11th & 12th - Indus Valley Civilisation

VIVEKANANDHA
IAS ACADEMY
Coimbatore | Erode | Gobi | Ooty | Tiruppur
The word history
is derived from
which Language?
The word history is
derived from the
Greek word 'Istoria'.
Who is the
Father of
History?
Father of History
Herodotus
(a Greek historian and Geographer )
Herodotus
From which fossils can we
understand the lifestyles
of prehistoric people
through excavation?
The life styles of pre historic people
can be understood from the ;
Stone tools & Rock paintings
Which animal was used by
the Early humans for
their protection and
hunting activities?
Early humans domesticated dogs
for their protection and hunting
activities.
 The story of human evolution can be
scientifically studied with the help of
archaeology and anthropology.
 Anthropology is the study of humans and
evolutionary history.
 The word anthropology is derived from two
Greek words: anthropos meaning "man" or
"human"; and logos meaning "thought" or
"reason."
Study of History
AncientIndia
Medieval India
Modern India
Time Line
Ancient India - B.C 3500 - A.D 500
Medieval India - A.D 900 – A.D1700
Modern India - A.D 1600 – A.D1947

Sources of History
Archaeological sources
Archaeological sources
 Coins
 Artifacts : any object made by human
beings, especially with a view to subsequent
use. especially such an object found at an
archaeological excavation.
 Inscriptions: written records engraved on
stones, pillars, clay or copper tablets, caves
and walls of temples.
 Monuments : a statue, building or other
structure built by a notable person
Literary sources
Literary sources
 Secular Literature
Secular literature is one which comprises of worldly
things and not pertaining to religious rituals or
beliefs.These books used to have the code of duties
for kings, administrators, and the public.
 Religious Literature
The Vedas, the epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata,
the Gita and the Puranas can be referred to as
religious literature. The Jain Angas and the Buddhist
Tripitakas are also important literary sources.
Ancient India -6 th & 9th Book
Indusvalley civilization
Buddhism and Jainism
Mahajanapadas
Mauryan Empire
Guptas
Medieval India -7 th &11 Book
th
Arabic & Turkish Invasion

Delhi Sulthans
The Mughals
Marathas
Vijaya Nagar Empire
Bhamini Kingdom
South Indian History
Modern India – 8 th &10 th Book
European Invasion
Wars (Carnatic, Mysore, Maratha)
1857 Revolt
Indian National Movement
Gandian Era
Indian Independence
Sites in Indian Borders
Ancient Civilizations of the World
 Chinese Civilization - B.C.1700 – 1122
 Egyptian Civilization – B.C.3100 – 1100
 Indus valley Civilization – B.C.3300 – 1900
 Mesopotamia Civilization – B.C.3500 – 2000

Chinese Civilization
Egypt
Mesopotamia
Indus Valley
Civilization
established near the
Indus River.
 The Indus civilisation, also known as
the Harappan civilisation, covers an
area of over 1.5 million square
kilometres in India and Pakistan
 Its main concentration was in the
regions of Gujarat, Pakistan, Rajasthan
and Haryana.
Boundries Shortugai
(Afganisthan)
Sutkagendor
Alamgirpur
(Pakistan- Iran
(Uttar Pradesh)
boundary)
Diamabath
(Maharastra)
MAJOR CITIES OF THE INDUS
CIVILISATION.
 Harappa (Punjab, Pakistan)
 Mohenjo-Daro (Sindh, Pakistan)
 Dholavira (Gujarat, India)
 Kalibangan (Rajasthan, India)
 Lothal (Gujarat, India)
 Banawali (Rajasthan, India)
 Rakhigarhi (Haryana, India)
 Surkotada (Gujarat, India)
Time Span of Indus Civilization
 Geographicalrange : South Asia
 Period : Bronze Age
 Time : 3300 to1900BC
(determined using the radiocarbon dating
method)
 Area : 13 lakh sq.km
 Cities : 6 big cities
 Villages : More than 200
Important Discoveries
Year Site Discovered by
1921 Harappa Dayaram Sahni
1922 Mohenjodaro R.D. Banerjee
1927 Sutkagendor R.L. Staine
1931 Chanhudaro N.G. Majumdar
1953 Rangpur M.Vats
1953 Kalibangan A.Ghosh
1955-56 Ropar Y.D.Sharma
1957 Lothal S.R.Rao
1972-75 Surkotada I.Joshi
1973-74 Banwali R.S.Bisht
Sources of Materials
Material Source
 Lead Rajasthan, South India.
Afghanistan,Iran
 Lapis Lazuli Badakashan (N. Afghanistan)
 Turquoise Central Asia,Iran
 Amethyst Maharashtra Jade, Central Asia
 Carnelian Saurashtra
Sources of Materials
Material Source
 Gold Afghanistan, Persia, Karnataka
 Silver Afghanistan,Iran
 Copper Baluchistan & Khetri (Rajasthan)
 Tin Afghanistan, Central Asia
 Agates Western India
 Chalcedony Saurashtra
Discovery of a lost city – Harappa
 The ruins of Harappa were first described by the
British East India Company soldier and explorer
Charles Masson in his book.
 He wrote that he saw a “ruined brick castle with very
high walls and towers built on a hill”.This was the
earliest historical record of the existence of Harappa.
 In 1856 when engineers laid a railway line connecting
Lahore to Karachi, they discovered more burnt
bricks.
PAKISTHAN
 In the 1920s archaeologists began to excavate
the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.
 In 1924 the Director General of ASI, Sir John
Marshall, found many common features
between Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.
 Some slight differences are found in the
earthenware's of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.
 This made the researchers conclude that
Harappa was older than Mohenjo-Daro.
Mohenjodaro
In Sindhi language,
the word Mohenjodaro
means ‘Mound of the dead’
The Archaeological Survey of
India (ASI) was started in 1861
with Alexander Cunningham
as Surveyor.
Its headquarters is located in
New Delhi.
Alexander Cunningham known as
the “Father of Indian Archaeology,”
Dharohar Bhawan
Headquarter Archaeological Survey of India
Infrastructure
Streetsand Houses
Drainage System
The Great Bath (Mohenjo-daro)
The Great Granary (Harappa)
The Assembly Hall
Trade and Transport
Planned Towns
The Harappans used baked and

unbaked bricks,and stones for
construction.
The houses were built of mud bricks
while the drainages were built with
burnt bricks.
Houses had more than one floor.
Two planned area of Mohanja-daro
Upper town Lower towns

• Part of city to the
• Part of city to the
east lower ground
West higher ground
• it was inhabited
• It was used by by common
administrators people.
The Great Bath (Mohenjo-daro)
The Great Bath is a tank
situated within a courtyard.
The corridors were present
on all four sides and stairs
are seen on the northern
and southern sides.
The bricks were laid
watertight with gypsum
mortar.
It had drainage.
It is associated with ritual
bathing.
The Great Granary (Harappa)
Occupation
 Agriculture
 Handicrafts
 Pottery making
 Jewellery making
 Weaving
 Carpentry and trading.
 There were merchants, traders and artisans.
 Rearing of cattle was another occupation.
Agriculture
 Agriculture was an important source for the
Harappans.
 The Harappans cultivated diverse crops such as
wheat, barley, lentil, chickpea, sesame and
various millets.
 They adopted a double cropping system.
 The Harappans used ploughs.
 Ploughed fields have been found at Kalibangan.
 They used both canal and well irrigation.
A double cropping system is a production
method that involves growing two or
more crops in the same field during the
same year.
Animal Domestication
Pastoralism was also practiced by the
Harappans.
They domesticated Sheep, Goat and
Fowl.
They had knowledge of various other
animals including Buffalo, Pig and
Elephant.
The Harappan cattle are called Zebu
Which animal was
unknown to the
people of Indus?
Horse
Craft Production
The Harappans used metal and stone
ornaments.
They had knowledge of cotton and silk
textiles.
They made carnelian, copper and gold
ornaments.
The Harappans had close trade links
with the Mesopotamians.
Indus ornaments
The following table presents the major
centres of craft production.
The Harappans used painted
pottery. Their potteries have a
deep red slip and black
paintings.
The Harappans used chert
blades, copper objects and
bone and ivory tools
Rohri chert refers to the chert
raw material collected from Rohri
in Pakistan.
It was used by the Harappans for
making blades.
The Harappans used both stone
and bronze tools.
Rohri chert blades Shikarpur,
Gujarat
Trade and Exchange
 Harappans had close trade contacts with the
Mesopotamians
 Harappan seals and materials have been found in the
Sumerian sites in Oman, Bahrain, and Iraq and Iran.
 The cuneiform inscriptions mention the trade contacts
between Mesopotamia and Harappans.
 The mention of “Meluhha” in the cuneiform inscriptions
refers to the Indus region.
 A Harappan jar has been found in Oman.
 Harappan seals, weights, dice and beads are found in
Mesopotamia.
Mesopotamia & Sumeria
Which animal was used
by the people of Indus
Valley for transport?
The Bull
Weights and Measures
 The Harappans developed a system of
proper weights and measures.
 The weights point to their knowledge of
the binary system.
 The ratio of weighing is doubled as
1:2:4:8:16:32.
 The seals from various media such as
steatite, copper, terracotta and ivory are
found in the Harappan sites.
Weights of Harappan civilisation
Copper balance from Mohenjo-Daro
Seals, Sealing and Scripts
 Theseals from various media such as steatite,

copper, terracotta and ivory are frequently
found in the Harappan sites.
 About5,000 texts have been documented
from the Harappan sites.
 The longest text has about twenty six signs.
 Some scholars are of the view that it is
Dravidian
A seal with the script
Arts and Amusement
‘Priestking’ made of steatite
and “The dancing girl statue”
made of bronze (both from
Mohenjo-Daro)
Stone sculptures from Harappa,
Mohenjo-Daro and Dholavira are
the important objects of art.
Dancing
girl
Statue
Priest king
Faith and Belief System
The Indus people worshipped

Nature.
They worshipped the Pipal tree.
Some of the terracotta figures
appear to be mother goddess.
Fire altars have been identified at
Kalibangan.
Dockyard
 Lothal
It is situated on the banks of a
tributary of Sabarmati river in
Gujarat.
Which metal was
unknown to the
people of Indus?
Iron
Which was the first
metal discovered and
used by humans?
Copper
They made various types of
toys using Terracotta
Decline of Indus Culture
Changes in climate
Decline of the trade with
Mesopotamia
Drying up or flooding of the river
Indus
Foreign invasion
Radiocarbon Dating Method
A standard tool for
archaeologists
It was also known as
C14 method
Used to determine the
age of an object.

11th & 12th - Indus Valley Civilisation

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VIVEKANANDHA

Medieval India - A.D 900 – A.D1700

Modern India - A.D 1600 – A.D1947

Arabic & Turkish Invasion

 Chinese Civilization - B.C.1700 – 1122

 Egyptian Civilization – B.C.3100 – 1100

 Indus valley Civilization – B.C.3300 – 1900

 Mesopotamia Civilization – B.C.3500 – 2000

The Harappans used baked and

Upper town Lower towns

 Theseals from various media such as steatite,

The Indus people worshipped

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