ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many

people have best owned upon me their blessings and the heart
pledged support, this time I am utilizing to thank all the people
who have been concerned with project.

Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete this

project with success. Then I would like to thank my principal
and chemistry teacher whose valuable guidance has been the
ones that helped me patch this project and make it full proof
success. His suggestions and his instructions have served as the
major contributor towards
The completion of the project. Then I would like to thank my
parents and friends who have helped me with their valuable
suggestion and guidance

Last but not the least I would like to thank my classmates who
have helped me a lot and also

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 INDEX
1. Introduction

2. His Work

3. His contribution in maths and astronomy

4. His legacy

5. Bibliography

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 TOPIC
ARYABHATA – THE MATHEMATICIAN AND ASTRONOMER

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 INTRODUCTION
While there is a tendency to misspell his name as
"Aryabhatta" by analogy with other names having the
"Bhatta" suffix, his name is properly spelled Aryabhata:
every astronomical text spells his name thus ,
including Brahmaguptas references to him in more than a
hundred places by name. Furthermore, in most instances
"Aryabhata" would not fit the metre either

Aryabhata mentions in the Aryabhatiya that he was 23

years old 3,600 years into the Kali Yuga, but this is not to
mean that the text was composed at that time. This
mentioned year corresponds to 499 CE, and implies that
he was born in 476.Aryabhata called himself a native of
Kusumapura or Pataliputra (present day Patna, Bihar).

It is fairly certain that, at some point, he went to

Kusumapura for advanced studies and lived there for
some time. Both Hindu and Buddhist tradition, as well
as Bhāskara I (CE 629), identify Kusumapura
as Pāṭaliputra, modern Patna. .

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A verse mentions that Aryabhata was the head of an
institution (kulapa) at Kusumapura, and, because the
university of Nalanda was in Pataliputra at the time, it is
speculated that Aryabhata might have been the head of
the Nalanda university as well. Aryabhata is also reputed
to have set up an observatory at the Sun temple
in Taregana, Bihar

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 WORK
Aryabhata is the author of several treatises
on mathematics and astronomy, though Aryabhatiya is the
only one which survives.

Much of the research included subjects in astronomy,

mathematics, physics, biology, medicine, and other fields.
Aryabhatiya, a compendium of mathematics and
astronomy, was referred to in the Indian mathematical
literature and has survived to modern times. The
mathematical part:

The Aryabhatiya covers arithmetic, algebra, plan

trigonometry, and spherical trigonometry. It also
contains continued fractions, quadratic equations, sums-of-
power series, and a table of sines

The Arya-siddhanta , a lost work on astronomical computations, is

known through the writings of Aryabhata's
contemporary, Varahamihira, and later mathematicians and
commentators, including Brahmagupta and Bhaskara I. This work
appears to be based on the older Surya Siddhanta and uses the
midnight-day reckoning, as opposed to sunrise in Aryabhatiya.

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 It also contained a description of several astronomical
instruments: the gnomon (shanku-yantra), a shadow
instrument (chhAyA-yantra), possibly angle-measuring
devices, semicircular and circular (dhanur-yantra / chakra-
yantra), a cylindrical stick yasti-yantra, an umbrella-shaped
device called the chhatra-yantra, and water clocks of at
least two types, bow-shaped and cylindrical.

A third text, which may have survived in

the Arabic translation, is Al ntf or Al-nanf. It claims that it is
a translation by Aryabhata, but the Sanskrit name of this
work is not known. Probably dating from the 9th century, it
is mentioned by the Persian scholar and chronicler of
India, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī.

Direct details of Aryabhata's work are known only from

the Aryabhatiya. The name "Aryabhatiya" is due to later
commentators. Aryabhata himself may not have given it a
name. His disciple Bhaskara I calls it Ashmakatantra (or
the treatise from the Ashmaka). It is also occasionally
referred to as Arya shatas aShTa (literally, Aryabhata's
108), because there are 108 verses in the text.

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It is written in the very terse style typical of sutra literature, in
which each line is an aid to memory for a complex system. Thus,
the explication of meaning is due to commentators. The text
consists of the 108 verses and 13 introductory verses, and is
divided into four pādas or chapters:

1.Gitikapada: (13 verses): large units of time kalpa

, manvantra, and yuga—which present a cosmology
different from earlier texts such as Lagadha's Vedanga
Jyotisha (c. 1st century BCE). There is also a table of
sines (jya), given in a single verse. The duration of the
planetary revolutions during a mahayuga is given as 4.32
million years.

2.Ganitapada (33 verses): covering mensuration (kṣetra

vyāvahāra), arithmetic and geometric
progressions, gnomon / shadows (shanku-chhAyA),
simple, quadratic, simultaneous,
and indeterminate equations (kuṭṭaka).

3.Kalakriyapada (25 verses): different units of time and a

method for determining the positions of planets for a given
day, calculations concerning the intercalary month
(adhikamAsa), kShaya-tithis, and a seven-day week with
names for the days of week.

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Golapada (50 verses): Geometric/trigonometric aspects of
the celestial sphere, features of the ecliptic, celestia
equator, node, shape of the earth, cause of day and night,
rising of zodiacal signs on horizon, etc. In addition, some
versions cite a few colophons added at the end, extolling
the virtues of the work, etc.

The Aryabhatiya presented a number of innovations in

mathematics and astronomy in verse form, which were
influential for many centuries. The extreme brevity of the
text was elaborated in commentaries by his disciple
Bhaskara I (Bhashya, c. 600 CE) and by Nilakantha
Somayaji in his Aryabhatiya Bhasya (1465 CE).

Aryabhatiya is also well-known for his description of

relativity of motion. He expressed this relativity thus: "Just
as a man in a boat moving forward sees the stationary
objects (on the shore) as moving backward, just so are the
stationary stars seen by the people on earth as moving
exactly towards the west.

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 MATHEMATICS
Place value system and zero.

The place-value system, first seen in the 3rd-

century Bakhshali Manuscript, was clearly in place in his
work. While he did not use a symbol for zero, the French
mathematician Georges Ifrah argues that knowledge of
zero was implicit in Aryabhata's place-value system as a
place holder for the powers of ten with null coefficients.

However, Aryabhata did not use the Brahmi numerals.

Continuing the Sanskritic tradition from Vedic times, he
used letters of the alphabet to denote numbers,
expressing quantities, such as the table of sines in
a mnemonic form.

Approximation of π

Aryabhata worked on the approximation for pi (π), and may

have come to the conclusion that π is irrational. In the
second part of the Aryabhatiyam (gaṇitapāda 10), he
writes:

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caturadhikaṃ śatamaṣṭaguṇaṃ dvāṣaṣṭistathā sahasrāṇām
ayutadvayaviṣkambhasyāsanno vṛttapariṇāhaḥ.

"Add four to 100, multiply by eight, and then add 62,000.

By this rule the circumference of a circle with a diameter of
20,000 can be approached."

This implies that for a circle whose diameter is 20000, the

circumference will be 62832

i.e., pi=623832 divided by 20000 = 3.1416

It is speculated that Aryabhata used the

word āsanna (approaching), to mean that not only is this an
approximation but that the value is incommensurable
(or irrational).

If this is correct, it is quite a sophisticated insight, because

the irrationality of pi (π) was proved in Europe only in 1761
by Lambert.

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 Trigonometry

In Ganitapada 6, Aryabhata gives the area of a triangle as:

tribhujasya phalaśarīraṃ samadalakoṭī

bhujārdhasaṃvargaḥ

that translates to: "for a triangle, the result of a

perpendicular with the half-side is the area."

Aryabhata discussed the concept of sine in his work by the

name of ardha-jya, which literally means "half-chord". For
simplicity, people started calling it jya. When Arabic writers
translated his works from Sanskrit into Arabic, they referred
it as jiba. However, in Arabic writings, vowels are omitted,
and it was abbreviated as jb.

Later writers substituted it with jaib, meaning "pocket" or

"fold (in a garment)". (In Arabic, jiba is a meaningless
word.) Later in the 12th century, when Gherardo of
Cremona translated these writings from Arabic into Latin,
he replaced the Arabic jaib with its Latin
counterpart, sinus, which means "cove" or "bay"; thence
comes the English word sine.

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Algebra

In Aryabhatiya, Aryabhata provided elegant results for the

summation of series of squares and cubes

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 ASTRONOMY
Aryabhata's system of astronomy was called
the audAyaka system, in which days are reckoned
from uday, dawn at lanka or "equator". Some of his later
writings on astronomy, which apparently proposed a
second model (or ardha-rAtrikA, midnight) are lost but can
be partly reconstructed from the discussion
in Brahmagupta's Khandakhadyaka.

In some texts, he seems to ascribe the apparent motions

of the heavens to the Earth's rotation. He may have
believed that the planet's orbits are elliptical rather than
circular.

Motions of the Solar System

Aryabhata correctly insisted that the Earth rotates about

its axis daily, and that the apparent movement of the stars
is a relative motion caused by the rotation of the Earth,
contrary to the then-prevailing view, that the sky rotated.

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This is indicated in the first chapter of the Aryabhatiya,
where he gives the number of rotations of the Earth in
a yuga, and made more explicit in his gola chapter:

In the same way that someone in a boat going forward

sees an unmoving [object] going backward, so
[someone] on the equator sees the unmoving stars
going uniformly westward. The cause of rising and
setting [is that] the sphere of the stars together with the
planets [apparently?] turns due west at the equator,
constantly pushed by the cosmic wind.

Aryabhata described a geocentric model of the Solar System, in

which the Sun and Moon are each carried by epicycles. They in
turn revolve around the Earth. In this model, which is also found
in the Paitāmahasiddhānta (c. 425 CE), the motions of the planets
are each governed by two epicycles, a smaller manda (slow) and
a larger śīghra (fast).

Eclipses
Solar and lunar eclipses were scientifically explained by
Aryabhata. He states that the Moon and planets shine by
reflected sunlight. Instead of the prevailing cosmogony in
which eclipses were caused by Rahu and Ketu (identified
as the pseudo-planetary lunar nodes), he explains eclipses
in terms of shadows cast by and falling on Earth.

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Thus, the lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon enters into
the Earth's shadow (verse gola.37). He discusses at length
the size and extent of the Earth's shadow (verses gola.38–
48) and then provides the computation and the size of the
eclipsed part during an eclipse.

Later Indian astronomers improved on the calculations, but

Aryabhata's methods provided the core. His computational
paradigm was so accurate that 18th-century scientist Guillaume
Le Gentile, during a visit to Pondicherry, India, found the Indian
computations of the duration of the lunar eclipse of 30 August
1765 to be short by 41 seconds, whereas his charts (by Tobias
Mayer, 1752) were long by 68 seconds.

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 LEGACY
Aryabhata's work was of great influence in the Indian
astronomical tradition and influenced several neighbouring
cultures through translations. The Arabic translation during
the Islamic Golden Age (c. 820 CE), was particularly influential.
Some of his results are cited by Al-Khwarizmi and in the 10th
century Al-Biruni stated that Aryabhata's followers believed that
the Earth rotated on its axis.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY
For successfully completing my project. I have
Taken help from the following webpages:

Wikipedia.

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