REPORT (1)(1)

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
EC2093D ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS LAB-I
MINI PROJECT REPORT

(GROUP 8)
MRIDHULA C V -
B220407EC LIYANA MOHAMMED
BASHEER- B220044EC MANAS GUPTA
B221001EC
INDEX
AIM - 3
THEORY - 3
DESIGN - 4
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM - 6
DC CHARACTERISTICS - 7
PROCEDURE - 7
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM - 8
SIMULATIONS - 9
RESULTS - 1
0
AC CHARACTERISTICS - 1
1
PROCEDURE - 1
1
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM - 1
2
SIMULATIONS - 1
3
RESULT - 1
6
INFERENCE - 1
7
AIM:
To design a fully differential non-inverting amplifier with gain 5v/v by using
single ended output operational amplifiers and to find the dc characteristics and
ac characteristics and to obtain gain, bandwidth and unity gain bandwidth from
the simulation
THEORY:
a fully differential amplifier (fda) is a dc-coupled high-gain electronic voltage
amplifier with differential inputs and differential outputs. in its ordinary usage, the
output of the fda is controlled by two feedback paths which, because of the
amplifier's high gain, almost completely determine the output voltage for any given
input.
in a fully differential amplifier, common-mode noise such as power supply

disturbances is rejected; this makes fdas especially useful as part of a mixed
signal integrated circuits
an fda is often used to convert an analog signal into a form more suitable for
driving into an analog-to-digital convertor; many modern high-precision adcs
have differential inputs.
DESIGN:
let u1 and u2 be two single ended differential op-amps.

the whole circuit forms a differential amplifier with v1 and
v2 as inputs and vo1 and vo2 as outputs.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
In the circuit diagram the feedback resistor RF is

marked as R2=100KΏ.
The Vcc and Vee of the op-amps are given +30 and -30 as
the differential output value doesn’t give a gain of 5V/V
when applying
+15 and -15 for the DC input voltage values less than 5V.
DC CHARACTERISTICS
PROCEDURE
1. The DC Characteristics are obtained by varying

the input voltage in one of the op-amp keeping
other input as fixed.
2. The differential output voltages for the different

input voltages are observed by taking the
simulation in LT Spice Software.
3. Here, we vary V1 from 0 to 10 keeping V2 constant at 10V.
4. The observed readings of the output of the

individual amplifiers and the differential
output are taken.
5. The VTC (Voltage Transfer Curve) of the amplifier

is obtained and the slope of the VTC will give the
Gain of the Amplifier.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
SIMULATIONS
1. VTC OF AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT
Slope of VTC from simulation = Observed

Gain of amplifier
= 4.99998 V/V.
Theoretical Gain of Amplifier = 5 V/V.
2. READINGS
RESULT
The Amplifier circuit was successfully

simulated, observed the readings and verified
the Gain of the Amplifier.
AC CHARACTERISTICS
PROCEDURE
1. The circuit is kept the same except the input

voltages were changed to sinusoidal ac inputs
2. Transient response was observed and the output

voltage was observed.
3. Frequency response of the circuit was simulated.

The bandwidth, gain and unity gain frequency (0
dB frequency) of the circuit was hence obtained.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
SIMULATIONS
1. TRANSIENT ANALYSIS
2. DIFFERENTIAL INPUT AND

DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT
⮚ The inputs and differential output were plotted
where V(n004) and V(n002) are the inputs of
U1 and U2 respectively and V(01)-V(02) is the
differential output
3. FREQUENCY RESPONSE
● GAIN
⮚ From the frequency response the gain is obtained to

be
13.979339 dB
● BANDWIDTH
⮚ Bandwidth can be obtained from the frequency

response by taking the value at -3dB from the
gain and is obtained to be 461.75374KHz
● UNITY GAIN BANDWIDTH
⮚ Unity gain bandwidth can be obtained by

taking the value of bandwidth at 0dB where
the gain will be 1
⮚ It is obtained to be 1.1760976MHz
RESULTS
The circuit was made using LTspice tool and the
observations were made and verified for AC
input.
⮚ Gain - 13.979339 dB
⮚ Bandwidth - 461.75374KHz
⮚ Unity gain bandwidth - 1.1760976MHz

INFERENCE
● From the DC characteristics we understood
that the gain of the differential amplifier
circuit that we made using single ended op
amps were found to be approximately 5V/V
and the voltage transfer characteristics is
found to be linear.
● From the AC analysis the inputs and outputs

were plotted and output was found to be
amplified with a gain of 13.979339 dB and
across a bandwidth of approximately 460KHz.
We also found the unity gain bandwidth which is
the frequency at which the gain is 1
i.e at 0dB to be 1.1760976MHz.
● In essence we designed a fully differential

amplifier using two single ended op amps with
the gain of 5V/V and observed the DC and AC
characteristics

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DEPARTMENT OF

MINI PROJECT REPORT

B220407EC LIYANA MOHAMMED

BASHEER- B220044EC MANAS GUPTA

in a fully differential amplifier, common-mode noise such as power supply

let u1 and u2 be two single ended differential op-amps.

In the circuit diagram the feedback resistor RF is

1. The DC Characteristics are obtained by varying

2. The differential output voltages for the different

3. Here, we vary V1 from 0 to 10 keeping V2 constant at 10V.

4. The observed readings of the output of the

5. The VTC (Voltage Transfer Curve) of the amplifier

1. VTC OF AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT

Slope of VTC from simulation = Observed

The Amplifier circuit was successfully

1. The circuit is kept the same except the input

2. Transient response was observed and the output

3. Frequency response of the circuit was simulated.

2. DIFFERENTIAL INPUT AND

⮚ From the frequency response the gain is obtained to

⮚ Bandwidth can be obtained from the frequency

⮚ Unity gain bandwidth can be obtained by

⮚ Unity gain bandwidth - 1.1760976MHz

● From the AC analysis the inputs and outputs

● In essence we designed a fully differential

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