CHAPTER 1 : FUNCTION

DEFINITION & TYPES OF FUNCTIONS

1. Sketch separately the graph for each of the following :
1. Determine the domain of f such that f is a function :
(a) y = x2 (b) y = x2 (c) y = 6 – 2 x (d) y = x 1+ 2
(a) f : x → ln (x + 2) + 1 (b) f : x → ln (x + 4) – 3 x
1 x
(e) y = x 1– 3 (f) y=1– x2 (g) y = 4 – 3 x  2 (h) y = 2 x  1 + 3
(c) f : x → 1 + x (d) f : x → 1 – 2 ln (x + 4)
2. Sketch separately the graph for each of the following : 2
x  2x  8 2
x 1
(a) y = ln x (b) y = ln (x – 3) (c) y = ln (x + 4) (d) y = ln (2 – x)
2 4 x
(e) f : x → ln (4 – x ) – x 1 (f) f:x→ – ln (1 – e )
(e) y = 2 ln (x – 1) (f) y = 2 + ln x (g) y = 3 + ln (x + 2) (h) y = ln (x + 1) – 2 x4
3. Sketch separately the graph for each of the following : 2 x
(g) f : x → 16  x 2 – ln (x – x – 2) (h) f : x → 8  2 x  x 2 + ln (e – 1)
x –x –x x
(a) y = 2 – e (b) y = e +2 (c) y = 3 – e (d) y = 2e + 4
2. Determine whether the composite function of fg and gf exist for each
x x –x –x of the following functions.
(e) y = 3e – 2 (f) y = 4 – 2e (g) y = 2e +5 (h) y = 5 – 2e
If exist, define it in a similar form and state its range.
2
4. Sketch separately the graph for each of the following : (a) f : x → x , x  and g:x→x+1,x>0
(a) y = 1 + 2 (b) y = 5 – 2 4
x x
(c) y = 2 –
x 1 (b) f : x → x , x  and g : x → x – 4, x 

4 4 6 (c) f : x → x2 ,x≥2 and g : x → x – 2, x ≥ 2

(d) y = (e) y = (f) y=
4  x2 x ( x  2) x( x  3)2 x
(d) f : x → e , x ≥ 0 and g : x → ln x , x > 0
GRAPHS OF ABSOLUTE FUNCTIONS –x
(e) f : x → e ,x≥0 and g:x→ 1 ,x>0
1. Sketch separately the graph for each of the following : x
x
(a) y = 2 x + 2 (b) y =x + 2 (c) y = 2 –x (f) f : x → e , x  and g:x→ x ,x≥0

(d) y =x + 2 – 2 (e) y = 2 –x – 2 (f) y = 3 –x + 4 1 (a) (–2,1) (b) (–4,3] (c) [0,2) U (2,) (d) (–4,–1) U (1,)
x
(g) y =ln x (h) y =ln (x – 2) (i) y =e – 2 (e) [–1,2) (f) (–4,0) (g) [–4, –1) U (2, 4] (h) (0,2]
x –x x 2
fg : x → (x + 1) , x > 0 , Rfg : x > 1
(j) y =3 – 2e  (k) y =2 – e  (l) y =3e – 2 2 (a) gf does not exist ;

(b) fg : x →x – 4 , x  , Rfg : x ≥ 0 ; gf : x →x– 4 , x  , Rgf : x ≥ –4

(m) y = 1 – 1 (n) y = 1 1
x x
(c) All do not exist (d) fg does not exist ; gf : x → x , x ≥ 0 , Rgf : x ≥ 0
2. Sketch separately the graph for each of the following :
e 1 , x > 0 , Rfg : 0 < x < 1 ; gf : x → e , x ≥ 0 , Rgf : x ≥ 1
x x
(e) fg : x →
(a) y = x + x (b) y = x – 1 – 2x
x
(c) y = x + 4 + x (d) y = 6 – x – x (f) fg : x → e , x ≥ 0 , Rfg : x ≥ 1 ; gf : x → e x , x , Rgf : x > 0

E1-1
3. Determine whether the following functions are one to one function, FUNCTIONS (STPM PYQ)
giving reason for your answer :
1. The function f is defined by f(x) =│x – 1│+│x + 1│, x .
(a) f : x → ln (x + 1) , x ≥ 0 (b) g : x → 4 ,x≥1
1 x2  2 x , x  1

2
(a) Show that f(x) =  2 , 1  x  1 and sketch its graph.
(c) h : x → 2x – x , x > 0  2x , 1 x

4. For each of the following, state its range and determine whether its’ inverse exists. (b) State the range of f. (93)
If exists, sketch the curve and its inverse on the same axes.
Then, express its inverse in a similar form : 2. The function f is defined by f : x 1 + x  1 , x ≥ –1.
Give the definition for the corresponding inverse function of f.
2
(a) f : x → x , x > 0 (b) h : x → 1 + 2 , x > 0 –1
x Sketch the graphs of f and f in the same diagram, clearly labelled the point
2 2 –1
(c) f : x → x + 1 , x  (d) f : x → 4 – (x – 2) , 0 ≤ x ≤ 4 of intersection, and state the relation between the graphs of f and f . (94)
2 2
(e) g : x → 1 – (x + 1) , –1 < x < 2 (f) h : x → (x – 2) + 4, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
3. The function f and g are defined as f : x 2 ln x, x > 0 and g : x x , x ≥ 0.
(g) f : x → 4 , –1 < x < 1 (h) g : x → 2 , x 
x2  1 1  x2 (a) Sketch the graph of f, and give a reason why the inverse of f exists.
–1
(b) Define f , and state its domain.
(i) h:x→ 4 , x≥0 (j) f : x → x + 3 , x < 3
2  x2 (c) Find the composite function gf
–1
, and state its range. (94)

(k) g : x → x + 1 , x  (l) h:x→ x ,x≥0

4. The function f which has real values is defined by f : x x 1 .
3. one to one : a, b (a) Find the domain and range of f. (b) Sketch the graph of f. (95)
–1 –1 1
4 (a) f :x→ x ,x>0 (b) h :x→ ,x>2
x 2 5. The function f and g are defined as
–1 –1 –x
(c) x ≥ 1 ; f does not exist (d) 0 ≤ x ≤ 4 ; f does not exist f:x 1 + 2 e , x , and g : x ln  2  , x > 1.
 x  1
–1 –1
(e) g : x → –1 + 1  x , –8 < x < 1 (f) h :x→ 2– x4,5≤x≤8 (a) Define fg.
–1 –1 –1
(g) x ≤ –4 ; f does not exist (h) 0 < x ≤ 2 ; g does not exist (b) Sketch, on the same axes of coordinates, the graphs of f and f . (96)

–1 –1 6. The function f and g are defined as

(i) h :x→ 4 2 ,0< x ≤2 (j) x≥0;f does not exist 2
x f:x 9  x 2 , –3 ≤ x ≤ 3 and g : x x + 5, x ,
–1 –1 2
(k) x ≥ 0 ; g does not exist (l) h :x→x ,x≥0 (a) Define gf in the similar form.
(b) Determine whether fg is defined, give your reason. (98)
2 –1
1 (b) y ≥ 2 2. (x – 1) – 1, x ≥ 1 ; graph f is the reflection of f about the line y = x.
4
3 (a) f is 1 – 1 (b) ex , x   (c) ex , x   ; y > 0 4 (a) x ≤ –1 or 1 ≤ x ; y ≥ 0
2
5(a) x, x > 1 6 (a) 14 – x , –3 ≤ x ≤ 3 (b) undefined

E1-2
7. The function f is defined by f : x 3 x  1 , x  , x ≥ – 1 .
13. Functions f and g are defined by f(x) = e x  2 and (g o f)(x) =
3
–1
x , for all x ≥ 0.
Find f and state its domain and range. [4](02)
(a) Find the function g, and state its domain. [5]

e x  ex , g : x
3
2 (b) Determine the value of (f o g)(e ). [2](12)
8. The function f and g are defined by f : x .
e x  ex e x  ex
2
(a) State the domains of f and g. [1] 14. The function f is defined by f : x → x – x, for x ≥ 1 .
2
–1
(b) Without using differentiation, find the range of f. [4] (a) Find f , and state its domain. [4]
2 2 –1
(c) Show that [f(x)] + [g(x)] = 1. Hence, find the range of g. [6](05) (b) Find the coordinates of the point of intersection of graphs f and f . [3]
–1
9. Functions f, g and h are defined by (c) Sketch, on the same coordinates axes, the graphs of f and f . [4](12)

f:x → x , g:x → x  2 , h:x → 3 + 2 .

–1 1 (x2 – 1) ; D = [0,  ) ; R = [ – 1 ,  )
x 1 x x 7. f :x
3 3
(a) State the domains of f and g. [2]
8 (a) x   (b) (–1 , 1) (c) (0 , 1)
(b) Find the composite function g o f and state its domain and range. [5]
(c) State the domain and range of h. [2] 9 (a) Df : x ≠ –1 ; Dg : x ≠ 0 (b) gf : x → 3 + 2 ; D : x ≠ –1, 0 ; R : y ≠ 1, 3
x
(d) State whether h = g o f. Give reason for your answer. [2](06)
(c) Dh : x ≠ 0 ; Rh : y ≠ 3 (d) h ≠ g o f since Dh ≠ Dgf.
10. The functions f and g are defined by
10. f o g: x → 1 , x≠ 1
f : x → 1 , x   \ { 0 } ; g : x → 2x – 1, x  . 2x  1 2
x
11(a) –3 ≤ x ≤ 2, x ≠ –1 ; –1 < y < 2 (b) not 1–1, cause is many–1
Find f o g and its domain. y [4](08)
–1 x
o 2 12(a) f o f : x → x, x ≠ 1 ; f :x → , x≠ 1
11. The graph of a function f is shown, 2 2x  1 2
1
(a) State the domain and range of f. [2] (b) a = 1, b = 0, c = –1 (c) h = f op
(b) State whether f is a one-to-one function –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 x 2 3
or not. Give a reason for your answer. o –1 [2](10) 13(a) g : x ln x  2 ; x ≥ e (b) e

–1 1 (1 + 4 x  1 ) ; x ≥ – 1
12. Functions f and g are defined by 14(a) f :x (b) (2, 2)
2 4

f :x → x 2
for x ≠ 1 ; g : x → ax + bx + c, where a, b and c are constants.
2x 1 2
(a) Find f o f, and hence, determine the inverse function of f. [4]
2
(b) Find the values of a, b and c if g o f(x) =  3 x  4 x2  1 . [4]
(2 x  1)
2
(c) Given that p(x) = x – 2, express h(x) = x 2 2 in terms of f and p.
2
[2](11)
2x  5

E1-3
 2. Find the value of k for the following, if f(x) has a remainder R when divided by D(x) :
3 2
CONGRUENT POLYNOMIALS (a) f(x) = kx + 3x + x + k , R = 24, D(x) = x + 2
3 2
Find the values of a, b and c for each of the following : (b) f(x) = 2x + 3kx + x + k, R = 6, D(x) = 2x – 1
3 2
1. 2x + 9x + 7x ≡ (x + 2)(2x – 1)(x + a) + bx + c 3.
3 2
(a) Find the values of a and b if 4x + ax – 5x + b leaves remainders –8
2.
3 2
6x + 5x – 11 ≡ (2x + a)(3x +1)(x + 2) + bx + c and 10 on division by (2x + 3) and (x – 3) respectively.
3 2
3.
3 2
x + ax + bx + 4 ≡ (x – 1)(x – 3)(x + c) + 3x + 1 (b) Find the values of a and b if 2x + ax + bx – 2 leaves remainders 7 and
0 on division by (2x – 3) and (x + 2) respectively.
3 2 2
4. x – 3x + ax + b ≡ (x – c)(x + x – 6) + 4x – 16
3 2 4. Find the possible value / values of a if :
5. 2x + 3x + ax – 2 ≡ (x – 1)(2x + 3)(x + b) + c
3 2
3 2
(a) x – x + ax has remainders 2k and k when divided by (x + a) and
6. x + 4x + ax + b ≡ (x + c)(x +1)(x + 2) + 2x –11 (x – 2a), a > 0, respectively.
3 2
7. x + ax + bx + 10 ≡ (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3) + c 2 4 2
(b) x – 3 and x + 3x – 2x + 2 has remainders p and p respectively when
2

3 2 2 divided by (x + a).
8. x + 4x + 3x – 2 ≡ (x + 2)(x + ax + b) + c
3 2
(c) 2x – 12x + 6x + 25 leaves the same remainder when divided by (x – 2a)
Find the values of a and b, and also the polynomial f(x) by long division :
and (x + a), a ≠ 0.
2x + 6x + 8x – 5 ≡ (x + 1).f(x) + ax + b
3 2 2
9. 3 2 3 2
(d) 2x + 3x – 3x – 1 and 2x – 4x + 5x + 11 leaves the same remainder
when divided by (x – a).
10. x – 5x + 3x – 2 ≡ (x + 1)(x + 2). f(x) + ax + b
3 2
3 2
(e) the remainders when 2x – x – 2x + a is divided by (x + 1) and
3
3 2
11. 2x – 3x + ax + b ≡ (x + 2)
2
. f(x) + 2x – 6 2x + x – a is divided by (2x + 1) are the same.

12. 4x – 2x + 6 ≡ (x + x – 6). f(x) + ax + b

3 2 2 5. Find the values of a and b if :
3 2
(a) ax + 6x + bx + 7 has a remainder (5x + 13) when divided by (x – 1)(x + 2).
3
13. 4x + 3x – 2 ≡ (x – 3) . f(x) + ax + b
2
3 2 2
(b) x + ax + 12x + b has a remainder (x) when divided by (x – 4x + 3).
1. 3, 0, 6 2. –3, 17, –5 3. –3, 2, 1 3 2
(c) x + ax + 4x + b has a remainder (3x + 2) when divided by (x + 1) .
2

4. –6, 8, 4 5. –2, 1, 1 6. 7, –9, 1

6. f(x) is a polynomial x of degree ≥ 2 . The remainders when f(x) is divided by :
7. 6, 11, 4 8. 2, –1, 0 9. 2x + 6, 6, –11
(a) x + 2, x – 1 are 2 and –4 respectively. Find the remainder when f(x) is
10. x – 8, 25, 14 11. 2x – 11, –34, –50 12. 4x – 6, 30, –30 2
divided by (x + x – 2).
13. 4x + 6, 30, –56 (b) 2x + 3, x + 1 are –3 and 11 respectively. Find the remainder when f(x) is
2
divided by (2x + 5x + 3).
REMAINDER THEOREM
1. Find the remainder when the following functions are divided by the divisor indicated : 1(b) 2x – 7 (c) 50x – 21 (d) 14x – 12
3 2 2 2(a) –2 (b) 3 3(a) –12, 25 (b) 3, –3
(b) x – 4x + 3x – 1 is divided by (x – 5x + 6)
3 2
(c) 8x + 4x – 2x + 3 is divided by (x – 2)(2x – 1) 4(a) 2 (b) 7 or –1 (c) 1 (d) – 6 or 2 (e) 1
17 9 7 8
3 2
(d) 3x + 2x + x – 4 is divided by (x – 1)
2 5(a) 3, 2 (b) –6, –6 (c) 2, 2 6(a) –2x – 2 (b) 28x + 39

E1-4
FACTOR THEOREM
3 2
1. Show that the expression given below is a factor of f(x), and hence factorize f(x) 12. If (x – 3) is a factor of f(x) = x + ax + 11x + b and f (x) leaves –60 as
completely : remainder when is divided by (x + 2), find the values of a and b.
3 2 3 2 Hence solve f (x) = 0.
(a) (x + 2), f(x) = x – x – 4x + 4 (b) (3x + 2), f(x) = 12x + 8x – 3x – 2

2. Show that the expression given below is a factor of f(x), and hence solve for f(x) = 0. 13. f(x) is a polynomial x of degree ≥ 2 and f(x) has a factor g(x), leaves remainder R
3 2 3 2 when divided by h(x). Find the remainder when f(x) is divided by g(x).h(x) :
(a) (x + 3), f(x) = x + 6x + 11x + 6 (b) (4x – 3), f(x) = 4x + x – 27x + 18
(a) g(x) = (x + 1), R = 4, h(x) = (x – 1) (b) g(x) = (x – 3), R = –8, h(x) = (x + 1).
3. Given below is a factor of f(x), find the value of k. 2 3 2
Hence find the range of x such that f(x) < 0: 14. Find the values of a and b if (x + 2) is a factor of f(x) = x + ax + bx + 12.
3
(a) (2x – 1), f(x) = 4x – 2x + 6x + k
2 3 2
(b) (3x + 2), f(x) = 12x + 8x – 3x + k Hence solve f(x) = 0.
2 3
4. Given below are factors of f(x). Find the values of a and b. 15. Find the values of a and b if (x – 1) is a factor of f(x) = 2x + ax + b.
Hence determine the range of x such that f(x) > 0 : Deduce the range of x for f(x) ≥ 0.
3 2
(a) (x – 2) and (x + 1), f(x) = x + ax – 5x + b
1(a) (x + 2)(x – 2)(x – 1) (b) (3x + 2)(2x – 1)(2x + 1)
2 4 3 2
(b) (x – 3x + 2), f(x) = x – 6x + ax + bx + 4
2(a) –3, –2, –1 (b) 0.75, –3, 2
5. Find the possible value of p if :
3(a) –3 ; (–, 1 ) (b) –2 ; (–,– 2 ) U (– 1 , 1 )
2 2 2 3 2 2
(a) x + 2px – p – 14 can be divided by (x – 3) but not by (x + 5).
2 4(a) 2, –6 ; (–3,–1) U (2,) (b) 13, –12;(–,1) U (1,2) U (2,)
(b) (1 – 2p)x + 5px + (p – 1)(p – 8) can be divided by (x – 2) but not by (x – 1).
5(a) 5 (b) 4 6. 1, –6 7. –18, –3
4 4 3 2
6. Given that ax – 5x + b and x – 2x – ax – bx – 8 have a common factor (x – 2). 8. –8, –5 9. even no. 10. 1
Find the values of a and b.
11. 4, –9 ; –3, – 1 , 3 12 –6, –6 ; 1, 2, 3 13(a) 2x + 2 (b) 2x – 6
7.
2 2
Given that x – 3x + b and 2x + b have a common factor (x – k). 2 2
Find the values of b and k. (b,k ≠ 0) 14. 7, 16 ; –3, –2 15. –6, 4 ; [–2,)
5 3 2
8. Given that x + ax + bx – 12 can be divided by x – 2x – 3.
Find the values of a and b.

n 2
9. Find the values of n if (x + 1) is a factor of x – 5x + 4.

n 2
10. Find the value of n if (x – 2) is a factor of x + 2x – 10.

3 2
11. If (x + 3) is a factor of f(x) = ax + 2ax – 15x + b and f(x) leaves –12
as remainder when is divided by (x – 1), find the values of a and b.
Hence solve f(x) = 0.

E1-5
 3
9. Using the substitution y = x + 1 , express f(x) = x – 4x – 6 – 4 + 13
POLYNOMIAL – PAST YEAR QUESTIONS (STPM) x x x
3 2 as a polynomial in y. Hence, find all the real roots of the equation f(x) = 0. [10](07)
1. Find the set of values of x such that –2 < x – 2x + x – 2 < 0. [7](03)
3 2
4 3 2 10. The polynomial p(x) = 2x + 4x + 1 x – k has factor (x + 1).
2. The polynomial p(x) = x + 2x + ax + bx – 60 has a factor (x + 2) and leaves 2
remainder 60 when it divided by (x + 3). Find the values of the constants a and b. (a) Find the value of k. (b) Factorise p(x) completely. [6](08)
Show that (x – 3) is also factor of p(x), and find the polynomial q(x) such that 4 3 2
11. The polynomial p(x) = 6x – ax – bx + 28x + 12, where a and b are real
p(x) = (x + 2)(x – 3).q(x).
constants, has factors (x + 2) and (x – 2).
Show that there are no real values of x for q(x) = 0. (a) Find the values of a and b, and hence, factorise p(x) completely. [7]
Find the set of values of x for p(x) > 0. (96) 3
(b) Given that p(x) = (2x – 3)[q(x) – 41 + 3x ], find q(x), and determine
3.
4 3 2
(a) Show that the polynomial x + 6x + 13x + 12x + 4 can be express in the form its range when x  [–2, 10]. [8](09)
2 2
(x + bx + c) , where b and c are constants which must be determined. 4 3 2
12. The polynomial p(x) = 2x – 7x + 5x + ax + b, where a and b are real
4 3 2 2
Hence, find all the roots of the equation x + 6x + 13x + 12x + 4 = 0. constants, is divisible by 2x + x – 1.
(b) By using the substitution y = x + 1 , transform the equation (a) Find a and b. [4]
x
4 3 2
6x + 5x – 38x + 5x + 6 = 0 into a quadratic equation in y, (b) For these values of a and b, determine the set of values of x
and find the roots of the quadratic equation. such that p(x) ≤ 0. [4](10)
4 3 2
Hence, solve the equation 6x + 5x – 38x + 5x + 6 = 0. (97) 3 2
13. The polynomial p(x) = ax + bx – 4x + 3, where a and b are constants,
3 2
has a factor (x + 1). When p(x) is divided (x – 2), it leaves a remainder of –9.
4. Given that x + mx + nx – 6 is divisible by (x – 3) and (x + 2).
Find the values of m and n. [5](00) (a) Find the values of a and b, and hence, factorise p(x) completely. [6]
p( x )
3 2 (b) Find the set of values of x which satisfies ≥ 0. [4]
5. Given that f(x) = x + px + 7x + q. where p, q are constants. x3
When x = –1, f’(x) = 0. When f(x) is divided by (x + 1), the remainder is –16. p( x )
(c) By completing the square, find the minimum value of , x ≠ 3,
Find the values of p and q. [4](01) x3
3 2 and the value of x at which it occur. [4](11)
6. Show that polynomial 2x – 9x + 3x + 4 has x – 1 as factor. [2] 2
1. 0 < x < 1 or 1 < x < 2 2. a = 1, b = –28 ; q(x) = x + 3x + 10 ; x < –2 or 3 < x
Hence,
3(a) b = 3, c = 2 ; –2, –2, –1, –1 (b) 6y + 5y – 50 = 0 ; – 10 or 5 ; –3, – 1 , 1 or 2
2
6 4 2
(a) find all the real roots of 2x – 9x + 3x + 4 = 0. [5] 3 2 3 2
3 2 4. m = 0, n = –7 5. p = 5, q = –13 6(a) –2, –1, 1, 2 (b) x < 1
(b) determine the set of values of x so that 2x – 9x + 3x + 4 < 12 – 12x. [6](02)
8. a = 2, b = 12 ; (x – 1)(x – 2)(x + 3)(x + 2) ; 1, 1 , – 1 or – 1
3 2 2 3 2
7. Show that –1 is the only real root of the equation x + 3x + 5x + 3 = 0. [5](03) 3
9. y – 7y – 6 ; –1 or 1 (3 ± 5 ) 10(a) 3 (b) 1 (x + 1)(2x + 3)(2x – 1)
4 3 2 2 2 2
8. The polynomial p(x) = x + ax – 7x – 4ax + b has a factor x + 3 and, 11(a) a = 7, b = 27 ; (x – 2)(x + 2)(3x + 1)(2x – 3)
2
(b) x – 12x + 37 ; 1 ≤ y ≤ 65
when divided by x – 3, has remainder 60.
12(a) a = 9, b = –5 (b) –1 ≤ x ≤ 1 13(a) 2, –5 ; (x + 1)(2x + 3)(2x – 1)
Find the values of a and b, and factorise p(x) completely. [9] 2
Using the substitution y = 1 , solve the equation (b) x ≤ –1 , 1 ≤ x. x ≠ 3 (c) – 9 when x = – 1
x 2 8 4
4 3 2
12y – 8y – 7y + 2y + 1 = 0. [3](06)
E1-6
INEQUALITIES 1 (a) –3 < x < 0 (b) x < –9 or 5 < x (c) 1 < x < 3
1. Find the solution set of the following inequalities :
(d) x < 2 or 5 ≤ x 1≤x<2 x < –1 or 1 < x
(b) 3 < 2 x  3 (c) x  5 > 1
3 –1>0 (e) (f)
(a) 2 4
x3 2 x5 1 x
(d) 4  x ≤3 (e) x  5 ≥3 (f) 1 > 1 2 (a) [–2,0] U [4,) (b) (–,–5] U [0,3] (c) (–,–3) U (0,3) (d) (2,)
x2 2 x x 1 x 1
(e) (–,–2) U (–2, 3) (f) {0} U [6,) (g) (–,2) (h) (0,)
2. Find the solution set of the following inequalities :
2 (i) (–,–1) U (0,4) (j) (0,) (k) (–,–4) U (1,2)
(a) x (x + 2)(x – 4) ≥ 0 (b) x(x + 5)(x – 3) ≤ 0 (c) x(x – 9) < 0
2
(d) x (x – 2) > 0
2
(e) (x + 2) (x – 3) < 0 (f)
2
x (6 – x) ≤ 0 (l) (–3,) (m) (4,) (n) (1,)
2
(g) (x – 2)(x + 2x + 3) < 0
2
(h) x(x – 4x + 8) > 0 (i)
2
(x + 1)(x – 2) < 4x + 4 3 (a) (–,0) U ( 2 , 5 ) (b) [–3,3) U [5,) (c) (2, 5 ) U (3,)
3 2 2
2 2 2
(j) (x + 4)(x + 2) > 4x + 16 (k) (x – 1)(x + 1) < 9x – 9 (l) (x + 3)(2x – 4 – x ) < 0
(d) (–,–2) U (0,3) (e) (–,–4) U [–2,2] U (5,) (f) (–5,–2) U (1,4)
2 2
(m) (4 – x)(x – 4 – 2x ) > 0 (n) (x – 1)(x + 1) > 2x(x – 1)
4 (a) (–,–5) U (3,) (b) [–2,5] (c) (–,–3] (d) [1,)
3. Find the solution set of the following inequalities :
(e) (–,– 1 ) U ( 3 ,) (f) (–6, 4 ) (g) (–,–4) U (4,) (h) [–7,5]
4 2 3
(a) 10 < 19 – 6x (b) 12 ≤ x + 1 (c) 1 < 1
x x3 2 x x3
( x  1)( x  4) (i) (–,0) U (3,) (j) (–4,0) (k) [0,1] U [4,) (l) [–5,0]
(d) 6 + 1 > x (e) x2  4 ≥ 0 (f) <0
x 2
x  x  20 ( x  2)( x  5)
(m) (–,–10) U ( 2 ,) (n) (– 1 , 1 ) (o) [ 12 ,4] (p) [– 1 ,7]
3 3 5 5 3
4. Find the solution set of the following inequalities :
(q) (–,–1) U (1,) (r) (–,–4) U (4,)
(a) 1 + x> 4 (b) 3 – 2x≤ 7 (c) x + 2≥ x + 4
(d) x – 2≤ x (e) 1 – 3x> x + 2 (f) 2x + 1< 5 – x 5 (a) (–,–2) U (3,) (b) (–2,–1) (c) (–,– 2 ) U (2,)
3
x – 1> 6
2 2
(g) x – 4> 12 (h) x – 9≤ 26 – 2x (i) 6 (a) (–5,) (b) (–,4) 7 (a) (–,1) (b) (–2,)
x
(j) x + 2< – 8 (k) x – 2≥ x (l) x + 2≤ 4 x
x PARTIAL FRACTIONS
(m) x + 2> 3 – x (n) 4x< 1 – x (o) x≥ 4x – 3
2 1. Express in partial fractions (Denominator – Distinct Linear Factors) :
(p) 3 – 2x≤ x + 4 (q) x+ 4 > 5 (r) x– 2 > 8 (a) x  11 (b) 3 x 2  21x  24
x x ( x  3) ( x  4) ( x  2) ( x  1) ( x  3)

(c) 8 x 2  13 x  6 (d) 4 x2  x  1
5. Find the solution set of the following inequalities :
(3 x  2) ( x  2) (2 x  1) x ( x 2  1)
2 2 2
(a) (2x – 1) > 25 (b) (2x + 3) < 1 (c) (3x – 2) > 16
1(a) 2 – 1 (b) 4 + 2 – 3
6. Find the range of x if (a) x + 2y > 7 and y – 2x < 16 (b) 2y > 3x – 16 and 2x + y < 6 x3 x4 x 1 x2 x3
1 2 – 2 3 – 1+ 2
7. Find the range of y if (a) x + 3y < 5 and y + 2x > 5 (b) 2x + y > 6 and y > 3x – 14 (c)
x2
+
2x  1 3x  2
(d)
x 1 x 1
x

E1-7
 2. Determine the set of values of x that satisfy the inequality 4 x  5 > x – 2. (95)
2. Express in partial fractions (Improper Fractions) : x
(a) 3 x2  2x  7 (b) 3 x3
( x  2) ( x  1) ( x  1) ( x  2) 3. Find the solution set for the inequality 1 < 1 . (98)
2 x x3
3 3 2
(c) 4x (d) x  2 x  10 x  9
( x  1) ( x  3) ( x  3) ( x  3)
4. Sketch the graph of y = │1 – 2x│, x  and the graph of y = x ,x≥0
on the same coordinate system. [3]
3. Express in partial fractions (Denominator – Prime Quadratic Factor) :
Solve the inequality │1 – 2x│> x . [4](99)
(a) 6 x (b) 3 x2
(1  x ) ( 4  x 2 ) ( x  1) ( x 2  x  1)
5. Function f is defined by f(x) = 1 , with x  and x ≠ 0.
(c) x4  1 (d) 3 x3 x
x ( x 2  2) ( x  1) ( x 2  x  1) Determine the set of values of x such that f(x) > f(x – 1). [5](00)

4. Express in partial fractions (Denominator – Repeated Linear Factors) :

6. Sketch, on the same coordinate axes, graphs of y = 2 – x and y = 2 + 1 . [4]
2x2  5 x  7 x 1 x
(a) (b)
( x  2) ( x  1)2 ( x  3)2 Hence, solve the inequality 2 – x > 2 + 1 . [4](04)
x
2
(c) 2 x  39 x  12 (d) 10 x  9
( x  3) (2 x  1)2 (2 x  1) (2 x  3)2 7. Find the solution set of the inequality │x – 2 │< 1 , where x ≠ 0. [7](05)
x
2(a) 3 + 1 + 2 (b) 3x + 3 + 1 + 8
3 ( x  2) 3( x  1) x 1 x2 8. Find the constants A, B, C and D such that
3 x2  5 x = A + B + C + D . [8](07)
(c) 4x + 8 + 1 + 27 (d) x + 2 + 1 – 2 (1  x 2 )(1  x )2 1  x 1  x (1  x )2 (1  x )3
x 1 x 3 x3 x3
1 + 2 x 1 1 2x
3(a) (b) + 9. Find the solution set of the inequality 4 >3–3 . [10](08)
1  x 4  x2 x 1 x2  x  1 x 1 x

(c) x + 1 – 5x (d) 3 + 1 – x2

2 x 2( x 2  2) x 1 x ≥ 1 .
x2  x  1 10. Determine the set of values of x satisfying the inequality
x 1 x 1
[4](09)

4(a) 5 – 3 – 4 (b) 1 – 2 2
x2 x  1 ( x  1)2 x3 ( x  3)2 11. Find the values of x if y =│3 – x│ and 4y – (x – 9) = –24. [9](09)

3 5 + 2 1 – 1 + 3 12. Find the set of values of x satisfying the inequality 2x – 1 ≤│x + 1│. [6](11)
(c) – (d)
x3 2 x  1 (2 x 1)2 2 x  1 2 x  3 (2 x  3)2
1. x < –1 or 2 < x ≤ 3 2. x < 0 or 1 < x < 5 3. 2 < x < 5 or 3 < x
2
PAST YEAR QUESTIONS (STPM) 4. 0 ≤ x < 1 or 1 < x 5. 0 < x < 1 6. x < 2 – 5
4
1. In the same diagram, sketch the graph y =│x – 1│and the graph y = 3  x . 7. 0 < x < 1 or 1 < x < 1 + 2 8. A = 1, B = 1, C = –1, D = –1

9. 0 < x < 1 or 1 < x < 3 10. x < –1 or 1 ≤ x

Hence, solve the inequality │x – 1│> 3  x . (92)
11. –9 or 7 12. x ≤ 2

E1-8
13. Functions f and g are defined by 1(a) 6 3 (b) 12 7 (c)12 (d) 3 (e) 8 (f) 96 5
2 3
f :x → x for x ≠ 1 ; g : x → ax2 + bx + c, where a, b and c are constants.
2x 1 2 2(a) 5 5 (b) 6 5 (c) 5 3 (d) 2 – 10
(a) Find f o f, and hence, determine the inverse function of f. [4]
(e) 4 + 2 3 (f) 5 – 2 6 (g) 3 + 8 2 (h) 7 (i) 13
2
(b) Find the values of a, b and c if g o f (x)=  3 x  4 x2  1 . [4]
(2 x  1) 3(a) 2 – 2 (b) 5 – 2 7 (c) 5 + 3 2
2
(c) Given that p(x) = x – 2, express h(x) = x 2 2 in terms of f and p.
2
[2](11) 4(a) 2 + 5 (b) 5 3 –1 (c) 2 5 –1
2x  5
5(a) 4 (b) 4 (c) 1 (d) 13 (e) 3
–1 x , x ≠ 1 (b) a = 1, b = 0, c = –1 (c) h(x) = f p(x) 4
13(a) f o f: x → x, x ≠ 1 ; f :x →
2 2x  1 2
(f) 25 (g) 0 or 4 (h) 7
4
SURDS
EXPONENTS
1. Express in terms of the simplest possible surds :
1. Solve the equations below :
(a) 3 2 x 6 (b) 4 3 x 21 (c) 2 3 x 12 xx 6 – 2x xx 1 – 3x x
(a) (5 ) = 25 (b) (9 ) – 3(3) =0 (c)  1  = 32
 4
4 x 27 3 x 128
 
(d) (e) (f) 2 8 x 3 2 x 4 5 x
3 16 2 27 4x x–3
(d) 27 =1 (e) 3 – 27 =0
9
2. Express in terms of the simplest possible surds :
2. Solve the following simultaneous equations :
(a) 180 + 1125 – 1280 (b) 45 + 125 – 2 5 (c) 48 + 27 – 12 2x – 5y
(a) 3 = 27 and 2
x+y
= 32 (b) 2
x
. 4y – 1 = 32 and 33x = 243(9)y
2 2
(d) (2 – 3 2 )( 2 2 + 1) (e) (1 + 3) (f) ( 3 – 2) x 2y 5x x–1 y–1
(c) 3 .9 = 1 and 2 .4y = 41 (d) 3
x+1
+2
y+1
= 43 and 3 +2 =7
(g) (3 + 2 )( 3 2 – 1) (h) (3 + 2 )(3 – 2) (i) (4 + 3 )(4 – 3)
x+2 y–1 x–1 y+1
(e) 2 +3 = 11, 2 =3 – 26
3. Rationalise the denominators and simplify it in the form a + b c :
1 7 4 2 3. Find the value/values of x for the following equations :
(a) 2 – 6 (b) (c)
2 1 2 3 7 2 2 2(x + 1) x 2x + 2 x+3
(a) 3 – 10(3 ) + 1 = 0 (b) 3 +3 = 10
4. Find the square root of the following in the form of surds : 2x + 1 x+3 x x+1 x
(c) 3 +9=3 +3 (d) 4 – 5(2 ) + 1 = 0
(a) 9 + 4 5 (b) 76 – 10 3 (c) 21 – 4 5
1(a) –6 or 2 (b) –2 or 1 (c) – 5 (d) – 4 (e) –9
5. Solve the following equations : 2 2 3

(a) x  5 – 4x + 13 = 0 (b) y – y =2 (c) x3+x=3 2(a) (4, 1) (b) (3, 2) (c) (– 4 , 1 ) (d) (2, 3) (e) (1, 2)
9 9
(d) 1 + x  3 = 2 x  1 (e) 3 1  x – 3 x  2 = 1 (f) 4x  9 = 2 x – 1 3(a) 0 or –2 (b) –1 (c) 2 or –1 (d) 0 or –2

(g) 6x  1 – x = 2x  1 (h) 3x  4 – x  2 = x  3
E1-9
LOGARITHMS 8. Solve the equations :
1. Evaluate : (a) log2 x + logx 2 = 5 (b) log3 u + logu 3 = 10 (c) 2 log4 x + logx 8 = 4
2 3
(a) log3  1  (b) log5 0.04 (d) logx 3 + log9 x = 1 (e) log3 x = 4 logx 3
 243 

(c) log7 7 7 (d) log 0.5 8 9. Express u in terms of x and a :

u 2u + 1 –u
(a) x = e (b) 2 ln 2u = 1 + ln x (c) 4 ln 3x = 2 + ln u (d) x = 4(1 – e )
(e) log  41  + log 70 – lg  41  + 2 log 5 (f) log3  15  + log3  5  – log3  25 
 35   2   2  6  36 
a  u 2a  u 2(e u  1) 2e au
(e) x = ln   (f) x = ln (g) x = (h) x =
2. Evaluate, correct to 2 decimal places : a u au 2e u  1 1  2e au
2
(a) log5 0.4 (b) log3 2 (c) log5 e
 u  x 2 –2u ae u  x  u
(i) ln   = ln 10 (j) x= (2 – e ) (k) x = (l) ln  =1
 x u
2
(d) log6 e (e) log8 e  10  2 3 2(1  e u )

3. Solve the equations : 1 (a) –5 (b) –2 (c) 1.5 (d) –3 (e) 2 (f) 2

(a) log9 1 = x (b) logx 4 = 2 (c) logx 1000 = 3 2 (a) –0.57 (b) 0.32 (c) 1.24 (d) 0.28 (e) 0.96
3 3 2
3 (a) –0.5 (b) 8 (c) 100
4. Solve the equations : 4 (a) 0.1,100 (b) 1,100, 0.01 (c) 5 (d) 1 (e) 6,–3
39
log x 3 4
(a) x = 100x (b) (log x) = log x (c) log 4 + 2 log p = 2
3  12 p
5 (a) 3p (b) 3 (1 + p) (c)
(d) 2 log 5 – log x + log (x + 1) = 3
2
(e) log3 x = 1+ log3 (x + 6) 2 4 6p

(d) (3 , 1 )
6
5. If p = log8 x , find in terms of p 6 (a) (32 , 1 ) (b) (5, 2) (c) ( 1 , 1) (e) (1, 0)
4 2 3
2
(a) log2 x (b) log4 8x (c) log4x 2x 2
7 (a) 2.23 (b) –12.6 (c) 8.52 (d) 1.39 (e) 1, 0.631
6. Solve the simultaneous equations : 3
8 (a) 2 ,4 (b) 3 ,27 (c) 2,8 (d) 3 (e) 9, 1
2 3
(a) log2(xy) = 3 and log2(x y ) = 4
2
(b) 2 log x y = 3 + log x – log y and x – y = 3 9

y x 1 ex 4 –2  4 
(c) 2 log y = log 2 + log x and 2 = 4 (d) 2 log9 (xy) = 5, log3 x  log3 y = –6 and x > y 9 (a) u = (b) u = (c) u = 81x e (d) u = ln  
ln x  2 2 4 x
(e) log3 x = y = log9 (2x – 1)
a(e x  1) a( 2  e 2 x )  x2  1  x 
7. Solve the equations, correct to 3 significant figures. : (e) u = (f) u= (g) u = ln   (h) u = ln  
ex  1 1  e2 x  2x  2  a  2  2x 
x x–2 x x x+1 x x+2 2x – 1
(a) 2 .3 =6 (b) 2 .3 = 7 (c) 4 .5 =6
1  2   2x  ex  x
2x x x x (i) u = 10 x  2 (j) u = ln   (k) u = ln   (l) u=
(d) e – e = 12 (e) 9 – 5(3 ) + 6 = 0 2  4  3x   a  2x  e1

E1-10
PAST YEAR QUESTIONS (STPM) POLYNOMIAL (A LEVEL)
4 2 2
1. Solve the simultaneous equations log4 (xy) = 1 and (log2 x)(log2 y) = –2. [6](94) 1. The polynomial p(x) = x + 4x + x + a. It is given that (x + x + 2) is
2 a factor of p(x). Find the value of a and the other factor of p(x). [4](02)

2. Solve the equation x  3 – x  2 = x  5 . [6](95) 2.

4 3 2
The polynomial x – 2x – 2x + a is denoted by f(x). It is given that f(x)
2
is divisible by x – 4x + 4.
3. The variables x and y are connected by y x – y – x = 1. (a) Find the value of a. [3]
Find the values of y when x = 1. [4](98)
(b) When a has this value, show that f(x) is never negative. [4](03)
2 2
4. Show that a + b ≥ 2ab. [2] 4 2
2 2 2 2
3. The polynomial x + 5x + a is denoted by p(x). It is given that x – x + 3
If x + y + z = c, show that x + y + z ≥ 1 c . [2](01) is a factor of p(x). Find the value of a and factorise p(x) completely. [6](05)
3
3
4. The polynomial x – 2x + a, where a is a constant, is denoted by p(x).
5. Express 59  24 6 as p 2 + q 3 where p and q are integers. [7](02) It is given that (x + 2) is a factor of p(x).
(a) Find the value of a. [2]
x
6. Find the intersection point between the curves y = e and y = 2 + 3 e x . [4](05) (b) When a has this value, find the other factor of p(x). [2](07)
2 2
x 1. 6;x –x+3 2(a) 8 3. –6 ; (x – x + 3)(x + 2)(x – 1)
7. If loga( a 2 ) = 3 loga 2 – loga (x – 2a), express x in terms of a. [6](07)
2
4(a) 4 (b) x – 2x + 2
8. Find the coordinates of the points of intersection between the curves
y = 6 – e x and y = 5e x . [4](08)

9. Given that loga (3x – 4a) + loga 3x = 2 + log (1 – 2a),

log2 a a

where 0 < a < 1 , find x. [7](09)

2

 2
10. Solve the simultaneous equations : log3 (xy) = 5 and log9  x  = 2. [4](10)
 y 

11. Solve the equation ln x + ln (x + 2) = 1. [4](11)

1. ( 1 , 4) or (4, 1 ) 2. 6 3. 4 5. 4 2 – 3 3
2 2
6. (ln 3, 3) 7. x = 4a 8. (0, 5) , (ln 5, 1)

9. 2 10. x = 27, y = 9 11. –1 + e  1

3

E1-11
 2 3 2
1. Given that 2 – x – x is a factor of p(x) = ax – x + bx – 2. Find the values TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS I (BASIC)
of a and b. Hence find the set of values of x for which p(x) is negative. [6](12) o o
1. Solve each of the following equations for 0 ≤ x ≤ 360 :

 x 3 3
2. Solve the simultaneous equations log9   = and (log3 x)(log3 y) = 1. [8](12) (a) sin x = –0.5 (b) cos x = – (c) tan x = – 3
 y 4 2
 
4 3 (d) sec x = 2 (e) cosec x = 3.864 (f) cot x = – 3
3. The polynomial p(x) = hx + kx + 2x – 1, where h and k are constants,
leaves a remainder of 4 when divided by x – 1, and a remainder of –2 when
3 sin x  2 3  tan x 3  cot x
divided by x + 1. (g) =2 (h) = –1 (i) = 3
1  sin x 1  3 tan x 1  3 cot x
(a) Determine the values of h and k. [3]
o o o o o o
2
(b) Express the polynomial p(x) in the form (x – 1).q(x) + r(x), 1. (a) 210 , 330 (b) 150 , 210 (c) 120 , 300
where q(x) is quadratic and r(x) is linear. [4] o o o o o o
(d) 60 , 300 (e) 15.0 , 165.0 (f) 150 , 330
2
(c) Express q(x) in a completed square form a(x + b) + c. [2] o
(g) 0 , 180 , 360
o o
(h) 75 , 255
o o
(i)
o
90 , 270
o

(i) Deduce that q(x) is always positive for all real values of x. [1]
(ii) Deduce the minimum value of q(x) and the corresponding value of x. [2]
TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS II (CHANGE OF RANGE)
(d) Determine the set of values of x for which p(x) > 3x + 1. [3](P2) o o
1. Solve each of the following equations for 0 ≤ x ≤ 360 :
2
4. Sketch on the same axes, the graphs of y =│2x + 1│and y = 1 – x . [4] o
(a) sin (x + 40 ) = 0.5 (b) cos (x + 20 ) = –0.5
o o
(c) tan (x – 25 ) = 1
2
Hence, solve the inequality │2x + 1│≥ 1 – x . [4](P3)
o o
2. Solve each of the following equations for 0 ≤ x ≤ 360 :
5. Find the value of x such that (3 – log3 x) log3x 3 = 1. [4](P4)
o o o o o
(a) sin 2x = sin 80 (b) cos (2x – 40 ) = –cos 10 (c) tan (2x + 50 ) = –tan 40

1. a = 2 , b = –3 ; { x : x < –2 or – 1 < x < 1 } 2. x = 1 , y = 1 or x = 9, y = 3 (d) cos 2x = –0.5 (e) tan 2x = 3 (f) sin x = 1
2 9 2 2
3
2 2
3(a) h = 2, k = 1 (b) (x – 1)(2x + x + 2) + 3x + 1 (g) cos x = 1 (h) tan (2x – 60 ) = –1.6
o
3 2
(c) 2(x + 1 ) + 15 (ii) 15 ; – 1
2
(d) { x : x < –1 or 1 < x }
4 8 8 4 o o o o o o
1. (a) 110 , 350 (b) 100 , 220 (c) 70 , 250
4. x ≤ 1 – 3 or x ≥ 0 5. 3 o o o o o o o o
2. (a) 40 , 50 , 220 , 230 (b) 105 , 115 , 285 , 295
o o o o o o o o
(c) 45 , 135 , 225 , 315 (d) 60 , 120 , 240 , 300
o o o o o o
(e) 30 , 120 , 210 , 300 (f) 90 , 270
o o o o o
(g) 135 (h) 1 , 91 , 181 , 271

E1-12
TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS III (RATIO & FACTORIZATION) o o
2. (a) 45 , 135 , 225 , 315
o o o o
(b) 60 , 120 , 240 , 300
o o

o o
1. Solve each of the following equations for 0 ≤ x ≤ 360 : o o
(c) 45 , 135 , 225 , 315
o o o
(d) 60 , 300
o

(a) sin x + cos x = 0 (b) 3(2 cos x + sin x) = cos x – sin x o o o o

(e) 48.59 , 131.41 (f) 60 , 300
o o o o o o
2. Solve each of the following equations for 0 ≤ x ≤ 360 : (g) 26.6 , 108.4 , 206.6 , 288.4

(a) 2 sin x cos x – cos x = 0 (b) 2 cos x + cot x = 0 (c) tan x = 2 sin x
2 2 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS V (COMPOUND ANGLES IDENTIITES).
(d) 2 cos x = cos x (e) sin x = sin x + 2 (f) 6 cos x – 2 sec x = 1

(g) 2 tan x – 1 = cot x (h) 4 cosec x + 2 sin x = 9 1. Prove each of the following identities :
cos 2 x sin 2 x
1 (a) 135 , 315
o o
(b) 128.66 , 308.66
o o (a)  = cos 3x (b) cos (A + B) cos B + sin (A + B) sin B = cos A
sec x cosec x
o o o o o o o o
2 (a) 30 , 90 , 150 , 270 (b) 90 , 225 , 270 , 315
tan 4A  tan 3 A
(c) = tan A (d) sin 3A cos A – cos 3A sin A = sin 2A
o o
(c) 0 , 60 , 180 , 300 , 360
o o o o
(d) 60 , 90 , 270 , 300
o o o
1  tan 4A tan 3A

(e) 270
o
(f)
o o
48.19 , 120 , 240 , 311.81
o o tan ( A  B )  tan B
(e) = tan A (f) cos 2x cos x – sin 2x sin x = cos 3x
o o o o o o 1  tan ( A  B ) tan B
(g) 45 , 153.43 , 225 , 333.43 (h) 30 , 150
o o o o
(g) cos (30 + A) cos (30 – A) – sin (30 + A) sin (30 – A) = 1
2

TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS IV (BASIC IDENTITIES). o o o

(h) sin (60 – A) cos (30 + A) + cos (60 – A) sin (30 + A) = 1
o

1. Prove each of the following identities : sin ( A  B ) sin ( A  B )

(i) = tan A + tan B (j) = cot B – cot A
2 cos A cos B sin A sin B
(a) tan x + cot x = sec x cosec x (b) cos x cosec x = cosec x – sin x
cos ( A  B) 2 2
sin2 x cosec x 2 (k) = cot B + tan A (l) cos (A + B) cos (A – B) = cos A – sin B
(c) = 1 + cos x (d) = sec x cos A sin B
1  cos x cosec x  sin x
sin 2A cos 2A 2 2
cot2 x  1 2
(m)  = sec A (n) sin (A + B) sin (A – B) = cos B – cos A
(e) = 1 – 2 sin x (f) sec x – tan x sin x = cos x sin A cos A
cot2 x  1
cos 2A sin 2A o o 2 2
(o)  = cosec A (p) 2 sin (45 – A) sin (45 + A) = cos A – sin A
1 1 2 1  sin x 2 sin A cos A
(g)  = 2 sec x (h) (tan x + sec x) =
1  sin x 1  sin x 1  sin x

o o
2. Solve each of the following equations for 0 ≤ x ≤ 360 :
2 2 2 2
(a) 2 cos x + 4 sin x = 3 (b) sec x + tan x = 7
2 2 2
(c) 4 cot x – 3 cosec x + 2 = 0 (d) 3 cos x – 2 sin x = 0
2 2 2
(e) 4 cos x + 11 sin x = 10 (f) cos x – sin x = 2 – 5 cos x
2
(g) 2 sec x + 5 tan x = 5

E1-13
TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS VI (DOUBLE/HALF ANGLES IDENTITIES) . TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS 7 [(R, ) Method]
1. Express each of the following functions in the form R cos (x ± ) or R sin (x ± ),
1. Prove each of the following identities : o o
where R > 0 and 0 <  < 90 .
sin 2 x sin 2 x cot2 A  1 Hence, determine the maximum and minimum values of each of the functions,
(a) = tan x (b) = cot x (c) = cot 2A
1  cos 2 x 1  cos 2 x 2 cot A o o
and state the corresponding values of x, for 0 < x < 360 :

cot2 A  1 cot2 A  1 2  sec2 A (a) 3 sin x – 4 cos x (b) 24 cos x – 7 sin x

(d) = cosec 2A (e) = sec 2A (f) = cos 2A
2 cot A 2
cot A  1 sec2 A
2. Express each of the following functions in the form R cos (x ± ) or R sin (x ± ),
where R > 0 and 0 <  <  :
2
sec 2A  1 2 sec 2A  1 2 cosec A  2
(g) = 2 sin A (h) = 2 cos A (i) = cos 2A 2
sec 2A sec 2A 2
cosec A Hence, determine the maximum and minimum values of each of the functions,
1  cos 2A 2 cot A  tan A tan A and state the corresponding values of x, for 0 < x < 2 :
(j) = cot A (k) = cos 2A (l) = cos 2A
1  cos 2A cot A  tan A tan 2A  tan A (a) 2 sin x + cos x (b) 7 cos x + 2 sin x
4 4
(m) cos A – sin A = cos 2A (n) 2 cosec 2A = sec A cosec A 3. By expressing each of the following functions in the form R cos (x ± ) or R sin (x ± ),

(o) tan A + cot A = 2 cosec 2A (p) cot A – tan A = 2 cot 2A where R > 0 and 0 <  <  , solve the equations for 0 < x < 2 :
2
(a) 5 sin x = 10 cos x + 6 (b) sin x = 3 cos x – 1
cos 2A sin 2A
(q)  = cosec A (r) cot A – cot 2A = cosec 2A
sin A cos A o o
4. Determine the largest and smallest values of f (x) for 0 < x < 360 , and state the
corresponding values of x :
o o
2. Solve each of the following equations for 0 ≤ x ≤ 360 : 1
(a) f (x) = 3 sin x – 3 cos x + 4 (d) f (x) =
(a) sin 2x + cos x = 0 (b) sin 2x + sin x = tan x (c) cos 2x – 3 cos x = 1 sin x  3 cos x  3
2
(d) sin 2x – cos x = 0 (e) 2 sin x + cos 2x = 1 (f) 2 sin x + 3 sin 2x = 0 5. Determine the largest and smallest values of f (x) for 0 < x < 2, and state the
corresponding values of x :
2
(g) cos x sin x = (h) 4 sin x cos x + 1 = 0 (i) cos 2x = cos x (a) f (x) = 3 cos x – sin x + 4 (b) f (x) = 3 sin x – cos x + 5
4

(j) tan 2x tan x = 2 (k) 3 tan 2x + 2 tan x = 0 o o o

1(a) 5 sin (x – 53.1 ) ; 5, 143.1 ; –5, 323.1
o o o o o o o o o o o o
2 (a) 90 , 210 , 270 , 330 (b) 0 , 60 , 180 , 300 , 360 (b) 25 cos (x + 16.3 ) ; 25, 343.7 ; –25, 163.7
o o o o o o
(c) 120 , 240 (d) 26.57 , 90 , 206.57 , 270 2(a) 5 sin (x + 0.464) ; 5 , 1.107 ; – 5 , 4.284
o o o o o o o o o
(e) 0 , 90 , 180 , 360 (f) 0 , 109.5 , 180 , 250.5 , 360
(b) 53 cos (x – 0.278) ; 53 , 0.278 ; – 53 , 3.420
o o o o o o o o
(g) 22.5 , 67.5 , 202.5 , 247.5 (h) 105 , 165 , 285 , 345
3(a) 1.674, 3.682 (b) 0.5236, 4.712
o o o o o o o o
(i) 0 , 120 , 240 , 360 (j) 35.3 , 144.7 , 215.3 , 324.7 o o o o
4(a) 4 + 2 3 , 120 ; 4 – 2 3 , 300 (b) 1, 210 ; 0.2, 30
o o o o o o o
(k) 0 , 63.43 , 116.57 , 180 , 243.43 , 296.57 , 360
5(a) 6, 5.760 ; 2, 2.618 (b) 5 + 10 ,1.893; 5 – 10 ,5.034

E1-14
 o o
6. Express sin x – 3 cos x in the form r sin (x – ), where r > 0 and 0 <  <  . 3. Express sin x – 3 cos x in the form r sin (x – ), with r > 0 and 0 <  < 90 ;
o
2 giving the value of  correct to the nearest 0.1 .
Sketch the graph of y = sin x – 3 cos x, for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2. o o
Sketch the curve y = sin x – 3 cos x, for 0 ≤ x ≤ 360 . [8]
Hence, find the range of values of x for which 0 < sin x – 3 cos x < 3 , o o
Find the range of values of x between 0 and 360 which satisfies the
in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2. inequality sin x – 3 cos x ≥ 2. [4]
1
7. Express 3 cos x – sin x in the form r cos (x + ), where r > 0 and 0 <  <  . Find the largest and the smallest value for
sin x  3 cos x  5
. [3](00)
2
Sketch the graph of y = 3 cos x – sin x, for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2. o o
4. Express 9 sin θ – 6 cos θ in the form r sin (θ – ), with r > 0 and 0 <  < 90 .
Hence, find the range of values of x for which –1 < 3 cos x – sin x < 0,
Hence, find the smallest and the largest value for 9 sin θ – 6 cos θ – 1. [6](01)
in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.

Express cos x + 3 sin x in the form r cos (x – ), with r > 0 and 0 <  <  .
Express cos x + sin x in the form r cos (x – ), where r > 0 and 0 <  <  .
5. [4]
8. 2
2
Hence, find the set of values of x, with 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, which satisfies the
Sketch the graph of y = cos x + sin x, for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.
inequality 0 < cos x + 3 sin x < 1. [5](02)
Hence, find the range of values of x for which –1 < cos x + sin x < 1,
in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2. 6. Starting from the formulae for sin (A + B) and cos (A + B), prove that
tan A  tan B
tan (A + B) = . [3]
6. 2 sin (x –  ) ;  < x < 2 or  < x < 4 1  tan A tan B
3 3 3 3
1  2 tan x  tan2 x
If 2x + y =  , show that tan y = .
7. 2 cos (x +  ) ;  < x <  or 7  < x < 4  1  2 tan x  tan2 x
4
6 3 2 6 3
By substituting x =  , show that tan  = 2 – 1. [6] (03)
8 8
8. 2 cos (x –  ) ;  < x <  or 3 < x < 2
4 2 2
1. 5 sin (x + 0.464) ; max = 5 when x = 1.11, min = – 5 when x = 4.25 ;
TRIGONOMERTY (STPM)
(a) 2.45, 6.05 (b) 1.11, , 4.25 2. 2 cos (2x +  ) ; 0, 3 , , 7 , 2
4 4 4
1. Express 2 sin x + cos x in the form R sin (x + ) where R > 0 and 0<  <  .
2
10 sin (x – 71.6 ) ; (110.8 , 212.4 ) ; 1 (5 + 10 ) , 1 (5 – 10 )
o o o
Find the maximum and minimum values of 2 sin x + cos x and the corresponding 3.
15 15
values of x for 0 < x < 2.
o
4. 3 13 sin (θ – 33.7 ) ; 3 13 – 1 , – 3 13 – 1
Hence, solve the following for 0 < x < 2, correct to 2 decimal places.
5. 2 cos (x –  ) ; 2 < x < 5 or 11 < x < 2
(a) 2 cos x + 4 sin x = 1 (b) cos x (cos x + 2 sin x) = 1 (92) 3 3 6 6

2. Express cos 2x – sin 2x in the form R cos (2x + ) where R > 0 and 0<  <  .
2
Hence, find all the values of x in the range 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, such that

cos 2x – sin 2x = 1. (88)

E1-15
 (c) sketch the graph of y = 12 cos θ – 5 sin θ = for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2, and determine the
o o
7. Find all values of x, where 0 < x < 360 , which satisfy the equation
range of values of θ in this interval satisfying the inequality
tan x + 4 cot x = 4 sec x. [5](04)
–5 ≤ 12 cos θ – 5 sin θ ≤ 0. [7](15)
8. Find, in terms of , all the values of x between 0 and  which satisfy the o o
15. Solve the equation cos x – 2 sin x = 2 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 360 . [7](16)
equation tan x + cot x = 8 cos 2x. [4](07)
16. Functions f and g are defined by f(x) = ln (x – 1), where x > 1
9. Find the values of x, where 0 ≤ x ≤ , which satisfy the equation and g(x) = x  2 , where x ≥ 2.
3
sin x sec x = 2 tan x. [4](09)
(a) Sketch, on separate diagrams, the graphs of f and g. [3]
o o −1
10. Express 5 sin θ + 12 cos θ in the form r sin (θ + ), where r > 0 and 0 <  < 90 . (b) (i) Explain why f exists.
Hence, find the maximum and minimum values of the expression −1
(ii) Hence, determine f and state its domain. [6]
1 . [7](10)
5 sin θ  12 cos θ  15 (c) Find the composite function f o g and state its domain and range. [4]

(d) Express ln ( x  1)  2 as a composition of functions which involves f and g. [2](16)

11. The expression cos x – 3 sin x may be written in the form r cos (x + ) for
all values of x, where r is positive and  is acute.
1. 5 sin (x + 0.464) ; max = 5 when x = 1.11, min = – 5 when x = 4.25 ;
(a) Determine the values of r and . [3]
(b) State the minimum and maximum values of cos x – 3 sin x, and determine (a) 2.45, 6.05 (b) 1.11, , 4.25 2. 2 cos (2x +  ) ; 0, 3 , , 7 , 2
the corresponding values of x in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2. [3] 4 4 4
(c) Sketch the curve y = cos x – 3 sin x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2. [3] 3. 10 sin (x – 71.6 ) ; (110.8 , 212.4 ) ; 1 (5 + 10 ) , 1 (5 – 10 )
o o o
15 15
By drawing an appropriate line on the graph, determine the number of
o
roots of the equation cos x – 3 sin x =  3  x in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2. [3] 4. 3 13 sin (θ – 33.7 ) ; 3 13 – 1 , – 3 13 – 1
 4 
(d) Solve the equation cos x – 3 sin x = –1 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2. [3](11) 5. 2 cos (x –  ) ; 2 < x < 5 or 11 < x < 2
3 3 6 6
8.  , 5 , 13  , 17 
o o
12. Sketch the graph of y = sin 2x in the range 0 ≤ x ≤ . 7. 41.8 , 138.2
24 24 24 24
Hence, solve the inequality │sin 2x│< 1 , where 0 ≤ x ≤ . [6](13) o
2 9. 0 ,  10. 13 sin (θ + 67.38 ) ; 1 , 1
2 28
13. Sketch a graph of y = cos 2θ in the range 0 ≤ θ ≤ . [2] 11(a) 2 cos (x +  ) (b) 2,  ; –2, 2 (c) 3 (d)  , 
3 6 3 3
Hence, find the set of values of θ, where 0 ≤ θ ≤ , satisfying the
2
inequality 4 sin θ ≥ 2 – 3. [5](12) 12. [0 ,  ) U ( 11 , 2] 13. [  , 11 ]
12 12 12 12

14. Express 12 cos θ – 5 sin θ in the form r cos (θ + ), where r > 0 and 0 <  <  . [4] 14. 13 cos (θ + 0.3948) (a) –13 ; 13 (b) 1.176, 4.318
2
Hence, (c) 1.176 ≤ θ ≤ 1.571 or 3.923 ≤ θ ≤ 4.318
o o
(a) state the minimum and maximum values of 12 cos θ – 5 sin θ for real values of θ, [1] 15. 323.1 , 270

(b) solve the equation 12 cos θ – 5 sin θ = 0, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2. [3]

E1-16
17. The functions f and g are defined by 1
kx 17(a) k =
f(x) = 2 ln (x+3), x > –3 and g(x) = e – 3, x , where k is a constant. 2
The function g is the inverse of function f. 18 (b) [–9 , )
(c) f is not 1 – 1 , cause any horizontal line y = k, for k > –9, k ≠ –5 cuts
(a) Determine the value of k. [4] the graph at 2 points.
(b) Sketch the graphs of f and g on the same axes. [5](17)  5 2
19. 2 sin (x – ) (a) Min. = –2 when x = ; Max.=2 when x =
6 3 3
 ( x  2)2  9 , x  0  4  4
18. The function f is deflned by f(x) =  (c) 0 , ,, , 2 ; (0 , ) U ( , )
 2 x  5 ,x  0 3 3 3 3
20. (c) f is not 1 – 1 ,
(a) Sketch the graph of f. [3] cause any horizontal line y = k, for k > –9, k ≠ –5 cuts the graph at 2 points.
(b) State the range of f. [1] 22. (a) a = 2 , b = –4 (b) { x | –2 < x < 0.5 }
(c) State whether f is a one-to-one function or not. Give a reason for your answer. [2](18)

19. Express 3 sin x – cos x in the form of r sin (x – ), where r > 0 and
0<< . [4]
2
(a) Find the minimum and maximum values of 3 sin x – cos x, and the
corresponding values of x in the interval [0 , 2]. [3]

(b) Sketch the graph of y = 3 sin x – cos x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2. [3]

(c) Solve the equation | 3 sin x – cos x | = 1 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, and deduce the
set of values of x in the interval [0 , 2] which satisfies the inequality
| 3 sin x – cos x | < 1. [5](18)

4 3 2
20. The polynomial p(x) = ax + 3x + 2x + 6x + b, where a and b are real constants,
is divisible by (2x – 1). When p(x) is divided by (x – 1), the remainder is 9.
(a) Determine a and b. [4]
(b) Find the solution set for the inequality p(x) < 0. [6](19)

E1-17