Unit-4

Unit IV: Application Containerization
1. Understanding Containers: The Shipping Container Analogy

🚢 Fun Fact: The idea of containerization in software was inspired by shipping containers in the
transportation industry!
Imagine you're trying to transport various goods across the world. Before the invention of shipping
containers, this process was chaotic, time-consuming, and prone to errors. Let's explore this analogy:
Problems in the Shipping Industry before Containers:
Different sizes and shapes of cargo

Manual loading and unloading
Damage to goods during transit
Theft and loss of items
Inefficient use of space
Enter the Shipping Container:

The standardized shipping container revolutionized the transport industry by:
Providing a uniform size and shape

Enabling easy stacking and efficient use of space
Securing goods from theft and damage
Allowing for quick loading and unloading
Facilitating intermodal transport (ship, train, truck)
How this Relates to Software Containers:
Just as shipping containers standardized the transportation of physical goods, software containers standardize
the packaging and deployment of applications.
2. Container Virtualization: Introduction

💻 Fun Fact: The first version of Docker, a popular containerization platform, was released in 2013!
Containerization is a lightweight alternative to full machine virtualization. It involves encapsulating an
application in a container with its own operating environment.
Key Components:
1. Hypervisor: A piece of software that creates and runs virtual machines.

2. Container Platform: Software that manages containers (e.g., Docker, Kubernetes).
3. Container Runtime: The software responsible for running containers.
4. Container Images: Lightweight, stand-alone, executable packages that include everything needed to
run a piece of software.
3. Containers vs. Virtual Machines

Let's compare these two virtualization technologies:
Feature Containers Virtual Machines
OS Share host OS Require full OS
Performance Near-native Overhead due to full OS
Boot time Seconds Minutes
Storage Lightweight (MBs) Heavy (GBs)
Isolation Process-level Full isolation
4. Understanding Containers
Containers provide a way to package application code, configurations, and dependencies into a single object.
They share the host operating system's kernel but run as isolated processes.
Benefits of Containers:
🚀 Fast deployment
💼 Portability
🔧 Consistency across environments
🏗️ Efficient resource utilization
🔄 Easy scaling
5. Containerization Platforms
Several platforms exist for managing containers:
1. Docker: The most popular containerization platform.

2. Kubernetes: An open-source container orchestration system.
3. Docker Swarm: Docker's native clustering and scheduling tool.
4. Amazon ECS: Amazon's container management service.
5. Azure Kubernetes Service: Microsoft's managed Kubernetes service.
6. Historical Context: The Evolution of Containerization

Let's take a brief look at the history of containerization technologies:
The Chroot System (1979)

Introduced in Unix V7
Allowed changing the root directory for a process
FreeBSD Jails (2000)
Enhanced chroot with additional isolation features

Allowed partitioning of a FreeBSD system into multiple independent mini-systems
Linux Containers (LXC) (2008)
Operating system-level virtualization for Linux

Allowed multiple isolated Linux systems on a single host
Docker (2013)
Made containers easy to use and deploy

Introduced the concept of layered images
Practical Exercises
Now, let's reinforce these concepts with some hands-on exercises!
Exercise 1: Running Your First Container

1. Open a terminal or command prompt.
2. Run the following command:
docker run hello-world
3. Observe the output. What did you see?
Exercise 2: Exploring Docker Images
1. List all Docker images on your system:

docker images
2. Pull the official Ubuntu image:

docker pull ubuntu
3. Run an interactive Ubuntu container:

docker run -it ubuntu
4. Try some Linux commands inside the container (e.g., ls, pwd, cat /etc/os-release).
5. Exit the container by typing exit.
Exercise 3: Building a Simple Docker Image
1. Create a new directory for your project:

mkdir my_docker_app
cd my_docker_app
2. Create a file named app.py with the following content:

print("Hello from my Docker container!")
3. Create a file named Dockerfile (no extension) with the following content:
FROM python:3.9-slim
COPY app.py /
CMD ["python", "app.py"]
4. Build your Docker image:

docker build -t my-python-app .
5. Run your container:

docker run my-python-app
Conclusion
Containerization has revolutionized the way we develop, ship, and run applications. By understanding the
concepts and practicing with tools like Docker, you're taking a big step into the world of modern software
development and DevOps practices.
Remember, the key advantages of containers are:
Consistency across different environments

Lightweight and fast deployment
Efficient resource utilization
Easy scaling and management of applications
Keep practicing and exploring, and you'll soon become proficient in containerization technologies!

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Unit IV: Application Containerization

1. Understanding Containers: The Shipping Container Analogy

Problems in the Shipping Industry before Containers:

Different sizes and shapes of cargo

Enter the Shipping Container:

Providing a uniform size and shape

How this Relates to Software Containers:

2. Container Virtualization: Introduction

1. Hypervisor: A piece of software that creates and runs virtual machines.

3. Containers vs. Virtual Machines

1. Docker: The most popular containerization platform.

6. Historical Context: The Evolution of Containerization

The Chroot System (1979)

FreeBSD Jails (2000)

Enhanced chroot with additional isolation features

Linux Containers (LXC) (2008)

Operating system-level virtualization for Linux

Made containers easy to use and deploy

Exercise 1: Running Your First Container

3. Observe the output. What did you see?

Exercise 2: Exploring Docker Images

1. List all Docker images on your system:

2. Pull the official Ubuntu image:

3. Run an interactive Ubuntu container:

Exercise 3: Building a Simple Docker Image

1. Create a new directory for your project:

2. Create a file named app.py with the following content:

4. Build your Docker image:

5. Run your container:

Consistency across different environments

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