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Gates

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16 views

Gates

Uploaded by

m4basim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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What is a logic gate?

A logic gate is a device that acts as a building block


for digital circuits. They perform basic logical
functions that are fundamental to digital circuits.
Most electronic devices we use today will have some
form of logic gates in them. For example, logic gates
can be used in digital electronics such as
smartphones and tablets or in memory devices.

In a circuit, logic gates work based on a combination


of digital signals coming from its inputs. Most logic
gates have two inputs and one output, and they are
based on Boolean algebra. At any given moment,
every terminal is in one of the two binary conditions:
true or false. False represents 0, and true represents
1.

Depending on the type of logic gate being used and


the combination of inputs, the binary output will
differ. A logic gate can be thought of like a light
switch, where in one position the output is off (0),
and in another, it is on (1). Logic gates are
commonly used in integrated circuits (IC).
asic logic gates
There are seven basic logic gates: AND, OR,
XOR, NOT, NAND, NOR and XNOR.
The AND gate is named so because, if 0 is
false and 1 is true, the gate acts in the same
way as the logical "and" operator. The following
illustration and table show the circuit symbol
and logic combinations for an AND gate. (In the
symbol, the input terminals are on the left, and
the output terminal is on the right.) The output is
"true" when both inputs are "true." Otherwise,
the output is "false." In other words, the output
is 1 only when both inputs are 1.
The OR gate gets its name from behaving like the
logical inclusive "or." The output is true if one or
both of the inputs are true. If both inputs are false,
then the output is false. In other words, for the
output to be 1, at least one input must be 1.

OR gate.

The XOR (exclusive-OR) gate acts in the same way as the


logical "either/or." The output is true if either, but not
both, of the inputs are true. The output is false if both
inputs are "false" or if both inputs are true. Similarly, the
output is 1 if the inputs are different but 0 if the inputs are
the same.
XOR gate.

A logical inverter, sometimes called a NOT gate to


differentiate it from other types of electronic inverter
devices, has only one input. A NOT gate reverses
the logic state. If the input is 1, then the output is 0.
If the input is 0, then the output is 1.

Inverter or
NOT gate.

The NAND (Negated AND) gate operates as an


AND gate followed by a NOT gate. It acts in the
manner of the logical operation "and" followed by
negation. The output is false if both inputs are true.
Otherwise, the output is true. Another way to
visualize it is that a NAND gate inverts the output of
an AND gate. The NAND gate symbol is an AND
gate with the circle of a NOT gate at the output.

NAND

gate.

The NOR (NOT OR) gate is a combination OR gate


followed by an inverter. Its output is true if both inputs
are false. Otherwise, the output is false.

NOR gate.
The XNOR (exclusive-NOR) gate is a combination of an
XOR gate followed by an inverter. Its output is true if the
inputs are the same and false if the inputs are different.

XNOR
gate.

Complex operations can be performed using


combinations of these logic gates. In theory, there is
no limit to the number of gates that can be arrayed
together in a single device. But in practice, there is a
limit to the number of gates that can be packed into a
given physical space.
Arrays of logic gates are found in digital ICs. As IC
technology advances, the required physical volume
for each individual logic gate decreases, and digital
devices become capable of performing more
complicated operations at increasing speeds.
Quantum computers also have their own version of
logic gates, called quantum logic gates, or qutrit
quantum gates, which is a quantum circuit that
operates using a small number of qutrits, which
are qubits that have one added dimension. Similar to
how logic gates are the building blocks of digital
circuits, qutrit quantum gates are the building
blocks of quantum circuits.

Composition of logic gates


High or low binary conditions are represented by different
voltage levels. The logic state of a terminal can, and
generally does, change as the circuit processes data. In
most logic gates, the low state is approximately zero volts
(0 V), while the high state is approximately five volts
positive (+5 V).

Logic gates can be made of resistors, transistors or diodes.


These components are wired together in specific
configurations to ensure they transform the inputs in
expected ways. Resistors, for example, can commonly be
used as a pull-up or pull-down resistor. Pull-up and pull-
down resistors are used when there are any unused logic
gate inputs to connect to a logic level 1 or 0. This
prevents any false switching of the gate. Pull-up resistors
are connected to Vcc (+5 V), and pull-down resistors are
connected to ground (0 V).

Likewise, transistors provide switching -- turning on or


off in response to input signals -- while diodes ensure
current flows in only one direction to stabilize the circuit.

Commonly used logic gates are transistor-transistor


logic (TTL) and complementary metal-oxide-
silicon (CMOS). TTL ICs use negative-positive-negative
and positive-negative-positive bipolar junction transistors.
CMOS ICs are constructed from metal-oxide-
semiconductor or junction-gate field effect transistors.
TTL ICs might commonly be labeled as the 7400 series of
chips, while CMOS ICs may often be marked as a 4000
series of chips.

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