = 0; i < row; i++)
for (j = 0; j < col; j++)
scanf("%d", &b[i][j]);
// Matrix addition
for (i = 0; i < row; i++)
for (j = 0; j < col; j++)
sum[i][j] = a[i][j] + b[i][j];
// Display result of addition
printf("Matrix Addition: \n");
for (i = 0; i < row; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < col; j++)
printf("%d ", sum[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
// Matrix multiplication
for (i = 0; i < row; i++)
for (j = 0; j < col; j++) {
mul[i][j] = 0;
for (k = 0; k < col; k++)
mul[i][j] += a[i][k] * b[k][j];
 }
// Display result of multiplication
printf("Matrix Multiplication: \n");
for (i = 0; i < row; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < col; j++)
printf("%d ", mul[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
return 0; // Return statement
}
11a. What is structure? Write a C program to store and display the details of 50
employees.
Structure: A user-defined data type in C that groups different types of variables
(e.g., int, char) under a single name.
Keywords:
struct: Defines a structure.
typedef: Optional, creates an alias for the structure.
printf: Displays output.
scanf: Takes input.
C Program (Keywords only):
#include <stdio.h> // Header for I/O functions
struct Employee { // Structure definition
int id; // Employee ID
char name[50]; // Employee Name
float salary; // Employee Salary
};
int main() {
struct Employee emp[50]; // Array of 50 employees
int i;
// Input employee details
for (i = 0; i < 50; i++) {
printf("Enter details for Employee %d\n", i + 1);
printf("ID: ");
scanf("%d", &emp[i].id); // Employee ID input
printf("Name: ");
 scanf("%s", emp[i].name); // Employee Name input
printf("Salary: ");
scanf("%f", &emp[i].salary); // Employee Salary input
}
// Display employee details
printf("\nEmployee Details:\n");
for (i = 0; i < 50; i++) {
printf("ID: %d\n", emp[i].id); // Display ID
printf("Name: %s\n", emp[i].name); // Display Name
printf("Salary: %.2f\n", emp[i].salary); // Display Salary
}
return 0; // Return statement
}
11 b. What is an array? Write a C program to find the largest element in an array
using functions.
An array in C is a collection of elements of the same data type, stored in
contiguous memory locations. Arrays allow you to store multiple values in a single
variable and access them using an index.
#include <stdio.h>
int findLargest(int arr[], int n);
int main() {
int arr[100], n, i, largest;
printf("Enter number of elements: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
rintf("Enter the elements: ");
for(i = 0; i < n; i++) {
scanf("%d", &arr[i]);
}
largest = findLargest(arr, n);
printf("Largest element is: %d", largest);
return 0;
}
int findLargest(int arr[], int n) {
int max = arr[0], i;
for(i = 1; i < n; i++) {
if(arr[i] > max) {
 max = arr[i];
}
}
return max;
}