A

Report on
LOGIC GATES
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology
West Bengal

Submitted By:-
PRIYANKA KUMARI (12500221007)
Dept. of Information Technology, IT 2nd Year
Bengal College of Engineering and Technology
Durgapur, West Bengal ,713212

Under the guidance of

Mr. SOURAV MAJI (IT)
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

On this great occasion of accomplishment of our project on ANALOG AND

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS, we would like to sincerely express our gratitude to Mr.
SOURAV MAJI, who has been supported through the completion of this project.
We would also be thankful to our principal Mr. PK Prasad of Bengal College of
Engineering and Technology for providing all the required facilities in
completion of this project. In every phase of the project, his supervision and
guidance shaped this report to be completed perfectly.

Finally, as one of the team members, I would like to appreciate all my group
members for their support and coordination, I hope we will achieve more in our
future venture.
 CONTENTS

• Abstract
• Introduction
• Types of Logic Gates
• What is truth table?
• Basic Logic Gate
• Universal Logic Gate
• Arithmetic Logic Gate
• Advantages And Disadvantages of Logic Gate
• Application of logic gate
• Working principle of logic gate
• Conclusion
• references
 LIST OF FIGURES

• Figure-1 Page no.- 08

• Figure-2 page no.- 10
• Figure-3 page no.- 11
• Figure-4 page no.- 12
• Figure-5 page no.- 13
• Figure-6 page no.- 14
• Figure-7 page no.- 15
• Figure-8 page no.- 16
• Figure-9 page no.- 18
 LIST OF TABLES

• Table-1 Page no.- 10

• Table-2 Page no.- 11
• Table-3 Page no.- 12
• Table-4 Page no.- 13
• Table-5 Page no.- 14
• Table-6 Page no.- 15
• Table-7 Page no.- 16
 ABSTRACT

Logic gates is a project developed to perform logical operations. Logic gates is

a an idealized or physical device implementing a boolean functions. Logic gates
performs logical operations on one or more logic inputs and produces a single
logic output. Depending on the context, the term may refer to an ideal logic
gate. Logic gates are primarily implemented electronically using diodes or
transistors, but can also be constructed using electromagnetic relays. Logic
gates can be cascaded in the same way as the boolean functions can be
composed.

Logic circuits include such devices as multiplexers, registers, arithmetic logic

units (ALUs), and computer memory, all the way up through
complete microprocessors, which may contain more than 100 million logic
gates.
Compound logic gates AND-OR-Invert (AOI) and OR-AND-Invert (OAI) are often
employed in circuit design because their construction using MOSFETs is simpler
and more efficient than the sum of the individual gates.
 INTRODUCTION

The building blocks of a digital circuit are logic gates, which execute
numerous logical operations that are required by any digital circuit. These can
take two or more inputs but only produce one output.
The mix of inputs applied across a logic gate determines its output. Logic
gates use Boolean algebra to execute logical processes. Logic gates are found
in nearly every digital gadget we use on a regular basis. Logic gates are used
in the architecture of our telephones, laptops, tablets, and memory devices.
A logic gate is a simple switching circuit that determines whether an input pulse
can pass through to the output in digital circuits.
A Logic gate is a kind of the basic building block of a digital circuit having two
inputs and one output.
The input and output relationship is based on a certain logic. These gates are
implemented using electronic switches such as diodes, transistors. But, in
practice, the basic logic gates are built using CMOS technology, MOSFET(Metal
Oxide Semiconductor FET), FETS.
Logic gates are used in microcontrollers, microprocessors, electronic and
electrical project circuits, and embedded system applications.
 TYPES OF LOGIC GATE

❖ BASIC LOGIC GATE

• AND GATE
• OR GATE
• NOT GATE

❖ UNIVERSAL LOGIC GATE

• NOR GATE
• NAND GATE

❖ ARITHMETIC LOGIC GATE

• XOR GATE
• XNOR GATE

Figure 1
 WHAT IS TRUTH TABLE?

A truth table is a mathematical table used in logic and can be used to see if a
logical proposition is true for any input value. Truth tables are primarily used in
connection with boolean algebra, boolean functions, and propositional calculus.
A truth table has one column for each input variable, e.g. A and B and a row for
each possible combination of the input variables being true and false. Other
columns are then added for each logical operator such as “And”, “Or” and “XOR”
and the results of these operators for each combination of inputs.
Truth tables are usually used for logic problems as in Boolean algebra and
electronic circuits.
A truth table shows the results of a logical expression, with individual columns
for each involved variable, and a column for their corresponding outcomes. All
variations of the inputs or arguments are listed to the left, while the output is
usually placed in the last columns to the right.

Truth table example: The truth table for the logical AND operator (2-input AND
gate).

A B AB
000
010
100
111
The earliest recorded example of the use of truth tables was that of an
unpublished work by Charles Sanders Peirce, an American philosopher,
mathematician and logician who is sometimes referred to as the “father of
pragmatism.” This was according to research done by Irving Anellis and
published in 2012 called "Peirce's Truth-functional Analysis and the Origin of the
Truth Table."
 BASIC LOGIC GATE

AND GATE

An AND gate has a single output and two or more inputs.

When all of the inputs are 1, the output of this gate is 1.
The AND gate’s Boolean logic is Y=A.B if there are two inputs A and B.

The truth table of a two-input AND basic gate is given as;

A B Y

0 0 0

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 1
Table-1

Figure-2
OR GATE
Two or more inputs and one output can be used in an OR gate.
The logic of this gate is that if at least one of the inputs is 1, the output will be 1
The OR gate’s output will be given by the following mathematical procedure if
there are two inputs A and B: Q=A+B

The truth table of a two-input OR basic gate is given as;

A B Q

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 1
Table-2

Figure-3
NOT GATE
The NOT gate is a basic one-input, one-output gate.
When the input is 1, the output is 0 and vice versa. A NOT gate is sometimes
called as an inverter because of its feature.
If there is only one input A, the output may be calculated using the Boolean
equation Z=A’.

It is read as Z equals NOT A.

The truth table of NOT gate is as follows;

A Z

0 1

1 0
Table-3

Figure-4
 UNIVERSAL LOGIC GATE

NOR GATE
A NOR gate, sometimes known as a “NOT-OR” gate, consists of an OR gate
followed by a NOT gate.
This gate’s output is 1 only when all of its inputs are 0. Alternatively, when all of
the inputs are low, the output is high.
The Boolean statement for the NOR gate is Y=(A+B)’ if there are two inputs A
and B.

The truth table of a NOR gate is as follows;

A B Y

0 0 1

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 0
Table-4

Figure-5
NAND GATE
A NAND gate, sometimes known as a ‘NOT-AND’ gate, is essentially a Not gate
followed by an AND gate.
This gate’s output is 1 only if none of the inputs is 1. Alternatively, when all of
the inputs are not high and at least one is low, the output is high.
If there are two inputs A and B, the Boolean expression for the NAND gate is
Y=(A.B)’

The truth table of a NAND gate is given as;

A B Y

0 0 1

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0
Table-5

Figure-6
 ARITHMETIC LOGIC GATE

XOR GATE
The Exclusive-OR or ‘Ex-OR’ gate is a digital logic gate that accepts more than
two inputs but only outputs one value.
If any of the inputs is ‘High,’ the output of the XOR Gate is ‘High.’ If both inputs
are ‘High,’ the output is ‘Low.’ If both inputs are ‘Low,’ the output is ‘Low.’
The Boolean equation for the XOR gate is Y=A’.B+A.B’ if there are two inputs A
and B.

The truth table of an XOR gate is;

A B Y

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0
Table-6

Figure-7
XNOR GATE
The Exclusive-NOR or ‘EX-NOR’ gate is a digital logic gate that accepts more than
two inputs but only outputs one.
If both inputs are ‘High,’ the output of the XNOR Gate is ‘High.’ If both inputs are
‘Low,’ the output is ‘Low.’ If one of the inputs is ‘Low,’ the output is ‘Low.’
If there are two inputs A and B, then the XNOR gate’s Boolean equation is:
Y=A.B+A’B’.

The truth table of an XNOR gate is given below;

A B Y

0 0 1

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 1
Table-7

Figure-8
 ❖ ADVANTAGES OF LOGIC GATE

• Logical Operations are performed using Boolean Algebra which makes the
circuit design more economical and simple.

• Logic ‘1’ and Logic ‘0’ can be easily distinguished.

❖ DISADVANTAGES OF LOGIC GATE

• Operating Voltage is limited.

• Time delay occurs between input and output.

❖ APPLICATION OF LOGIC GATE

• NAND Gates are used in Burglar alarms and buzzers.

• They are basically used in circuits involving computation and processing.
• They are also used in push button switches. E.g. Door Bell.
• They are used in the functioning of street lights.
• AND Gates are used to enable/inhibit the data transfer function.
• They are also used in TTL (Transistor Transistor Logic) and CMOS
circuitry.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF LOGIC GATE

To understand the working principle of Logic Gates, let us consider the example
of Street Lighting System. Fig below shows the Circuit Diagram of Street Lighting
System which mainly consists of Logic Gate (s) (NOT and OR Gate), Switch and
Light Sensor. The operational condition for the street light to function is as
follows:

• Switch: On = 1, Off = 0
• Light Sensor: Dark = 0, Bright = 1
• Street Light: On = 1, Off = 0
Based on this, we can prepare a Truth Table as shown in Fig. 9

Figure-9
 CONCLUSION

Logic gates are used to develop many ic circuit or microchips in today’s modern world
Nand gate and nor gate are known as universal gate because we can construct all three
basic gates using NAND & NOR gates. without logic gates, electronic world would be
nearly incomplete . In our experiment, the implementation of universal gates in logic
circuits has been made. There are two functions required to observe and F1 is in the
SOP form while F2 is in the POS form. We have been given four variables (A, B, C and
D) or in other words, four inputs that we must carry out in their 16 possible
combinations by connecting toggle switches for each and one toggle switch that was
always on to represent each of combinations output. We began to construct a circuit
diagram composed mainly of the AND, OR and an INVERTER logic gate for each of the
two functions and listed every output voltages we measured from the VOM. We also
constructed a series of possible answer for each combination so as to serve as a guide
to the values we’re going to measure. We then compared our computed or expected
value to what we measured in actual operation and the results did match to one
another. Then, to perform the main point of the experiment which was the universal
gates, we are required to reconstruct the circuits in the first procedure using universal
gates only, but must maintain the same behaviour the previous circuits had obtained.
In other words, we have to prove why the NAND and NOR gates are so called universal
gates. We converted the previous diagrams we made into circuits that were composed
mainly of NAND and NOR gates and followed the same procedure. In the first circuit
or in the F1, it is in the Sum Products form (SOP) and therefore can be easily
implemented using NAND gates. Thus, we constructed its equivalent circuit using
NAND gates only. Then, in the second circuit or in the F2, it can be easily seen that it
is in Product of Sums form (POS) and therefore it can be easily implemented using
NOR gates, Hence, we constructed once again another circuit using NOR gates only
but the exact equivalent of theF2.We have constructed another series of possible
answer for each combination so as to serve as a guide to the values we’re going to
measure. We then measured the corresponding output voltages for each of the
combinations and compared it with our computed or expected values. The results
were exactly the same as what we obtained from the first procedure. After the
experiment, we can now say that using Universal gates we can implement any gate
like AND,OR and NOT, or any combination of these basic gates and obtained the same
output. Also we have proved its most important advantage compared to circuits using
basic gates, and that is it minimizes the logic IC’s being used. Therefore NAND and
NOR gates really deserves their title as the Universal gates.
 REFERENCES

• Computer system architecture by m. morris mano

• https://unacademy.com
• https://www.bing.com
• https://electricalfundablog.com
• ELECTRONICS: Analog and Digital by I.J. Nagrath, 2013