A

PRACTICAL TRAINING REPORT

ON
“RESIDENTIAL BUILDING DESIGN AND ANALYSIS”
TAKEN AT
JAIPUR DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (JDA), JAIPUR
Bachelor of technology
In
Civil Engineering

Submitted To : Submitted By:

Mr. Teekam Singh Harshit Bansal
Assistant Professor Roll No. – 22EJCCE203
Civil Department
7th SEMESTER

Department of Civil Engineering

Jaipur Engineering College & Research Centre,
Jaipur
Rajasthan Technical University,
2024-2025
i
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any work will be
incomplete unless we mention the names of those people who made it possible, whose
valuable guidance and encouragement served as a beacon light and crowned the efforts
with success.

I would like to express my sincere thanks to Prof. (Dr.) V.K. Chandna, Principal of Jaipur
Engineering College and Research Centre, Jaipur for permitting me carry out my industrial
training.

I want to give my thanks to Dr. Krishna Kumar Saini, Asst. Professor & Head, Department
of Civil Engineering JECRC for all the encouragement and appreciations that I have received
from them.
I give my thanks To Mr. Jitesh Kumar Jain, Assistant Professor & TPO, Department of Civil
Engineering JECRC of the college for their kind and valuable co-operation to arrange my
practical training in such a good place.
I would like to express my gratitude towards my esteemed faculty Mr. Teekam Singh,
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, JECRC for being more than willing to
share their treasure of knowledge with me.

I would like to express my gratitude toward my all-esteemed Faculties and Staff Members
of Department of Civil Engineering, JECRC for being more than willing to impound their
treasure of knowledge with me.

Once again, I am also thankful to people who were part of this work variously direct or
indirect, people who gave unending support from the beginning.

Harshit Bansal
22EJCCE203

ii
Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Ⅱ

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 DESCRIPTION: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 BUILDING BYE LAWS: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 DETAILS OF THE STRUCTURE CONSIDERED FOR PROJECT: . . . 2
1.5 DETAILS OF THE STRUCTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.6 LOAD CALCULATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.7 PLAN OF BUILDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.8 DIMENSIONS OF BUILDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.9 ELEVATION OF BUILDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.10 BEAM-COLUMN POSITIONING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2 GRAVITY LOAD ANALYSIS 7

2.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 LOAD DISTRIBUTION SLAB: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3 2D FRAME ANALYSIS BY MANUAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.4 ANALYSIS OF FRAME BY KANI’S METHOD...................................................11
2.4.1 CALCULATION FIXED END MOMENTS..............................................11
2.4.2 CALCULATION OF ROTATION FACTOR..............................................12
2.4.3 KANI’S METHOD..........................................................................................14
2.4.4 2D FRAME ANALYSIS BY STAAD PRO.................................................15
2.4.5 COMPARISON OF MOMENTS MANUAL WITH STAAD. Pro SOFT-
WARE
.........................................................................................................................
18

3 LATERAL LOAD ANALYSIS 20

3.1 DESIGN BASE SHEAR.............................................................................................20
3.1.1 ZONE FACTOR............................................................................................21
3.1.2 IMPORTANCE FACTOR (I):.....................................................................21
3.1.3 RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR (R):................................................21
3.1.4 AVERAGE RESPONSE ACCELARATION COEFFICIENT :..............21
3.1.5 NATURAL TIME PERIOD:........................................................................21
3.2 SEISMIC WEIGHT OF THE STRUCTURE:..........................................................22

iii
 3.2.1 THIRD FLOOR / FOURTH STOREY.......................................................22
3.2.2 SECOND FLOOR / THIRD STOREY :....................................................22
3.2.3 FIRST FLOOR / SECOND STOREY.........................................................23
3.2.4 GROUND FLOOR / FIRST STOREY........................................................23
3.3 DESIGN BASE SHEAR(VB) :.................................................................................24
3.4 VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF BASE SHEAR TO DIFFERENT FLOOR
LEVELS :
......................................................................................................................................
24
3.5 THE DISTRIBUTION OF FORCES........................................................................25
3.6 LATERAL LOAD ANALYSIS MANUAL...............................................................25
3.6.1 PORTAL FRAME METHOD:.....................................................................26
3.7 SHEAR FORCE IN COLUMN:................................................................................27
3.8 LATERAL LOAD ANALYSIS BY STAAD PRO..................................................28
3.9 COMPARISION OF LATERAL LOAD ANALYSIS BY MANUAL AND
STAAD PRO
......................................................................................................................................
33

4 DESIGN OF A STRUCTURE 36
4.1 AIM OF DESIGN......................................................................................................36
4.2 DESIGN OF SLABS...................................................................................................37
4.3 DESIGN OF BEAM...................................................................................................39
4.4 DESIGN OF COLUMN..............................................................................................41

5 CONCLUSIONS 44

REFERENCES 45

iv
List of Figures

1.1 PLAN OF BUILDING FOR GROUND,FIRST,SECOND AND THIRD FLOOR 4

1.2 ELEVATION OF BUILDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 BEAM-COLUMN POSITIONONG DIAGMRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2.1 GRAVITY LOADS DIAGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.2 LOAD DISTRIBUTION DIAGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3 DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS ON FRAME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4 FRAME ANALYSIS BY KANI’S METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.5 MOMENT AT JOINT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.6 DEFLECTION DIAGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.7 SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.8 BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

3.1 PORTAL FRAME METHOD MANUAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

3.2 PORTAL FRAME METHOD STAAD PRO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.3 DEFLECTION DIAGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.4 SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.5 AXIAL FORCE DIAGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.6 BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

4.1 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF TWO WAY SLAB . . . . . . . . . . . 38

4.2 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS BEAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.3 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS COLUMN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

v
List of Tables

2.1 LOAD DISTRIBUTION FOR GROUND FLOOR AND FIRST FLOOR . 9

2.2 LOAD DISTRIBUTION FOR SECOND AND THIRD FLOOR: . . . . . . 9
2.3 CALCULATION OF ROTATION FACTOR..........................................................12
2.4 CALCULATION OF ROTATION FACTOR..........................................................12
2.5 CALCULATION OF ROTATION FACTOR..........................................................13
2.6 COMPARISON OF MOMENTS MANUAL WITH STAAD. Pro SOFTWARE 18
2.7 COMPARISON OF MOMENTS MANUAL WITH STAAD. Pro SOFTWARE 19

3.1 SEISMIC ZONE FACTORS......................................................................................21

3.2 SEISMIC LOADS FOR FLOORS............................................................................23
3.3 MOMENTS AT THE END OF COLUMN KNm..................................................33
3.4 MOMENTS AT THE END OF BEAMS KNm.....................................................34
3.5 SHEAR IN BEAMS KN............................................................................................34
3.6 AXIAL FORCE IN COLUMN KN..........................................................................35
3.7 AXIAL FORCE IN COLUMN KN..........................................................................35

vi
Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Occurrences of recent earthquakes in India and in different parts of the world are re-
sulting in various losses, especially human lives due to damage of structures which has
highlighted the structural inadequacy of buildings to carry seismic loads. The procedure
for seismic analysis and design of buildings has still not received adequate attention in In-
dia in causalities in past earthquakes is the collapse of buildings. To overcome this there is
a need to know about the earthquake design philosophy for an economical and safe design
of a building, and to perform step-by-step procedure for lateral load analysis for all multi
and single storied buildings.

In this project a G+3 building is considered for design and analysis for both gravity
and lateral loads. This analysis includes the determination of lateral loads by equivalent
static load method.Our project involves analysis and design of multi storied (G+3) using
a very popular design software STAAD Pro.

1.2 DESCRIPTION:
In recent years interest in suitable planning and building practices has also become part
of the design process of many new buildings by following relevant codes for maintaining
safety in built strength in order to withstand some level of earthquake intensity.

1
1.3 BUILDING BYE LAWS:
Building Bye laws are the regulations set forth by the concerned government authorities
and updated time to time. These regulations guide us about what to construct, how and
where. All the government and non government authorities work according to the build-
ing by laws applicable in there locale. Any building plan submitted to the authorities
which does not adhere to the building by laws of the authority concerned is not passed.
Compliance to them is mandatory by law whereas non compliance is punishable. As these
regulations apply to all, it helps to bring about a more uniform development. The Building
by law document may be a very lengthy document to read but it is worth reading to avoid
future problems arising out of non compliance.

1.4 DETAILS OF THE STRUCTURE

CONSIDERED FOR PROJECT:
Residential structures are classified according to their functions and propose, and hence the
particular section of the house is divided into appropriate sizes with standard dimensions.
The codes give the standard dimensions for the unit of the house and divides the whole flat
into sub units, this orientation of all units includes the proper ventilation, water supply,
illumination, natural light and fresh air.

This project consists of plan of one flat in one floor and each flat having two bedrooms,
a living, kitchen, three toilets. The structural and materials details of the structure are
mentioned

2
1.5 DETAILS OF THE STRUCTURE
Area of Building = 13.19 m X 8.67 m

Number of Stories = 3

Height of Ground floor = 3.6 m

Height of each storey = 3.0 m

Height of terrace floor =1m

Total height of Building = 13.6 m

1.6 LOAD CALCULATIONS

Assume the Slab thickness = 0.15 m

Assume dimensions of columns = 0.4 X 0.4m

Assume dimensions of beams = 0.25 X 0.4 m

Dead load = 0.15 X 25 = 3.75 KN/m2

Floor finish load = 1 KN/m2

Live load = 3 KN/m2

Total load = 7.75 KN/m2

Factored load = 8.525 KN/m2

3
1.7 PLAN OF BUILDING
A plan is a drawing showing in a view from the above, of the relationships between rooms,
spaces and other physical features at one level of structure which is represented by a plane
on which it is drawn.Below fig 1.1 is the plan which has been considered for this project.

Figure 1.1: PLAN OF BUILDING FOR GROUND,FIRST,SECOND AND THIRD

FLOOR

1.8 DIMENSIONS OF BUILDING

WINDOW W :1.50 m X 1.35 m
WINDOW W1:1.00 m X 1.00 m
DOOR D :1.00 m X 2.10 m
DOOR D1:0.75 m X 2.10 m
VENTILATOR V:0.90 m X 0.45 m

4
1.9 ELEVATION OF BUILDING
The scale drawing of the front view of the building,showing dimensions and architectural
details,which are shown in fig 1.2

Figure 1.2: ELEVATION OF BUILDING

5
1.10 BEAM-COLUMN POSITIONING
Location of beams and columns is an important aspect in civil engineering point of view.
Especially spacing of columns is the main point where it takes the load from slab, walls,
beams and then tranfer to ground through foundation. Placing of columns for a plan at
every corner of the room is not economical hence right positioning and spans of the columns
and beams helps in constructing well designed structure.

Figure 1.3: BEAM-COLUMN POSITIONONG DIAGMRAM

ALL DIMENSIONS ARE METERS

6
Chapter 2

GRAVITY LOAD ANALYSIS

2.1 INTRODUCTION
Load Analysis is the process of determining forces in each element in a structure. Gravity
load includes ”dead”, or permanent load, which is the weight of the structure, including
walls, doors, finishes, and mechanical systems, and ”live”, or temporary load, which is the
weight of the structure’s contents and occupants. The gravity loads as shown in below.

Figure 2.1: GRAVITY LOADS DIAGRAM

7
2.2 LOAD DISTRIBUTION SLAB:
The loads on the beam are calculated by the yield line method where the slab member
tends to deformation dividing the plan into two triangles and two trapezoidal, finding the
areas following, the load of the slab is calculated and by assuming the load is equivalent
to a uniform load per unit length of the beam by which the load of the slab on the beam
is determined.
These total loads from the slabs are distributed to the beam as per the yield line theory
and shown in fig 2.2

Figure 2.2: LOAD DISTRIBUTION DIAGRAM

ALL DIMENSIONS ARE METERS

8
 Table 2.1: LOAD DISTRIBUTION FOR GROUND FLOOR AND FIRST FLOOR

Table 2.2: LOAD DISTRIBUTION FOR SECOND AND THIRD FLOOR:

ALL DIMENSIONS ARE KN/m2

2.3 2D FRAME ANALYSIS BY MANUAL

Building frame can be analyzed by various methods, the method of analysis to adopt
depends upon types of frame, its configuration in a multi-storied frame, and degree of
indeterminacy. The analysis methods for building frames as follows.
1. Displacement Method
2. Kanis Method
3. Force Method
4.Approximate Method
In this project, we analyzed the building frame by using Kanis Method. The calculations
as follows:

9
Figure 2.3: DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS ON FRAME

10
2.4 ANALYSIS OF FRAME BY KANI’S METHOD
This frame analysis of loads on beam is done manually by calculating loads on each
frame. Now we have to calculate bending moment and shear force diagrams for each frame.
For analysis of frames manually we use iterative method. The following iterative methods
are moment distribution method, kani’s method. In this project kani’s method is used for
finding out the moments.
Calculation of fixed end moments:
All beams are fixed supports.
All columns have zero fixed end moments because there is no load acting on the columns.

2.4.1 CALCULATION FIXED END MOMENTS

CALCULATION FIXED END MOMENTS
Wl 2
1. MFBG = − = −34.30KNm (2.1)
12
Wl 2
2. MFGB = + = +34.30KNm (2.2)
12
Wl 2
3. MFGL = − = −33.04KNm (2.3)
12
2
4. MFLG = + Wl = +33.04KNm (2.4)
12

RESULTANT MOMENT OF JOINT : MFG = MFGB + MFGL = 1.26 KN m

11
2.4.2 CALCULATION OF ROTATION FACTOR

Table 2.3: CALCULATION OF ROTATION FACTOR

Table 2.4: CALCULATION OF ROTATION FACTOR

12
Table 2.5: CALCULATION OF ROTATION FACTOR

13
2.4.3 KANI’S METHOD

Figure 2.4: FRAME ANALYSIS BY KANI’S METHOD

Figure 2.5: MOMENT AT JOINT

14
2.4.4 2D FRAME ANALYSIS BY STAAD PRO

Figure 2.6: DEFLECTION DIAGRAM

15
Figure 2.7: SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

16
Figure 2.8: BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM

17
2.4.5 COMPARISON OF MOMENTS MANUAL WITH
STAAD. Pro SOFTWARE
The frame is analyzed using STAAD Pro. The results obtained from the manual and
software calculations are compared and they are almost similar.
Final moment on member = fixed end moment +2*near end moment + far end moment
Rotation moment = rotation factor * (fixed end moment + far end rotation moment)
Rotation factor = 1/2 (relative stiffness / total relative stiffness)

Table 2.6: COMPARISON OF MOMENTS MANUAL WITH STAAD. Pro SOFTWARE

18
Table 2.7: COMPARISON OF MOMENTS MANUAL WITH STAAD. Pro SOFTWARE

19
Chapter 3

LATERAL LOAD ANALYSIS

Seismic loads may be calculated by two methods namely, Equivalent static analysis
method and dynamic analysis (Response spectrum method and time history Analysis).
For seismic lateral force calculations, Equivalent static force method is most commonly
used because of its simplification. But, Equivalent static method is applicable for regular
building with moderate height. For multi-storied buildings or irregular structure, for all
seismic regular structure it is necessary to perform a dynamic analysis. Equivalent
static force method is an empirical formula dependent on the height of the structures
and also evaluates the height wise distribution of storey forces. The lateral forces in
terms and base shear and the static analysis of the structure for these forces provide the
base shear. This method is used for the calculation of seismic lateral forces for all
structures.

3.1 DESIGN BASE SHEAR

In lateral load analysis Base shear is calculated and the load is distributed among each
Storey. The total design lateral force or designed seismic base shear (V b ) along any
principal direction shall be determined by the following expression.
V b = Ah X W( from IS 1893(part 1) : 2016 Clause 6.4.2
Where,

g
Ah = Z I ( sa )
(3.1)
2R

Ah=horizontal seismic coefficient

Z = Zone Factor
I = Importance Factor
R = Response reduction factor
S a /g = Average response acceleration coefficient
W=seismic weight of the building. These factors affect the design spectrum further result-
ing in base shear. The description Of the following factors are as follows:
20
3.1.1 ZONE FACTOR
It is a factor to obtain the design spectrum depending on the perceived maximum seismic
risk characterized by maximum considered earthquake (MCE) in the zone in which the
structure is located.

Table 3.1: SEISMIC ZONE FACTORS

3.1.2 IMPORTANCE FACTOR (I):

Importance factor depends up on the functional use of structures, characterized by haz-
ardous consequences of its failures, post-earthquakes functional needs, historical value or
16economic importance

3.1.3 RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR (R):

This factor preliminary depends upon the ductility (rotational and displacement) Re-
duction factor generally considers the non- linearity of structure. More the ductility or
rotational capacity more is the factor is 5 and for simple connection response connection
factor is 3 (As per IS 1893-2002, provisions, clause 5).

3.1.4 AVERAGE RESPONSE ACCELARATION COEFFICIENT

:
Average response acceleration coefficient depends on natural time period of vibration and
damping of the structure. It is taken for different types of soils.

3.1.5 NATURAL TIME PERIOD:

Clause 7.6.2 from IS 1893 (part 1) - 2016 It is defined as the time period of un-damping
free vibration. The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration (Tn), in seconds,

21
of a moment-resisting frame building without brick infill panels may be estimated by em-
pirical expression:
Tn= 0.09h/d0.5
where,
h=height of the building
d=dimension of the building along the consideration direction of the building.
In x-direction d= 8.67 m
Tnx = (0.09 X 13.6)/8.670.5 = 0.4156 sec
Y-direction d= 13.19 m
Tny = (0.09 X 13.6)/13.190.5 = 0.33 sec
Sa/g for Tnx value =2.50 and Tny value = 2.50 (from graph)
Z = 0.1g
I =1.0
R =3.0

Ah = (0.1) (1.0) (
= 0.041 (3.2)
2.5)
2(3.0)

3.2 SEISMIC WEIGHT OF THE STRUCTURE:

3.2.1 THIRD FLOOR / FOURTH STOREY
Total Slab mass = (13.19 x 8.67 x 0.15) x 25 = 428.83 KN

Total beam mass = (0.25 x 0.4 x 83.25) x 25 = 208.125 KN

Total column mass = (0.4 x 0.4 x 3/2) x 18 x 25 = 108 KN

Total wall mass = (0.25 x 3/2 x 60.585) x 18 = 408.94 KN

Total load = 1153.895 KN

3.2.2 SECOND FLOOR / THIRD STOREY :

Total Slab mass = 428.83 KN

Total beam mass = 208.125 KN

Total column mass = (0.4 x 0.4 x 3) x 18 x 25=216 KN

Total wall mass = (0.25 x 3 x 60.585) x 18= 817.89 KN

22
 Total load = 428.83 + 208.125 + 216 + 817.89 = 1670.845 KN

3.2.3 FIRST FLOOR / SECOND STOREY

Total Slab mass = 428.83 KN
Total beam mass = 208.125 KN
Total column mass = (0.4 x 0.4 x 3) x 18 x 25=216 KN
Total wall mass = (0.25 x 3 x 60.585) x 18=817.89 KN
Total load = 428.83 + 208.125 + 216 + 817.89=1670.845 KN

3.2.4 GROUND FLOOR / FIRST STOREY

Total load = 1670.845 KN

Table 3.2: SEISMIC LOADS FOR FLOORS

23
3.3 DESIGN BASE SHEAR(VB) :
VB= Ah X W
= 0.041 (1153.895 + 1670.845 + 1670.845 + 1670.845)= 252.82 KN
Check : Base shear should be less than 5 percentage of total weight of the building
Base shear = 0.05 x (6166.43)=308.32
Hence ok

3.4 VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF BASE

SHEAR TO DIFFERENT FLOOR LEVELS :

The design base shear(v) computed shall be distributed along the height of the building
as per the following expression

Wihi2
Qi = Vb × Σ (3.3)
i h
W i 2

Qi - Design lateral force at floor i

Wi- seismic weight of floor i
hi - Height of floor i measured from base
n - Number of stories in the building is the number of levels at which masses are located .

Q1 = 252.82 (1670 X 32)/(1670X32)+(1670X62)+(1670X92)+(1153X122) = 10.09KN

Q2 = 252.82 (1670 X 62)/(1670X32)+(1670X62)+(1670X92)+(1153X122) = 40.37KN

Q3 = 90.84 KN

Q4 = 111.50 KN

After calculating the storey forces from equivalent static analysis, those are distributed
to frames acceding to flames stiffness.
In the structure, when the lateral force acts on the floor, the flames along in that direction
gets active. So we need to calculate the frame stiffness in that direction.
Now calculate the frame stiffness individually. The frame stifness can be calculate as fol-
lows :
Applied force irrespective of magnitude, It means apply any force Calculate displacement
of flame through SAP or any package.

Stiffness = (5 X 1000)/0.0009 = 5.5 X 102 N/m

The stiffness are same for all frames in x-direction.

24
 stiffnes = Load
(3.4)
deflection
Stiffness = 5 x1000/0.0009 = 5.5 x106 N/m2

3.5 THE DISTRIBUTION OF FORCES

1. Third floor level: (P4 X 5.5 X 106/6(5.5X106) = 111.50/6 = 18.58kN

2. Second floor level: (P3 X 5.5 X 106/6(5.5X106) = 90.8/6 = 15.11 KN

3. First floor level: (P2 X 5.5 X 106/6(5.5X106) = 40.37/6 = 6.72kN

4. Ground floor level: (P1 X 5.5 X 106/6(5.5X106) = 10.09/6 = 1.68 KN

3.6 LATERAL LOAD ANALYSIS MANUAL

Tall multi-storied buildings are usually provided with a circular frame consisting of beams
and columns capable to resist all lateral force Multi-storied buildings frame subjected to
lateral loads are statically indeterminate and exact analysis by hand calculation takes much
time and efforts using simplifying assumptions, approximate analysis of these frames yields
good estimate of member forces in the frame.
To withstand loads (Dead, Live, Wind, Seismic loads) on the building frames are analyzed
and designed. The following approximate methods can be employed for lateral load analysis
of rigidly jointed frames.
1. The portal method
2. The cantilever method
3. The factor method
In our project, portal frame method is used to analyze the lateral loads of a frame consisting
stories to obtain the bending moment and shear values.

25
3.6.1 PORTAL FRAME METHOD:
This method is satisfactory for the buildings up to 25 stories; hence it is the most commonly
used approximate method for analyzing tall buildings.
The following are the simplifying assumptions made in portal frame method

1. A point of contra flexure (inflection) occurs at the center of each beam.

2. A point of contra flexure (inflection) occurs at the center of each column.

3. The total horizontal shear at each story is distributed between the columns of that
Storey in such a way that each interior column carries twice the shear carried by
each exterior column.

The above assumptions convert the indeterminate multistorey frame to a determinate

structure.
The steps involved in the analysis of the frame aredetailed below:

1. The horizontal shear on each level are ditributed between the columns of that floor.

2. The moment in each column is equal to the column shear multiplied by half of the
column height.

3. The grider moment are determined by applying moment equilibrium equation to

the joint by nothing that the sum of grider moments at any joint equals the sum of
the column moments.

4. The shear in each grider is equal to its moment divided by half of the grider length.

5. Finally, the column axial forces are determined by summing up the beam shears
and other axial forces at each joint. These calculations are made by working from
left to right and from the floor down.

26
 Figure 3.1: PORTAL FRAME METHOD MANUAL

3.7 SHEAR FORCE IN COLUMN:

1. Third storey :
P + 2P + P= 18.58
4P = 18.59
P = 4.645 KN

2. Second storey :
Q + 2Q + Q = 18.58 + 15.14
4Q = 33.72
Q = 8.43 KN

27
3. First storey :
R + 2R + R = 18.58 + 15.14 +
6.72 4R = 40.44
R = 10.11 KN

4. Bottom storey :
S + 2S + S = 42.12
4S = 42.12
P = 10.53 KN

3.8 LATERAL LOAD ANALYSIS BY STAAD PRO

Figure 3.2: PORTAL FRAME METHOD STAAD PRO

28
Figure 3.3: DEFLECTION DIAGRAM

29
Figure 3.4: SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

30
Figure 3.5: AXIAL FORCE DIAGRAM

31
Figure 3.6: BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM

32
3.9 COMPARISION OF LATERAL LOAD ANALY-
SIS BY MANUAL AND STAAD PRO

Table 3.3: MOMENTS AT THE END OF COLUMN KNm

33
Table 3.4: MOMENTS AT THE END OF BEAMS KNm

Table 3.5: SHEAR IN BEAMS KN

34
Table 3.6: AXIAL FORCE IN COLUMN KN

Table 3.7: AXIAL FORCE IN COLUMN KN

35
Chapter 4

DESIGN OF A STRUCTURE

4.1 AIM OF DESIGN

The aim of design is to achieve the acceptable probabilities that the structure will not
become unfit for the use for which it is intended. With an appropriate degree of safety,
they should sustain all the loads and deformation of all the constructions it should have
adequate durability and adequate resistance to the effects of misuse and re. The design
does not pose risks to people when using the workplace for a purpose for which it was
intended.
Methods followed for the design of reinforced concrete structures which are safe, serviceable
and economical are
a. Limit state method
b. Working stress method
Limit state method is the probabilistic approach where structures is tested at design
strength of material, where as a method of design in which structures or members are
proportioned for prescribed working loads at stresses which are well below their ultimate
values; Linear distribution of flexural stress is assumed is a working stress method.
The design of structures in this project are worked out by the limit state method as per
code IS 456:2000.
Limit state method of design

1. The object of the design based on the limit state concept is to achieve an
acceptable probability. That a structure will not become unsuitable in its lifetime
for the use for which it is intended i.e. it will not reach a limit state.

2. A structure with appropriate degree of reliability should be able to withstand safely.

3. All loads that are reliable to act on it throughout its life and it should also satisfy
the stability requirements such as limitation and deflection and cracking.

4. It should also be able to maintain the required structural integrity, during and after
accident, such as res, explosion and local failure, i.e. limit state must be consider in
design to ensure an adequate safety of degree of safety and serviceability.

36
4.2 DESIGN OF SLABS

1. Loads = 7.75 KN
Shorter span = Lx = 3.56
m Longer span = Ly = 3.73
m
Lx
= 1.047 < 2 (4.1)
Ly

So, design as two way slab

2. Effective depth
def f =span length/26=150mm
Effective span in Lx = 3560+150 = 3710mm
Effective span in Ly = 3730+150 = 3880mm

3. Bending moment coefficient :

Maximum in both directions

Mx = αx × W/x2 (4.2)

My = αy × W/y2 (4.3)

αx = 0.037
αy = 0.028
Dead load = 0.15 X 25 = 3.75 KN/m2
Live load = 3 KN/m2
Factored load = 1KN/m2
Total load = 7.75 KN/m2
-ve Mx = 0.037 ×11.625 ×3.712 = 5.92 KNm
+ve Mx = 0.028 ×11.625 ×3.712 = 4.48 KNm
-ve My = 0.037 ×11.625 ×3.882 = 6.47 KNm
+ve My = 0.028 ×11.625 ×3.882 = 4.9 KNm
√
d = M /(0.138×fck×b×d)
√
= (6.47106)/(0.138×25×1000)
= 43.30mm < 150mm

4. Area of reinforcement Along X-direction

Mx = 0.87f A d 1 − Ast fy (4.4)

y st
fck bd

37
 = 0.87 × 415 × Ast Ast × 415
150 1 (4.5)
× − 25 × 1000 × 150
Ast = 110.66mm2

100 × 110.06
percentageofsteelAst = = 0.073 (4.6)
1000 × 150
Min percentage of steel = 0.12

(0.12 × 1000 × 150)

Ast = 100 (4.7)
Ast = 180mm2
Assume 10mm dia bars
Spacing = 1000(3.14×102/180) = 436.33 = 430mm
So provide 10mm dia bars at 430mm spacing
Ast in Y-direction

6.47X106 = 0.87 × 415 × Ast Ast × 415

150 1 (4.8)
× − 25 × 1000 × 150
Ast = 121.09mm2
So, hence provide min percentage steel= 0.12

Figure 4.1: REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF TWO WAY SLAB

38
4.3 DESIGN OF BEAM
1. Data of beam:
Dimensions = 0.25 X 0.40 m
Breadth(b) = 0.25 m
Depth(d) = 0.40 m
Beam span = 8.67 m

2. Calculation of loads :
Self weight of beam = 25(0.25 X 0.40)
= 2.5 KN/m
Load on beam = Slab load = 7.75
KN/m Total weight = 2.25+7.75 =
10.25 KN/m Factored load = 1.510.25 =
15.375 KN/m

3. Effective depth(d) :
Cover = 50mm
D = 400mm
D = 400-50 = 350mm

4. Ultimate Bending Moment(Mu) :

Mu = Wu (l2/24) = 15.375 (8.672/24)
= 48.15Kn-m

Wl 15.375 × 8.67
Vu= = = 66.65KN − m (4.9)
2 2

5. Limiting moment resistance of a section :

Mulim = 0.138 ×fck ×b ×d2
= 0.138 ×20 ×250 ×4002
= 110 KNm
Therefore values of moments caused by loads and the sections moments are
Mu = 48.15 KNm
Mulim = 110KNm
hence Mu less than Mulim
Hence we design for maximum moment.
Area of steel required :
Ast fy
Mulim = 0.87f d 1− (4.10)
A
y st
fck bd

39
 110 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × Ast Ast × 415
400 1 (4.11)
× − 20 × 250 × 400
Ast = 948.24 mm
Hence use 16mm dia bars.
ast = 201.06 mm2
No.of bars = Ast/ ast = 948.24/201.06 = 5 no.s
Ast provided = 5201.06 = 1005.3mm2
Provide 5 No’s of 16mm dia bars.

6. Design checks :
percentage of steel =
1
Permissible shear stress Tc from IS 456:2000
Tc = 0.39
Tc = Tv
Shear resistance of concrete (Vuv) = Tc ×b ×d = 0.39 ×250 ×400 =39KN
Shear to be resisted by Shear reinforcement
Vus = Vu-Vuc
= 66.65-39
= 27.65KN
Assume 8mm dia 2 legged stirrups
Asv = 100.53 mm2
Spacing
Sv = (0.87 ×fy ×Asv ×d)/Vus
= (0.87 ×415 ×100.53 ×400)/27.65 ×103
= 525.08 mm
Sv = (0.87 ×Asv ×fy)/b ×0.4
= (0.87 ×100.53 ×415)/250 ×0.4
= 362.96 mm
0.75d = 0.75×400
= 300 mm
Provide min of
4
So provide 2 legged stirrups of 8mm dia 300 mm c/c spacing

7. Check for deflection :

(l/d)max = (l/d)basic ×Kt ×Kc ×tf
(l/d)basic = 20
Fs = 0.58 ×fy ×(Ast req/Ast prov) = 948.24/1005.3
= 227.03
Kf is obtained from IS456 by using graph b/w Fs and Pt
Pt = 1.0 Fs = 220 Kt = 1
Kc = 1 Kf = 1
40
(l/d)max = 20 ×1 ×1 = 20

41
 (l/d)act = leff/deff = (8.67 ×103)/350
= 24 greater than (l/d)max

Figure 4.2: REINFORCEMENT DETAILS BEAM

4.4 DESIGN OF COLUMN

1. Column Details:
Axial Load (Pu) = 44.47 KN
Moment in X-direction = 36.23 KN-
m Moment in Y-direction = 41.12
KN-m Size of column = 0.4 X 0.4 m
Length of column = 3 m
Fck = 20 (M20)
Fy = 415 (Fe415)
Clear cover = 0.04 m

2. Determination of column type:

As per IS 456 -2000 Clause 25.1.2
A compression member maybe consider as short when (Leff )/D less than 12
(Leff)/D = (0.65 3)/0.4 = 4.875 less than 12
So it is a short column.

3. Minimum
Eccentricity: emin =
(L/500)+(D/30)
emin = (3.0/500)+(0.4/30) = 0.019 = 0.02
d’/D = (0.04/0.4) = 0.1
Assume percentage of steel = 2.5
42
 Pst/Fck = 2.5/20 = 0.125

4. Moment carrying capacity :

Along X - X
Pst/fck = 0.125
(Pu/fck X b X d) = (44.47 X 103/20 X 400 X 400) = 0.0138
(Mu/fck X b X d) = 0.155 (from chart 44 of SP16)
(Mux1) = 0.155 X fck X b X D2
(Mux1) = 0.155 X 20 X 400 X 4002 = 198.4 KN-m
Along Y - Y
Pst/fck = 0.125
(Pst/fck X b X d) = (44.47 X 103/25 X 400 X 400) = 0.0138
(Mu/fck X b X d) = 0.155 (from chart 44 of SP16)
(Muy l) = 0.155 X fck Xb X D2
(Muy l) = 0.155 X 20 X 400 X 4002 = 198.4 KN-m

5. Calculation of Puz:
Puz = (0.45 X fck X Ac)+(0.75fy X Asc)
Puz = (0.45 X 20 X 400 X 400)+(0.75 X 415 X 2.5/100 X 400 X 400)
Puz = 2685 KN
Pu/Puz = 44.47/2685 = 0.01
For values Pu/Puz less than 0.2 the value of αn is 1.
αn
Mux
αn Muy
+ ≤1 (4.12)
Mux1 Muy1
36.231 41.121
+ ≤1 (4.13)
198. 198.
0.389 ≤ 1 4
4
hence safe

6. Area of steel:
Ast = pbD/100
= 2.5 X 400 X 400/100
= 4000 mm2
Ast required = 4000 mm2
Provide 16 no’s of 18mm dia bars
Ast provided = 4071 mm2

7. Spacing of bars:
(ast X b)/Ast = (254 X 400)/4071 = 25mm Hence providing 16 no’s of 18mm dia
of bars at 25 mm spacing

43
8. lateral ties
provide 10 mm diameter of lateral ties at 100mm spacing

Figure 4.3: REINFORCEMENT DETAILS COLUMN

44
Chapter 5

CONCLUSIONS

1. The gravity load analysis performed manually as per IS code, through which the
bending bending moments are obtained

2. The seismic load analysis is done as per IS 1893,part-1

3. Using STAAD Pro software ,the analysis has done as per IS codes.The design is safe
in all aspects

4. Finally manual and software results are compared observed that they are approxi-
mately equal

5. The design of slab, beam and column are design in limit state method which is safe
at control of deflection and in all aspects.

6. Finally the structure is designed to withstand safely all loads liable to act on it
throughout its life time,it shall also satisfy the serviceability requirements

45
REFERENCES

1. Advanced R.C.C Design, (Author) S.S Bhavikatti and published by New age inter-
national New Delhi, (2nd Edition 2008).

2. Building construction,(Authors) Dr.B.C Punmia,Dr.Ashok Kumar Jain and Pub-

lished by Laxmi Publications,(2nd Edition 2005).

3. Theory of structures,(Author) S.Ramamrutham and Authored by R.Narayan (9th

Edition 2014).

4. IS 456:2000(Reinforced concrete for general building construction).

5. IS 875, Part-1,1987 (Dead loads for buildings and structures).

6. IS 875, part-2,1987 (imposed loads for building and structures).

7. SP 16 ( design aids for IS 456).

8. IS 1893:2016 criteria for earth quake resistant. Design of structures part-1:general

provisions and buildings.

46