CWTS - MIDTERMS Use – The act of injecting, consuming, or any dangerous

drugs. The means of introducing the dangerous drug into

Lesson 2: Drug Education
the physiological system of the body.
History of Drug Education in the Philippines
The development of drug control in the Philippines was
The Nature and Physiology of Drugs
brought about by the drug problem encountered since the
Spanish era when the Spanish colonial government The Prescriptive Drugs
imposed control on opium. This American regime where
- These are drugs requiring written authorization from
legislations on the use and other involvement on narcotic
a doctor to allow a purchase.
drugs were in effect.
The Over-the Counter Drugs (OTC)
The drug problem in the country since the early part of the
1900s encouraged the Philippine authorities to enact laws - These are non prescription medicines, which may be
for the regulation of drug use and production. purchased from any pharmacy or drugstore without
written authorization from a doctor.
The first drug control law in the country was R.A. 953
known as the Narcotic Drug Law of 1953. Self- Medication Syndrome
• RA 6425 known as the Dangerous Drugs was enacted - The ‘‘self -medication’’ syndrome is found in users
during the Marcos time. Then in 2002, RA 9165 and would be users of drugs whose sources of
known as the Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of information are people or literature other than doctor,
2002 was enacted reforming the previous law. pharmacists and health workers.
- This could be members of the family, relatives and/or
Terms and Drug Abuse Jargons
neighbors, all of whom may have previously used the
• Administer- The act of introducing any dangerous drug for their specific disease or disorder.
drug into the body of any person with or without his
The possible outcomes of self medication are:
knowledge.
• Chemical- It is any substance taken into the body that 1. Adverse reaction towards the drug, such as allergies
alters the way and the mind and the bodywork. which may be mild or severe.
• Chemical Abuse- It is an instance when the use of 2. Possible non-response of the patient to the drug
chemical has produced negative or harmful effectively due to incorrect drug usage.
consequences. 3. Possible drug toxicities, through overdose which may
lead to severe reactions such as nausea, vomiting,
Drug –Traditionally, drugs are synthetic chemicals used rashes, etc.
as medicine or in the making of medicine, which affect 4. Possible habit-forming characteristics due to periodic
the body and mind and have the potential for abuse. use of the drugs even when such are no longer needed.
Drug Abuse –Abuse is the Illegal, wrongful or improper
use of any drug.
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF DRUGS
Drug Addiction – It refers to the state of periodic or
chronic intoxication produced by the repeated How Drug Works
consumption of a drug.
- Most drugs act within a cell, rather than on the surface
of a cell or in the extra-cellular fluids of the body.
Similar to normal body chemicals, a drug enters a cell
Drug Dependence – It refers to the state of psychic or and participates in a few steps of the normal sequence
physical dependence or both on dangerous drugs of a cellular process.
following the administration or use of that drug. WHO
defines it as the periodic, continuous, repeated The amount of drug in a dose can be described as:
administration of a drug.
1. Minimal dose – the amount needed to treat or heal,
Tolerance – It is the tendency to increase the dosage of that is, the smallest amount of a drug that will produce
drugs to maintain the same effect in the body. a therapeutic effect.
2. Maximal dose – the largest amount of a drug that will What are the Medical Uses of Drug?
produce a desired therapeutic effect, without any
accompanying symptoms of toxicity. 1. Analgesic – are drugs that relieve pain. However,
they may produce the opposite effects on somebody
3. Toxic dose – the amount of drug that produces who suffers form peptic ulcer or gastric irritation.
untoward effects or symptoms of poisoning. 2. Antibiotics – are drugs that combat or control
infectious organisms. Ingesting the same antibiotics
4. Abusive dose – the amount needed to produce the side
for a long time can result allergic reactions and cause
effects and action desired by an individual who
resistance to drugs.
improperly uses it.
3. Antipyretics – those that can lower body temperature
5. Lethal dose – the amount of drug that will cause death. or fever due to infection.
4. Antihistamines – those that control or combat
How drugs are administered?
allergic reactions. People who on antihistamine
1. Oral- this is the safest most convenient and therapy must not operate or drive vehicles since these
economical route whenever possible. There are drugs can cause drowsiness.
however, drugs which cannot be administered this 5. Contraceptives – drugs that prevent the meeting of
way because of the digestive juices readily destroy the egg cell and sperm cell or prevent the ovary from
them or because they irritate the mucous lining of the releasing egg cells.
gastro-intestinal tract and induce vomiting. 6. Decongestants – those that relieve congestion of the
2. Injection – this form of drug administration offers a nasal passages.
faster response than the oral method. It makes use of 7. Expectorants – those that can ease the expulsion of
a needle or other device to deliver the drugs directly mucus and phlegm from the lungs and the throat.
into the body tissue and blood circulation. They are not drugs of choice for the newborn that
3. Inhalation – this route makes use of gaseous and does not know to cough the phlegm out.
volatile drugs, which are inhaled and absorbed rapidly 8. Laxatives – those that stimulate defecation and
through the mucous of the respiratory tract. encourage bowel movement. They should not be
4. Topical – this refers to the application of drugs given to pregnant women and those suffering from
directly to a body site such as the skin and the mucous intestinal obstruction. Taking purgatives (stronger
membrane. than laxatives) unnecessarily might result in rupture
5. Iontophoresis – the introduction of drugs into the of the intestines or appendix if there is an obstruction.
deeper layers of the skin by the use of special type of 9. Sedatives and Tranquilizers – are those that can
electric current for local effect. calm and quiet the nerves and relieve anxiety without
In connection, drugs may cause dangerous effects because causing depression and clouding of the mind.
of any of the following: 10. Vitamins – those substance for normal growth and
development and proper functioning of the body.
1. Overdose – when too much of a drug is taken into the
physiological system of the human body, there may
be an over extension of its effects. CLASSIFICATION OF DANGEROUS DRUGS
2. Allergy – some drugs cause the release of histamine
giving rise to allergic symptoms such as dermatitis, (According to Effects)
swelling, fall in blood pressure, suffocation and death.
3. Idiosyncrasy – it refers to the individual reaction to
a drug, food, etc. for unexplained reasons. Morphine A. THE DEPRESSANTS (DOWNERS)
for example, which sedates all men, stimulate and
renders some women maniacal behavior. These are drugs which suppress vital body functions
4. Poisonous Property – drugs are chemicals and some especially those of the brain or central nervous system
of them have the property of being general with the resulting impairment of judgment, hearing,
protoplasmic poisons. speech, and muscular coordination.
5. Side Effects – some drugs are not receptors for one 1. Narcotics - are drugs, which relieve pain and produce
organ but receptors of other organs as well. The effect profound sleep or stupor when introduces to the body.
in the other organs may constitute a side effect, which Medically, they are potent painkillers, cough
are most of the time unwanted.
 depressants and as an active component of anti 1. Amphetamines - used medically for weight reducing
diarrhea preparations. in obesity, relief of mild depression and treatment.
Ex. Opium and its derivatives, morphine, codeine and 2. Cocaine - the drug taken from the coca bush plant
heroin. (Erythroxylon Coca) grows in South America. It is usually
in the form of powder that can be taken orally, injected or
2. Opium - derived from a poppy plant-Papaver
sniffed as to achieve euphoria or an intense feeling of
somniferum populary known as “gum”, “gamut”
highness.
“kalamay” or “panocha”. A plant that can grow from
3. Caffeine - It is present in coffee ,tea, chocolate, cola
3 to 6 ft in height originally in Mesopotamia. Its active
drinks, and some wake up pills.
ingredients is the “meconic” acid-the analgesic properties.
4.Shabu/ “poor man’s cocaine”- chemically known as
3. Paregoric - a tincture of opium in combination with
methamphetamine hydrochloride. It is a central nervous
camphor. Commonly used as a household remedy for
system stimulant and sometimes called upper or speed. It
diarrhea and abdominal pain.
is white, colorless crystal or crystalline powder with a
4. Demerol and Methadone – common synthetic drugs bitter numbing taste. It can be taken orally, inhaled
with morphine- like effects. Demerol is widely used as a (snorted), sniffed (chasing the dragon) or injected.
painkiller in child birth while methadone is the drug of
5. Nicotine - an active component in tobacco which acts
choice in the withdrawal treatment of heroin dependents
as a powerful stimulant of the central nervous system. A
since it relieves the physical craving for heroin.
drop of pure nicotine can easily kill a person.
5. Barbiturates - are drugs used for inducing sleep in
persons plagued with anxiety, mental stress, and insomnia.
They are also of value in the treatment of epilepsy and C. THE HALLUCINOGENS (PSYCHEDELIC)
hypertension.
These are group that consists of a variety of a mind
6. Volatile Solvents - gaseous substances popularly altering drugs, which distort reality, thinking and
known to abusers as “gas”, “teardrops”. Examples are perceptions of time, sound, space and sensation. The user
plastic glues, hair spray, finger nail polish, lighter fluid, experiences hallucination (false perception) which at
rugby, paint, thinner, acetone, turpentine, gasoline, times can be strange. They may dislocate consciousness
kerosene, varnishes and other aerosol products. They are and change his mood, thinking and concept of self.
inhaled by the use of plastic bags, handkerchief or rags
1. Marijuana - It is the most commonly abused
soaked in these chemicals.
hallucinogen in the Philippines because it can be grown
7. Alcohol - the king of all drugs with potential for abuse. extensively in the country many users choose to smoke
It is considered the most widely used, socially accepted marijuana for relaxation in the same way people drink
and most extensively legalized drug throughout the world. beer or cocktail at the end of the day. The effects of
In the field of medicine, it is “valuable” as disinfectant, as marijuana include a feeling of grandeur. It can also
an external remedy for reducing high fever among produce the opposite effect, a dreamy sensation of time
children, and as preservative and solvent for seeming to stretch out.
pharmaceutical preparation like elixirs, spirits and
2. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) - This drug is the
tincture.
most powerful of the psychedelics obtained from ergot, a
fungus that attacks rye kernels. LSD is 1, 000 times more
powerful than marijuana as supply, large enough for a trip
B. THE STIMULANTS (UPPERS)
can be taken from the glue on the flab of an envelop, from
They produce effects opposite to that depressants. Instead the hidden areas inside one’s clothes. LSD causes
of bringing about relaxation and sleep, they produce perceptual changes so that the user sees color, shapes or
increased mental alertness, wakefulness, reduce hunger, objects more intensely than normal and may have
and provide feeling of well being. Their medical users hallucinations of thing that are not real.
include narcolepsy- a condition characterized by
3. Peyote - Peyote is derives from the surface part of a
overwhelming desire to sleep. Abrupt withdrawal of the
small gray brown cactus. Peyote emits a nauseating odor
drug from the heavy abuser can result in a deep and
and its user suffers from nausea. This drug causes no
suicidal depression.
physical dependence and therefore , no withdrawal Unlawful Act:
symptoms; although in some cases psychological
Section 7 - Being an employee or visitor of a den, dive or
dependence has been noted.
resort (sec. 7)
4. Mescaline - It is alkaloid hallucinogen extracted from
Penalty:
the peyote cactus and can also be synthesized in the
laboratory. It produces less nausea than peyote and shows Imprisonment ranging from 12 yrs and 1 day to 20 years
effects resembling those of LSD although milder in nature. and a fine ranging from P100, 000 to P 500, 000.
5. STP (Serenity, Tranquility, and Peace)- It is a Unlawful Act:
chemical derivative of mescaline claimed to produce
more violent and longer effects than mescaline dose. Its Section 8 - Manufacture of Dangerous Drugs and/or
effects are similar to the nerve gas used in chemical Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals.
warfare. Penalty:
Life imprisonment to Death and a fine ranging from P500,
Republic Act No. 9165: Important Features 000 to P10 million.
Unlawful Act:

Republic Act 9165- Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Section 9 - Illegal Chemical Diversion of controlled
Act of 2002 (Approved on June 7, 2002-Effective July 4, Precursors and Essential Chemicals.
2002) Penalty:
What are the Unlawful Acts and Penalties? Imprisonment ranging from 12 yrs and 1 day to 20 yrs and
Unlawful Act: a fine ranging from P100, 000 to P500, 000.

Section 4- Importation of Dangerous drugs and/or Unlawful Act:

Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals. Section 10 - Manufacture or Delivery of Equipment,
Penalty: Instrument, Apparatus and other Paraphernalia for
Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and
Life imprisonment to Death and a fine ranging from P500, Essential Chemicals.
000 to P10 million.
Penalty:
Unlawful Act:
Imprisonment ranging from 12 yrs and 1 day to 20 yrs and
Section 5 - Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, a fine ranging from P100, 000 to P500, 000.
Delivery, Distribution and transportation of Dangerous
Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Unlawful Act:
Chemical (Sec. 5) Section 11 - Possession of Dangerous Drugs
Penalty: Penalty:
Life imprisonment to Death and a fine ranging from P500, Life Imprisonment to Death and a fine ranging from P500,
000 to P10 million. 00 to P10 million.
Unlawful Act:
Section 6 - Maintenance of a Den, Dive or resort where (1) 10 grams or more of opium;
dangerous drugs are used or sold in any form (sec. 6)
(2) 10 grams or more of morphine;
(3) 10 grams or more of heroin;
Penalty:
(4) 10 grams or more of cocaine or cocaine hydrochloride;
Life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from P500,
000 to P10 million. (5) 50 grams or more of methamphetamine hydrochloride
or "shabu";
(6) 10 grams or more of marijuana resin or marijuana those similarly designed or newly introduced drugs and
resin oil; their derivatives, without having any therapeutic value or
if the quantity possessed is far beyond therapeutic
(7) 500 grams or more of marijuana; and
requirements; or less than three hundred (300) grams of
(8) 10 grams or more of other dangerous drugs such as, marijuana.
but not limited to, methylenedioxymethamphetamine
(MDMA) or "ecstasy", paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA),
trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA), lysergic acid Unlawful Act:
diethylamine (LSD), gamma hydroxyamphetamine
Section 12 - Possession of Equipment, Instrument,
(GHB), and those similarly designed or newly introduced
Apparatus and other paraphernalia for dangerous drugs.
drugs and their derivatives, without having any
therapeutic value or if the quantity possessed is far beyond Penalty:
therapeutic requirements, as determined and promulgated
by the Board in accordance to Section 93, Article XI of Imprisonment ranging from 6 months and 1 day to 4 years
this Act. and a fine ranging from P10, 000 to P 50, 000.
Unlawful Act:

Otherwise, if the quantity involved is less than the Section 13 - Possession of dangerous drugs during Parties,
foregoing quantities, the penalties shall be graduated Social Gatherings or Meeting and
as follows: Section 14 - Possession of equipment, Instrument, and
other Paraphernalia for dangerous drugs during Parties,
Social Gatherings or Meetings.
(1) Life imprisonment and a fine ranging from Four
hundred thousand pesos (P400,000.00) to Five hundred Penalty:
thousand pesos (P500,000.00), if the quantity of The maximum penalties provided for sec 11.
methamphetamine hydrochloride or "shabu" is ten (10)
grams or more but less than fifty (50) grams;
(2) Imprisonment of twenty (20) years and one (1) day to Unlawful Act:
life imprisonment and a fine ranging from Four hundred
Section 15 - Use of Dangerous Drugs
thousand pesos (P400,000.00) to Five hundred thousand
pesos (P500,000.00), if the quantities of dangerous drugs Penalty:
are five (5) grams or more but less than ten (10) grams of
opium, morphine, heroin, cocaine or cocaine Minimum of 6 months rehabilitation (1st offense),
hydrochloride, marijuana resin or marijuana resin oil, Imprisonment ranging from 6 yrs and 1 day to 12 yrs and
methamphetamine hydrochloride or "shabu", or other a fine ranging from P50, 000 to P 200, 000 (2nd offense).
dangerous drugs such as, but not limited to, MDMA or NOTE:
"ecstasy", PMA, TMA, LSD, GHB, and those similarly
designed or newly introduced drugs and their derivatives, Section 15 shall not be applicable where the person tested
without having any therapeutic value or if the quantity is also found to have in his/her possession such quantity
possessed is far beyond therapeutic requirements; or three of any dangerous drug provided in sec. 11, in which case
hundred (300) grams or more but less than five (hundred) the penalty provided in sec 11 shall apply.
500) grams of marijuana; and
Unlawful Act:
(3) Imprisonment of twelve (12) years and one (1) day to
Section 16 - Cultivation of Plants classified as dangerous
twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from Three hundred
drugs or are sources thereof
thousand pesos (P300,000.00) to Four hundred thousand
pesos (P400,000.00), if the quantities of dangerous drugs Penalty:
are less than five (5) grams of opium, morphine, heroin,
cocaine or cocaine hydrochloride, marijuana resin or Life Imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from P500,
marijuana resin oil, methamphetamine hydrochloride or 000 to P10 million.
"shabu", or other dangerous drugs such as, but not limited Unlawful Act:
to, MDMA or "ecstasy", PMA, TMA, LSD, GHB, and
Section 17 - Failure to comply with the maintenance and 2. Supply reduction strategies- aim to disrupt the
keeping of the original records of transaction on any production and supply of illicit drugs as well as limit the
dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors and access and availability of licit drugs in certain context.
essential chemicals on the part of practitioners,
3. Strategies for the reduction of the adverse
manufacturers, wholesalers, importers, distributors,
consequences of drug use- aim to reduce the impact of
dealers, or retailers.
drug use and drug related activities on individuals and
Penalty: communities.
Imprisonment ranging from 1 yr and 1 day to 6 yrs and a
fine ranging from P10, 000 to P50, 000.
Plus revocation of license to practice profession.
Unlawful Act:
Section 18 - Unnecessary prescription of dangerous drugs.
Penalty:
Imprisonment ranging from 12 yrs and 1 day to 20 yrs and
a fine ranging from P100, 000 to P500, 000.
Plus revocation of license to practice profession.
Unlawful Act:
Section 19 - unlawful Prescription of Dangerous drugs.
Penalty:
Life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from P500,
000 to 10 million.

What is the Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB)?

The DDB is the policy-making body and strategy-making
body in the planning and formulation of policies and
programs on drug prevention and control. (under the
office of the president) (sec 77, art IX)

What is PDEA?
It is the implementing arm of the DDB and responsible for
the efficient and effective law enforcement of all the
provision on any dangerous drugs and/or precursors and
essential chemicals.

Drug prevention efforts are commonly considered

under three main headings:
1. Demand reduction strategies- aim to reduce the desire
and preparedness to obtain and use drugs.