24 Basic Maths

VECTORS
Synopsis-1
1. Physical quantities are classified into scalars and vectors.
2. Scalar Quantities: Physical quantities having only magnitude are called scalars.
Examples: Distance, speed, mass, time, temperature, density, work, energy, power
etc.,
3. Vector Quantities: Physical quantities having both magnitude and direction and
which obey the laws of vector addition (Which will be discussed in the next class)
are called vectors.
Examples : Displacement, velocity, acceleration, linear momentum, force etc.,
4. Any directed line segment is a vector which has three characteristics viz; (namely)1)
support (base) 2) length (magnitude) and 3) sense (direction). Moreover a vector
should follow certain geometric laws.
X Y
A B

Support

The direction from A to B is denoted by AB . The direction from B to A is denoted

by BA

AB implies modulus of the vector or length of the vector or magnitude of vector.
(or)
If a physical quantity has both magnitude and direction both then it does not
always imply that it is a vector. For it to be a vector
1) it should be resolved into mutually perpendicular directions and
2) It should obey the certain geometric laws of vector addition which will be taught
in course of time.
For example, A current in a wire is represented by the direction but it is not
vector quantity because it does not obey the laws of vector algebra.
In figure the current flowing in wire OC = current in wire AO + current in wire
BO
A
i1
O i
 C

i2

B
i = i 1+i 2
If the current is a vector then i will be

i= i12  i22  2i1i2 cos  according to parallelogram law of vector addition which will
be discussed in the next class.

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 Basic Maths 25
5. Representation of vector: A vector is represented by a directed line segment.
Length of that line segment is proportional to the magnitude of the physical quan-
tity which it represents and the arrow of that denotes the direction of vector.
For example : if a force of 1 newton is represented by a vector of length 1 cm, then
a force of 2 N is represented by a vector of length 2cm.
1 cm : 1 N 2 cm : 2 N 5 cm : 5 N
 
A denotes magnitude of A .

6. A vector remains unchanged when it is moved parallel to itself. Using this prin-
ciple, any vector can be shifted in the same plane.
7. Certain pairs of physical quantities have same units or dimensions but one of
those is a scalar and the other is vector.
e.g : Speed and velocity, work and torque
Worksheet-1
Level-1:
Single Correct Choice Type:
1. A scalar consists of [ ]
1) only direction 2) only magnitude
3) Both (1) and (2) 4) neither (1) nor (2)
2. Choose the wrong statement. [ ]
1) temperature is a vector 2) temperature is a scalar
3) velocity of light is a scalar 4) acceleration is a vector
3. Mr. Satish travelled from Narayana Concept School, Narayanaguda to Dilsukhnagar.
Displacement of Mr. Satish [ ]
1) is a scalar 2) is a vector
3) has only magnitude 4) has only direction
Multi Correct Choice Type:
4. Which of the following are scalars? [ ]
1) length 2) mass 3) temperature 4) velocity
Reasoning Type:
5. Statement I : A physical quantity which has only magnitude but not a specified
direction is a scalar.
Statement II : A scalar quantity is associated with magnitude and direction.
1) Both Statements are true, Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I.
2) Both Statements are true, Statement II is not correct explanation of Statement I.
3) Statement I is true, Statement II is false.
4) Statement I is false, Statement II is true.
Comprehension Type:
Statement of a scalar just consists of its magnitude along with a proper algebraic
sign.
6. Among the following the quantity which is not a scalar? [ ]

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 26 Basic Maths
1) 20 kg 2) 15 m 3) 40 sec 4) 13 m due north
7. Which of the following is represents the unit of scalars [ ]
1) newton-sec 2) newton 3) kg. m/sec 4) joule
8. Among the following the quantity which one is a scalar? [ ]
1) 18m due west 2) 20 m due south
3) 30 m 4) 23 m due north
Matrix Match Type:
9. Column-I Column-II
a) scalar 1) Displacement
b) vector 2) Distance
c) cannot be added algebraically 3) speed
d) has magnitude and direction 4) velocity
and obeys laws of vector addition 5) electric current
Integer Answer Type:
10. The velocity of a man is 20 ms-1 due north east then his speed is ___×103 cms-1.
Level-2:
Single Correct Choice Type:
11. Directionless quantity is called ______ [ ]
1) vector 2) scalar
3) both (1) and (2) 4) neither (1) nor (2)
Multi Correct Choice Type:
12. Which of the following are vectors? [ ]
1) velocity 2) weight 3) work 4) force
Level-3:
Single Correct Choice Type:
13. The pair containing a scalar and a vector quantity is [ ]
1) impulse and angular momentum 2) work and frequency
3) pressure and force 4) resistance and current
Multi Correct Choice Type:
14. Which of the following has only magnitude and no specific direction [ ]
1) density 2) acceleration 3) frequency 4) energy
Level-4:
Single Correct Choice Type:
15. The set containing only vector quantities is [ ]
1) speed, velocity 2) time, displacement
3) energy, work 4) acceleration, velocity
Multi Correct Choice Type:
16. The physical quantity consisting of both direction and magnitude is [ ]
1) volume 2) linear momentum
3) moment of force 4) small angles

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 Basic Maths 27
Comprehension Type:
Scalar having magnitude only and vector having magnitude and direction and also
obeys the laws of vector addition.
17. Which of the following units could be associated with a scalar quantity? ( )
2 2
1) kgms –1
2) kgms –2
3) kgm s 4) all of these
18. Which of the following units could be associated with a vector quantity? [ ]
2 2
1) N-s 2) kg-m –3
3) Nm –2
4) kgm s
19. Choose the correct statement. [ ]
1) Temperature is a scalar but temperature gradient is a vector
2) Velocity of a body is a vector but velocity of light is a scalar
3) Electric intensity and electric current density are vectors
4) All the above
Level-5:
Single Correct Choice Type:
20. Which of the following is a vector [ ]
1) latent heat 2) kinetic energy
3) electric potential 4) torque
Multi Correct Choice Type:
21. Which of the following has direction but not obey laws of vector addition [ ]
1) electric current 2) large angles
3) force 4) acceleration
Matrix Match Type:
22. Column - I Column - II
a) mass 1) vector
b) power 2) scalar
c) linear momentum 3) has specific direction
d) electric charge 4) has magnitude only
5) has direction but no magnitude
Synopsis-2
Types of vectors
1. Equal vectors: If two vectors have same magnitude and direction they are said to
be equal vectors.

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 28 Basic Maths


A 
B


AB
2. Like vectors or Parallel vectors: -If two vectors have the same direction but
different magnitudes, they are said to be like vectors or parallel vectors.

  
A  2B B

 
In the figure A and B are parallel vectors as both have same direction and
 
magnitude of A is twice of magnitude of B .
3. Unlike vectors or antiparallel vectors: If two vectors have opposite directions
and different magnitudes, they are said to be unlike vectors or antiparallel
vectors


  B
A  2B

 
In the figure A and B are antiparallel vectors as both have opposite direction
 
and magnitude of A is twice of magnitude of B .
 
4. Negative vector: If two vectors A and B have equal magnitude but opposite direc-
tions, then each vector is negative vector of the other.
   
i.e., A  B or B   A

A

 
B  A

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 Basic Maths 29

5. Unit vector: A vector having unit magnitude is called unit vector. If A is given

 A
a   
vector then unit vector in its direction is given by ( A or A is the magni-
A

tude of A )
    
 A  A a a is the unit vector parallel to A

   
6. A vector parallel to A and having magnitude same as that of B is given by B a .

7. Zero vector: A vector of zero magnitude is called zero vector or null vector. It is

denoted as O . The initial point and terminal point of a null vector coincide. So,
direction of null vector is indeterminate.
Examples: Velocity of a body projected vertically up at the highest point, velocity
of bob of a simple pendulum at the extreme position.
Properties of zero vector :
         
1) a  o  a 2) a  b  o  a  b 3) a  a  o 4) no  o

8. Any vector of non zero magnitude is called proper vector. If A is a proper vector

then A  0 .
9. Co–planar vectors: Vectors, acting in the same plane are called co–planar vec-
tors.

A


B   
 In the diagram A,B and C are coplanar vec-
C

tors.
10. Non Co–planar vectors: Vectors, acting in different plane are called non-coplanar
vectors.
11. Angle between two vectors:
To find angle between two vectors, the two vectors from a point are drawn such
that their arrow heads should be away from that point. The angle obtained in this
way, is the angle between the vectors.


A 
B B
120°
60°

A

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 30 Basic Maths
 
the angle between A and B is not 120°.
*Whenever angle between two vectors is to be taken we must make sure that
either their heads coincide or their tails coincide.
If heads coincide or tails coincide then internal angle is the angle between two
vectors as in figure (1). If heads coincide with tail then external angle is the
angle between the two vectors as in figure (2).

p
q
Figure 1 Figure 2
12. Cartesian co–ordinate system: In order to describe the motion of an object we
must specify its position relative to observer. One of the most convenient co –
ordinate system is cartesian co–ordinate system. It consists of three mutually
perpendicular axes designated as x – axis, y–axis and z–axis. Location of any point
p is specified by three co–ordinates x, y, and z as shown in the figure.
y

y
x
O
z
x
z
13. Orthogonal vectors: If the angle between two vectors is 90°, those vectors are
called orthogonal vectors.
14. Orthogonal unit vectors : The unit vectors along x–axis, y–axis and z–axis are
denoted by ˆi, ˆj and k̂ ( read as i crown or cap, j crown and k crown respectively.)
These are the orthogonal unit vectors or Orthonormal base or vector triad.
  
ˆi  x  x  xiˆ ; ˆj  y  y  yjˆ ˆ  z  z  zk
k ˆ
y ;
x z

e.g., A vector of 3 units along x–axis is x  3iˆ

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 Basic Maths 31

 
A vector of magnitude 6 along –x axis (–ve x –axis) is x  6 ˆi  6iˆ
y

ˆj

ˆî
x
O
k̂ˆ

z
15. Position vector: The vector which specifies the position of a point with respect
to some fixed point (like origin) is called position vector.
y

ˆj

ˆî
x
O
k̂ˆ

z
If P (x, y, z) be the position of a point with respect to the origin O
    
OP  r  x i  y j z k
 
Where i, j and k are unit vectors along X, Y and Z axes respectively.

 
Magnitude of r is r  x  y  z
2 2 2

16. Displacement
Displacement is a shortest distance between two points. It is a vector quantity.
Displacement vector
The position of the point Q with reference to the origin is represented by the

position vector r2 . Let the coordinates of the point Q are (x2, y2)

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 32 Basic Maths

Y Q 

(x2, y2) r


r2 P
j (x1, y1)

r1
X
0

 
Similarly OP represent by a position vector r , let the coordinates of the point P
1
are (x1, y1)
As the displacement vector is the difference of two position vectors
       
r1 = x1 i + y1 j and r2 = x2 i + y2 j , where i , j are unit vectors along X, Y axis
respectively.
    
Thus, the displacement vector  r  r2  r1 = (x2 – x1) i + (y2 – y1) i

Note : a) When a vector is multiplied by a scalar, the resultant is also a vector.

   
a) A  sB , If s is positive scalar then direction of A is the same as that of B .
 
If s is negative then direction of A is opposite to that of B
b) Vector multiplication obeys commutative law when multiplied by a scalar.
 
i.e., s A  A s where s is a scalar
c) Vector multiplication obeys associative law when multiplied by scalar.
 
 
i.e. m nA  mn A (m, n are scalars)
d) Vector multiplication obeys distributive law when multiplied by a scalar.
   
 
i.e. s A  B  sA  sB (s is a scalar).

Worksheet-2
Level-1:
Single Correct Choice Type:
    
1. A vector is given by A  6i  8 j  10k . Unit vector parallel to A is [ ]
           
3i  4 j  5k 6i  8 j  10k i  jk 6i  8 j  10k
1) 2) 3) 4)
5 2 5 2 2 2 2
2. The co-ordinates of head and tail of a vector are (2,1,0) and (-4,2,-3), The magnitude
of the vector is [ ]
1) 23 units 2) 46 units 3) 84 units 4) 12 units

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 Basic Maths 33
1
3. The magnitude of a position vector in 2-D is 4. Its slope is . The position vector
3
is [ ]
   
1) 3i  j 2) 3i  2 j 3) 2 3i  2 j 4) 2i  2 3 j
Multi Correct Choice Type:
4. Which of the following relations are wrong? [ ]
       
1) A  B  C 2) A  B  C 3) A  B  C 4) A  B  C
Reasoning Type:
5. Statement I : If P = (2,3,4), then the position vector of P with respect to origin is
  
2 i  3 j 4 k .
   
Statement II : If A = (1,2,3) and B = (2,3,4) then AB  2 i  3 j 4 k .
1) Both Statements are true, Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I.
2) Both Statements are true, Statement II is not correct explanation of Statement I.
3) Statement I is true, Statement II is false.
4) Statement I is false, Statement II is true.
Comprehension Type:
The unit vectors along X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis are denoted by ˆi, ˆj,kˆ .
These are orthogonal unit vectors or vector triad. A unit vector specifies
the direction and whose magnitude is equal to one unit.
6. A vector of magnitude 6 units along negative y axis is [ ]
1) 6j 2) 6i 3)  6ˆj 4) 6kˆ

7. A vector of 10 2 units in x-y plane is [ ]

1) 10iˆ  10kˆ 2) 10ˆj  10kˆ 3) 10iˆ 4) 10ˆj  10iˆ

8. Th e m agn it u de of a vect or h avin g in it ial poin t P(x 1, y1, z1) and terminal point (x2,
y2, z2) is [ ]
1/2
1)  x 2  x1    y 2  y1    z 2  z1  
2 2 2

 
1/2
2)  x 2  x1    y 2  y1    z 2  z1  
2 2 2

 
1/2
3)  x 2  x1    y 2  y1    z 2  z1  
2 2 2

 
1/2
4)  x 2  x1    y 2  y1    z 2  z1  
2 2 2

 

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 34 Basic Maths
Matrix Match Type:
9. Column-I Column-II
a) Equal vectors 1) same magnitude
b) Like vectors 2) same direction
c) Unlike vectors 3) different magnitude
d) Negative of a vector 4) opposite direction
5) magnitude two unit only
Integer Answer Type:
10. Magnitude of null vector is __________
Level-2:
Single Correct Choice Type:
11. A man walks 30 m north, then 20 m E and then 30 2 m s-w. His displacement is
[ ]
1) 14 m S-W 2) 28 m S 3) 10 m W 4) 15 m E
Multi Correct Choice Type:
12. which of the following represents a zero vector? [ ]
1) Position vector of the origin
2) Displacement vector of a stationary particle
3) Acceleration vector of a particle moving in a straight line with uniform velocity
in the same direction.
4) Force vector with a magnitude of three units.
Level-3:
Single Correct Choice Type:
13. A cat is situated at point A (10, 6, -4) and a rat is situated at point B (5, 6, 8). The
cat is free to move but the rat is always at rest. The minimum distance travelled
by cat to catch the rat is : [ ]
1) 5 units 2) 12 units 3) 13 units 4) 17 units
Multi Correct Choice Type:
     
14. If A  4i  3 j and B  6i  5 j , then which of the following is correct [ ]
 
  i j
1) unit vector parallel to B  A is
2
 
  i j
2) unit vector parallel to B  A is
2
 
  5i  4 j
3) unit vector parallel to A  B is
41
 
  10i  8 j
4) unit vector parallel to A  B is
164

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 Basic Maths 35
Level-4:
Single Correct Choice Type:
15. A hall has the dimensions 10m x 12m x 14m. A fly starting at one corner ends up
at a diametrically opposite corner. The magnitude of its displacement is nearly
( )
1)16 m 2)17 m 3)18 m 4)21 m
Multi Correct Choice Type:
16. Two vectors of same physical quantity are unequal, if they have [ ]
1) same magnitude and same direction
2) different magnitudes and same direction
3) same magnitude and but different directions
4) different magnitude and different directions
Matrix Match Type:
17. If a point lies at (3,4,5) with respect to origin, then the magnitude of the position
vector in
Column - I Column - II
a) x-y plane is 1) 5 units
b) x-z plane is 2) 52  42 units

c) y-z plane is 3) 32  42  52 units

d) xyz plane is 4) 32  52 units

5) 32  42 units
Level-5:
Single Correct Choice Type:
     
18. If A  3i  4 j and B  5i  12 j are the vectors having the same magnitude as B and
parallel to A [ ]
       
1)

13 3i  4 j  2)

5 3i  4 j  3)

8 3i  4 j  4)

5 3i  4 j 
5 13 5 8
Multi Correct Choice Type:
19. Choose the correct statements: [ ]
1) When a vector is multiplied by a scalar, the resultant is also a scalar.
2) Vector multiplication obeys commutative law when multiplied by a scalar
3) Vector multiplication obeys associative law when multiplied by a scalar.
4)Vector multiplication obeys distributive law when multiplied by a scalar.

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 36 Basic Maths
Comprehension Type:
The vector which specifies the position of a point with respect to some fixed point
is called position vector. If (x, y, z) be the position of a point with respect to the

origin, OP  r  xiˆ  yiˆ  zkˆ where ˆi, ˆj,kˆ are unit vectors along X,Y,Z axes respectively.
20. If the position of a particle changes from (1, 2, 3) m to (5, 4, 2) m, then displacement
vector is [ ]
           

1) 4i  2 j  k 
2) 4i  2 j  k  
3) 4i  2 j  k  
4) 4i  2 j  k 
     
21.   
By the application of force a particle moves from 2i  3 j  5k m to i  2 j  k m Then 
its displacement is [ ]
           
1) i  5 j  4k 2) i  5 j  4k 3) i  5 j  4k 4) i  5 j  4k
22. A body, initially at rest, is acted upon by four forces
          
F1  i  k, F2  2 j  3k, F3  3i and F4  3 j  4i . In which plane will the body move ?
[ ]
1) X – Y 2) X – Z 3) Y – Z 4) X + Z
Synopsis-3
1. ADDITION OF VECTORS
Scalars can be added or subtracted following the simple rules of algebra or
arithmetic. But vectors do not follow the same simple rules, because while adding
or subtracting vectors, their direction also has to be considered. For example,
when a mass of 5 kg is added to another mass of 5 kg, the result is exactly 10kg.
But when a vector of magnitude 5 units is added to another vector of magnitude 5
units (of course of same physical quantity), the result may have a magnitude from
zero to a maximum of 10 units, depending on relative orientations of the two
vectors. The vector sum is also called resultant.
2. ADDITION OF TWO VECTORS IN SAME DIRECTION
If two vectors are in the same direction, their resultant (sum) is obtained by
adding their vector lengths as shown in the figure (a). The direction of resultant
is same as the individual vectors. Fig (a)- Addition of vectors in same direction

A


B
 
A B

  
C  A B
figure (a)
3. ADDITION OF TWO VECTORS IN OPPOSITE DIRECTION
If the vectors are mutually opposite, their resultant is obtained by subtracting the
length of smaller vector Addition of vectors in opposite from that of larger vector
as shown in figure (b). The direction of resultant is same as that of larger vector.
(Triangle law)

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 Basic Maths 37

A


B

  
C  A  ( B)
figure (b)
4. ADDITION OF TWO VECTORS INCLINED MUTUALLY
If two vectors are mutually inclined, the following procedure is adopted to find
their sum. A and B are the given vectors. B is slides parallel to itself, such that its
‘tail’ coincides with the head of A as shown in figure (c). Then the directed line
segment drawn from the tail of A to the head of B represents the addition of A and
B.


B

A

  
C  AB



A B

5. Triangle law of vectors: If two vectors are represented in magnitude and direction
by the two sides of a triangle taken in order, the third side of the triangle taken in
reverse order represents their resultant in magnitude and direction.(or)
If three vectors simultaneously acting at a point have zero resultant then these
three vectors can be represented both in magnitude and direction by the sides of
a triangle taken in an order.

C B

A
   
In the above figure A  B  C  O
6. Polygon law of vector addition
When a number of vectors are represented both in magnitude and direction by the

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 38 Basic Maths
sides of a polygon taken in an order, then their resultant is given by the closing
side of that polygon taken in the reverse order both in magnitude and direction.
D

ABCD
C

A
B
(or)
When a number of vectors simultaneously acting at a point have zero resultant,
then these vectors can be represented in magnitude and direction by the sides of
a
polygon taken in an order.

D
C

E
B

figure (c)
     
In the above figure A  B  C  D  E  0 .
7. PARALLELOGRAM LAW OF VECTORS :
Two vector quantities can be added using parallelogram law ( velocity vector can
be added to velocity vector only). This law is useful to find both magnitude and
direction of resultant.
Statement: If two vectors are represented in magnitude and direction by the
adjacent sides of a parallelogram drawn from a point, the diagonal passing through
that point represents their resultant both in magnitude and direction.

D D C
  
Q Q R


 
 
A P B A P B E

figure (d)
   
Explanation: P and Q are two vectors represented by AB and AD . Both vectors
act at the common point A and mutually inclined at angle ‘  ’ as shown in fig (d). If
the parallelogram ABCD is completed taking AB and AD as adjacent sides, then
 
 
the diagonal AC represents their resultant R both in magnitude and direction.

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 Basic Maths 39

Magnitude of the resultant: The line of action of P is extended. The perpendicular
drawn from ‘C’ meets the extension of AB at E.
  
From the figure, it is obvious that BC  AD  Q and CBE  
 
 Length of AB = magnitude of P = P ; Length of BC = magnitude of Q Q

Length of AC = magnitude of R = R
BE
From triangle CBE and , BE = BC cos   BE = Q cos  ........... [1]
BC

EC
From the triangle AEC and = sin  and EC = Q sin  ........... [2]
BC
(AC)2 = (AE)2 + (EC)2
 (AC)2 = (AB + BE)2 + (EC)2  (AC)2 = (AB)2 + (BE)2 + 2AB . BE + (EC)2
 R2 = P2 + Q2 cos2  + 2PQ cos  + Q2 sin2   R2 = P2 + Q2 + 2PQ cos  

R  P  Q  2PQcos   (3)
2 2


Direction of the resultant : The resultant makes angle ‘  ’ with A (say)

EC EC Qsin 
From triangle CAE : tan     tan  
AE AB  BE P  Qcos 

 Qsin  
   tan1    (4)
 P  Qcos  

The expression (3) and (4)gives the magnitude and direction of the resultant of P

and Q .
SPECIAL CASES:
 
1) If P and Q are in same direction, then   0 , and cos  = 1
 From equation (3) and (4), R = P + Q and  = 0
Hence the magnitude of resultant is sum of the magnitude of individual vectors.
The direction of resultant is same as that of individual vectors.
 
2)If P and Q are opposite, then  = 180° and cos  = –1
 R = P – Q i.e., R = P – Q or Q – P and   0 or 180°.
Thus the magnitude of resultant is equal to difference of magnitudes of individual
vectors and the direction of resultant is same as that of the vector of larger
magnitude.
 
3) If P and Q are perpendicular, then   90 & cos  = 0

 R  P  Q and  = Tan–1 (Q/P)

2 2

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 40 Basic Maths
 
4) If P  Q , then R = 2P cos  /2 and    /2

 If the vectors have equal magnitude, then the resultant will bisect the angle
between them.
Worksheet-3
Level-1:
Single Correct Choice Type:
1. The vector sum of the forces of 10N and 6N can be [ ]
1)2N 2)8N 3)18N 4)20N
  
2. Two vectors A and B inclined at an angle  have a resultant R which makes an
  
angle  with A . If the direction of A and B are interchanged the resultant will
have the same [ ]
1)Direction 2)Magnitude
3)Directions as well as magnitude 4)Neither direction nor magnitude
       
3. If A and B are vectors such that A  B  A  B , then the angle between A and B is

[ ]
1) 0° 2) 90° 3) 45° 4) 180°
Multi Correct Choice Type:
         
4. If A  4i  2 j  6k and B  i  2 j  3k, then the angle which the A  B makes with X-
axis is [ ]

1  5  1  5 
1) cos  
 50 
2) sin  
 50 
3) sec
1
 2 4) cosec
1
 2
Reasoning Type:
5. Statement I: The magnitude of resultant of two vectors cannot be less than the
magnitude of either vector.
 
Statement II: The resultant of two vectors P and Q is to find out using parallelogram law.
1. Both Statements are true, Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I.
2. Both Statements are true, Statement II is not correct explanation of Statement I.
3. Statement I is true, Statement II is false.
4. Statement I is false, Statement II is true.
Comprehension Type:
If two vectors are represented in magnitude and direction by the adjacent sides
of a parallelogram drawn from a point, the diagonal passing through that point
represents their resultant both in magnitude and direction.
6. If two forces 5N and 3N act on an object in the same direction, then the magnitude
of the resultant is [ ]
1) 8N 2) 5N 3) 3N 4) zero

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 Basic Maths 41
7. If two forces 4N and 3N act on an object in the opposite direction, then the
magnitude of the resultant is [ ]
1) zero 2) 5N 3)3N 4) 1N
8. Two forces of magnitude 20N and 25N respectively act at a point. If the resultant
force is 39N, the angle between the forces has to be nearly [ ]
1) 60° 2) 45° 3) 90° 4) 30°
Matrix Match Type:
9. Column-I Column-II
  
a) A  B  C and A – B = C 1) 

   2
b) A  B  C and A – B = C 2)
3
  
c) A  B  C and A 2  B2  C2 3) 0

   
d) A  B  C and A = B = C 4)
2
5) 180°
Integer Answer Type:
10. The resultant of two equal forces acting at right angles to each other is 1414N.
The magnitude of each force is ______________ × 103 N.
Level-2:
Single Correct Choice Type:
11. The ratio of maximum and minimum resultant of two force is 7 : 1. The ratio of
the forces are respectively [ ]
1) 4 : 3 2) 2 : 3 3) 8:1 4)6 : 7
Multi Correct Choice Type:
    
12. The vector which is the resultant of A  B is given by C  A  B , which of the

following are correct regarding the above statement.  is the angle made by C
  
with A and  is the angle made by C with B [ ]
Bsin 
1) C  A 2  B2  2AB cos  2) tan  
A  B cos 
A sin  A cos 
3) tan   4) tan  
B  Ac os  B  A sin 
Level-3:
Single Correct Choice Type:
13. If A  B  C and the magnitudes of A , B and C are 5,4 and 3 units respectively
then angle between A and C is _______. [ ]

1) cos 1  4 /5  2) sin1  3 /5  3) cos 1  3 /5  4) tan1  4 /5 

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 42 Basic Maths
Multi Correct Choice Type:
   
14. The resultant of A and B makes an angle  with A and  with B then [ ]
1)    2)    if A  B 3)    if B  A 4)    if A  B
Level-4:
Single Correct Choice Type:
15. If two forces of equal magnitude f act on a point. If the angle between two vectors
is  , then the magnitude of the resultant is [ ]

 
1) f 2(1  sin ) 2) f 2(1  sin ) 3) 2f sin 4) 2f cos
2 2
Multi Correct Choice Type:
   
16. If the resultant of two vectors A and B is C and if the direction of B is reversed,

and the resultant is D , then which of the following is in correct.
1) C2 + D2 = A2 + B2 2) A2 + C2 = B2 + D2
3) C2 + D2 = 2(A2 + B2) 4) C2 – D2 = A2 + B2
Reasoning type :
17. Statement I : The sum of two vectors can not be zero. [ ]
Statement II : The vectors cancel each other, when they are equal and opposite to each
other
1. Both Statements are true, Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I.
2. Both Statements are true, Statement II is not correct explanation of Statement I.
3. Statement I is true, Statement II is false.
4. Statement I is false, Statement II is true.
Level-5:
Single Correct Choice Type:
18. The maximum and minimum resultant of two forces acting at a point are
respectively 12 N and 6 N when each force is increased by x and when the forces
act at right angles the resultant is 306 N. Then the value of x is ( )
1) 4 N 2) 6 N 3) 8 N 4) 10 N
Multi Correct Choice Type:
19. Two forces F1 and F2 acting at a point have a resultant F. If F2 is doubled, F is also
doubled. If F2 is reversed in direction, then also F is doubled, then [ ]
1) F1 : F = 1 : 1 2) F2 : F = 3: 2
3) F1 : F2 = 2: 3 4) F1 : F2 : F = 2 : 3 : 2
Comprehensive type:
If two vectors acting at a point are represented both in magnitude and direction
by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram drawn from that point, then the
diagonal passing through that point represents the resultant of those two vectors
both in magnitude and direction.

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 Basic Maths 43
20. The resultant of two forces at right angles is 5 N. When the angle between them
is 1200, the resultant is 13 N . Then the forces are [ ]

1)10N, 15N 2) 20N, 5N 3) 3 N, 4 N 4) 12N, 13N

21. Three vectors each of magnitude A are acting at a point such that angle between
any two vectors is 600, then the magnitude of their resultant is [ ]
1) 3A 2) 6A 3) 2A 4) zero
22. The sum of the magnitudes of two forces acting on a particle is 18 N and the
magnitude of their resultant is 12 N. If the resultant is at 900 with the force of
smaller magnitude, their magnitudes of those forces will be [ ]
1) 6 N, 16 N 2) 4 N, 14 N 3) 5 N, 13 N 4) 6 N, 13 N
Synopsis-4
Resolution of a vector:
1. The process of splitting a vector is called resolution of a vector. The parts obtained
after resolution are known as components of the given vector.
2. If the components of a given vector are perpendicular to each other, the they are
called rectangular components. These are the most important components of a
vector.

3. If a vector A in the X – Y plane makes an angle  with X–axis, it can be resolved
into two rectangular components along X and Y directions.
Y

C P

Ay A

AxO N X
Component along X–axis is Ax = A cos 
Component along Y–axis is Ay = A sin 

A  A x ˆi  A y ˆj   A cos   ˆi   A sin   ˆj

A A 2x  A 2y and tan   A y /A x

If vector A makes angles ,  and  respectively with X, Y and Z axes, then

A  A x ˆi  A y ˆj  A z k
ˆ . Here A , A and A are component along X, Y and Z axes.
x y z


A or A  A 2x  A 2y  A 2z

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 44 Basic Maths

A A x ˆi  A y ˆj  A z kˆ
 
Unit vector a along A is A and is given by â 
A 2x  A 2y  A 2z

If , ,  are the angles made by A with x, y and z axes respectively, then

Ax Ax
cos   
A A  A 2y  A 2z
2
x

Ay Ay Az Az
cos    cos   
A A A A
2
x
2
y
2
z
A A  A 2y  A 2z
2
x


Here cos ,cos  and cos  are called direction cosines of A

cos2   cos2   cos2   1 and sin2   sin2   sin2   2

 
4. If A  A x ˆi  A y ˆj  A z kˆ and B  Bx ˆi  By ˆj  Bz kˆ
 
then A  B   A x  Bx  ˆi   A y  B y  ˆj   A z  Bz  kˆ
 
A  B   A x  Bx  ˆi   A y  By  ˆj   A z  Bz  k
ˆ

  Ax Ay Az
5. If A is parallel to B , then  
B x A y B z = K (constant)

    Ax Ay Az
6. If A and B are antiparallel vectors, A  KB or B  A  B  K
x y z

7. Component of a vector is a scalar. But a vector will have component vectors.


e.g: If A  A x ˆi  A y ˆj  A z kˆ
 ˆ ˆ ˆ
Ax, Ay, Az are component of A along X, Y, Z direction. Whereas A x i, A y j, A z k are
component vectors along the same direction respectively.

8. If a vector is represented by xiˆ  yjˆ  zk

ˆ . Its length, in X – Y plane is x 2  y 2 , in Y – Z

plane is y 2  z 2 , in X – Z plane is x2  z2
9. If a vector is in the horizontal direction, its vertical component is zero. For any
vector its perpendicular component is zero.
   
10. If component of vector A and B is same as component of vector B along A , then A=B.
Worksheet-4
Level-1:
Single Correct Choice Type:
1. Horizontal and vertical components of a vector are equal. Then angle made by the
vector to the vertical is [ ]
1) 30° 2) 45° 3) 60° 4) 90°

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 Basic Maths 45
2. If one of the rectangular components of force 50N along the horizontal is 30N,
the other component is [ ]
 50 
1) 20 N 2) 40 N 3) 80 N 4)  N
 2 

3. The rectangular components of a vector are 1, 3 . The rectangular components of

another vector are 2, 2. The angle between the vectors is [ ]


1 1  3 
1 1  3 
1 1  3 
1 1  3
1) cos  2 2  2) sin  2 2  3) cot  2 2  4) tan  2 2 
       
Multi Correct Choice Type:
4. Which of the following is correct? [ ]
1) If a vector is along the horizontal direction, its vertical component is zero.
2) The component of a vector is may be less than or equal to its magnitude.
3) The maximum number of rectangular components into which a vector
can be split in its own plane is 4.
4) Horizontal and vertical components of a vector are equal. The angle
made by the vector with the vertical is 450.
Reasoning Type
5. Statement I : The rectangular components of a force 17N can be 10,7
A vector H is inclined at an angle  to the vertical and its horizontal
Statement II :
component is H sin 
1) Both Statements are true, Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I.
2) Both Statements are true, Statement II is not correct explanation of Statement I.
3) Statement I is true, Statement II is false.
4) Statement I is false, Statement II is true.
Comprehension Type:
If vector makes an angle s , ,  respe ctive ly with X, Y, Z axes. The n

A  A x ˆi  A y ˆj  A z kˆ Here A x , A y and A z are components along x, y and z axes
respectively.
6. Direction cosines of i  k is [ ]
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1) ,0, 2) 0, ,0 3) , ,0 4) , ,
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3

7. The angle made by the vector A  i  j with x – axis is [ ]
1) 45 0
2) 30 0
3) 90 0
4) 0 0

8. The angle between the Z – axis and the vector iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ is [ ]

1) 300 2) 450 3) 600 4)900

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 46 Basic Maths
Matrix Match Type:
9. Con sider a vect or ‘A’ inclined at an angle  with the X-axis. If AX and AY are the
horizontal and the vertical components respectively, then
Column - I Column - II
a) Horizontal component of ‘A’ 1) A Sin 

b) Vertical component of ‘A’ 2) A Cos 

 AY 
c) Angle  is 3) Tan–1  
 AX 
d) Angle between AX, AY 4) 900
5)  /2
Integer Answer Type:

10. The x-component of a vector 4i + 3j is ________ .

Level-2:
Single Correct Choice Type:
11. If one of the rectangular components of a force P is 3P/5, the other component is
[ ]
1) 4P / 5 2) P / 5 3) 3P / 5 4) P
Multi Correct Choice Type:
12. An object is in equilibrium under four concurrent forces in the directions shown
 
in figure. Find the magnitude of F1 and F2 [ ]

F1
4N
30°

60°
8N
30° O
F2

4 20
1) magnitude of F1 is N 2) magnitude of F2 is
3 3

16 8
3) magnitude of F1 is N 4) magnitude of F2 is
3 3

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 Basic Maths 47
Level-3:
Single Correct Choice Type:
13. The components of a force of 100 N acting at an angle of 30° with the X - axis
respectively are [ ]
1) 70.72 N, 70.72 N 2) 50 N, 50 N

3) 50 N, 25 3 N 4) 50 3 N , 50 N
Multi Correct Choice Type:

14. The X and Y components of vector A are 4 and 6 metre respectively. The X and Y
 
 
components of vector A  B are 10 and 9 metre respectively. Then angle made by

B with X-axis is [ ]
1) tan–1 (2) 2) tan–1(1/2) 3) tan–1(1/4) 4) tan–1(4)
Level-4:
Single Correct Choice Type:
15. Find the rectangular components (along X and Y axis) of a velocity vector 10 3 m/s,
making an angle of 60° to the X - axis [ ]
1) 5 3 m/s , 15 m/s 2) 5 3 m/s, 20 m/s

3) 10 3 m/s , 20 m/s 4) 10 3 m/s , 15 m/s

Multi Correct Choice Type:
16. One of the two rectangular components of a force is 25 N and it makes an angle of
60° with the force. The magnitude of the other component is [ ]
1) 25 N 2) 50 3 N 3) 25 3 N 4) 25 2 N
Comprehensive type
A vector can be resolved into two rectangular components. i.e., horizontal
component and vertical component.
17. A force of F is inclined at an angle to the horizontal. If X is its horizontal component,
Y component is [ ]
1) F – X 2) F2 + x2 3) F2 – x2 4) F2  x2
18. A vector is inclined at  to the horizontal and its vertical component is Y. Then
magnitude of that vector is [ ]
1) Y sin  2) Y cos ec 3) Y cos  4) Y sec 
19. A vector is inclined at  to the horizontal and its vertical component is Y. Then
magnitude of horizontal component is [ ]
1) Hsin  2) H cos  3) H tan  4) H cot 

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Level-5:
Single Correct Choice Type:
  
20. Three vectors A, B and C are of magnitudes 10 units, 5 unit and 10 unit
respectively. If they make angles 30°, 120° and 300° with X-axis (and all lie along
the X - Y plane), then determine the magnitude of the resultant [ ]
1) 5 3 2) 5 5 3) 10 3 4) 10 5
Multi Correct Choice Type:

21.

From figure, choose the correct one from the following.

1) force acting along x-direction  f 

x is zero

2) force acting along y-direction  f 

y is zero

3) force acting along y-direction  f 

y is one
4) The resultant of system of forces is zero
Comprehension Type:
A vector can be resolved into two rectangular components. i.e., horizontal
component and vertical component.

22. A vector A is represented by a straight line of length 2cm making

30o with positive X - axis in anticlockwise direction. Another vector B is also
represented by a straight line of length 2 cm making 30o with negative X - axis is
 
clockwise direction. Then A  B is [ ]
     
1) 2 3 i  2 j 2) 2 3 j 2 i 3) 2 i 4) 2 j
23. A boy is hanging from a horizontal bar. The tension in the arms will be maximum
when the angle between the arms is [ ]
1) 0° 2) 30° 3) 60° 4) 120°
       
24. Given A  2i  3 j and B  i  j . The component of vector A along vector B is
[ ]
1   3   5   7  
1)
2
i j  2)
2

i j  3)
2

i j  4)
2

i j 
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 Basic Maths 49
Synopsis-5
APPLICATION OF TRIANGLE LAW OF VECTORS (LAMI’S THEOREM)
If three vectors, simultaneously acting at a point, have zero resultant, then these
three vectors can be represented in magnitude and direction by the three sides
of a triangle taken in order.
Explanation:
  
(i) P , Q and R are three forces (vectors) which simultaneously act at the
point ‘O’ and keep it in equilibrium. Hence they are represented, in magnitude
and direction, by the sides AB, BC and CA of the triangle ABC taken in order.


P Q C

Q

O
B
 
R


P

R A

  
(ii) The magnitude of P , Q and R are proportional to the lengths of AB, BC, CA
respectively.
P Q R
i.e.,    K  cons tan t 
AB BC CA
  
(iii) The orientation of P , Q and R are parallel to the sides AB, BC and CA.
Whenever a triangle is formed to represent three forces keeping a body in
equilibrium, then the lengths of each side of the triangle is proportional to the Sine
of the angle opposite to it.
AB BC CA P Q R
i.e.,      .
sinACB sinBAC sinABC sin sin sin
Worksheet-5
Single Correct Choice Type:
Level-1:
1. The minimum number of forces which can keep a point in equilibrium is ____which
are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. [ ]
1) 4 2) 3 3) 2 4) 1
  
2. If P,Q and R are three forces (vectors) which simultaneously act at the point ‘O’
and keep it in equilibrium. Choose the correct relation from the figure shown
[ ]

C


Q
P
Q 


  B  R
O

 
P

R A

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 50 Basic Maths

P Q R P Q R
1)    K (constant) 2)    K (constant)
BC AB CA AB BC CA
P R Q 2P R Q
3)    K (constant) 4)    K (constant)
BC AB CA BC AB CA
  
3. If P,Q and R are three forces (vectors) which simultaneously act at the point ‘O’
and keep it in equilibrium. Choose the correct relation from the figure shown
C

Q


B  R


P

A
P Q R P Q R
1)   2)  
sin  sin  sin  sin  sin  sin 

Q P R P R Q
3)   2)  
sin  sin  sin  sin  sin  sin 
Multi Correct Choice Type:

F2
F1

60° 30°
O
4.

F3

If three forces are F 1, F 2 and F 3 act at O as shown. If F2  5 3 N and ‘O’ is in

equilibrium, then [ ]
1) Force F 1 is 5 N 2) Force F1 is 10 N
3) Force F 2 is 5 N 4) Force F3 is 10 N

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 Basic Maths 51
Reasoning Type:
5. Statement I : If a particle is in equilibrium under the action of the three forces,
the three forces lie in the same plane and the magnitude of each
force is proportional to the sine of the angle between the other
two.
Statement II : If a particle is in equilibrium under the action of the three forces,
the three forces lie in the same plane and the magnitude of each
force is proportional to the tan of the angle between the other two.
1) Both Statements are true, Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I.
2) Both Statements are true, Statement II is not correct explanation of Statement I.
3) Statement I is true, Statement II is false.
4) Statement I is false, Statement II is true.
Comprehension Type:
T

30°
120°
150° 90°

mg
The bob of a simple pendulum has a mass 0.05 kg, and suspended vertically as
shown in the figure.
6. What horizontal force applied to it would keep the string at 30° to the vertical?
[ ]
1) 0.28 N 2) 0.56 N 3) 0.9 N 4) 0.5 N
7. What is the tension in the string? [ ]
1) 0.28 N 2) 0.56 N 3) 0.9 N 4) 0.5 N
8. What is the ratio of horizontal force applied and tension in the string? [ ]
1) 0.28 2) 0.56 3) 0.9 4) 0.5
Matrix Match Type:
One end of a string 0.5 m long is fixed to a point A and the other end is fastened to
a small object of weight 8 N. The object is pulled aside by a horizontal force F,
until it is 0.3 m form the vertical through A.
A
T


B F
C

8N

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 52 Basic Maths
9. Column-I Column-II
a) Tension (T) in newton 1) 6
b) Horizontal force (F) in newton 2) 10
c) Tension × horizontal force in newton 3) 1.66
Tension
d) Horizontal force  4) 60

10
5)
6
Integer Answer Type:

e
bl
Ca Hinge

10. Ring 30°

strut

200 kg

A 250 kg crate is hanging motionless from the end of a massless horizontal strut,
as in Figure. The tension in the cable that supports the sturt is _____________ ×
102 kg.wt.
Level-2:
Single Correct Choice Type:

11. Three forces start acting simultaneously on a particle moving with velocity V .
The forces are represented in magnitude and direction by the three sides of a
triangle ABC (as shown). The particle will now move with velocity [ ]
C

A B
 
1) Less than V 2) Greater than V

3) both (1) and (2) 4) V remaining unchanged

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 Basic Maths 53
Multi Correct Choice Type:
T1
12. If P is in equilibrium, then tensions T = [ ]
2

T1 T2
30° 60°
P

900N
1 1
1) 3 2) 2 3) 4)
3 2
Level-3:
Single Correct Choice Type:
13. A body of 10 kg is suspended by a rope and it is pulled to a side by means of a
horizontal force so that the rope makes an angle 60° with vertical. Find the
horizontal force in the thread is [ ]
[Note: If mass of a body is ‘m’ kg then its weight is ‘m’ kg–wt]

1) 10 3 kg–wt 2) 35 3 kg–wt

3) 40 3 kg–wt 4) 20 3 kg–wt
Multi Correct Choice Type:
14. A man of 80 Kg is supported by two cables as shown in the figure, then [ ]

60° 30°

T1 T2

80 Kg

1) tension T1 is 40 3 kg.wt. 2) tension T2 is 40 kg. wt.

3) tension T1 is 40 kg.wt. 4) tension T2 is 40 3 kg.wt.

Level-4:
Single Correct Choice Type:
15. A body of mass 2 Kg is suspended from a rigid support. The body is held at 60° with
F
the rest position by applying force (F). If T is the tension in the string, then is
T
[ ]
1) 1 : 3 2) 3 :2 3) 1 : 2 4) 3 :1

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 54 Basic Maths
Multi Correct Choice Type:
16. Four concurrent coplanar forces in newton are acting at a point and keep it in
equilibrium, then [ ]


1
60°
2

1) the value of P is 2 N 2) the value of P is 2N

3) the value of  is 90° 4) the value of  is 45°
Level-5:
Single Correct Choice Type:
17. Fin d t h e valu es of t en sion s T1 & T2 as shown in fig. [ ]

60°30°

200N

1) 100 N, 50 N 2) 10 3 N, 25 N

3) 100 N, 50 3 N 4) 100 3 N, 100 N

Multi Correct Choice Type:
18. If the system is in equilibrium, then the [ ]

60°

T1
T2

10 kg

20
1) tension T1 is kg.wt. 2) tension T2 is 20 kg.wt
3
10
3) tension T1 is 10 kg.wt 4) tension T2 is kg.wt
3
Comprehension Type:
P Q R
According to lami’s theorem,   .
sin  sin  sin 

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 Basic Maths 55
19. A and B are two pegs separated by 13 cm. A body of weight W is suspended from A
and B using a thread of length 17 cm. Then T1 = ....., T2 = .......
A B
T2
T1
12 cm

W W 5W 12W 12W 5W 5w 5w
1) , 2) , 3) , 4) ,
4 12 13 13 13 13 13 13
20. If ‘O’ is in equilibrium, then values of T1 and T2 are

60°
T1

O T2 60°

20 N

1) 20N, 20N 2) 20 3 N, 20 N

3) 20 3 N, 20 3 N 4) 10 3 N, 10 N
21. If ‘O’ is in equilibrium, then tensions T1 and T2 are respectively (sin 37° = 3/5)

1) 30 N, 50 N 2) 60 N, 80 N 3) 80 N, 60 N 4) 20 N, 40 N
Synopsis-6
1. MULTIPLICATION OF VECTORS
The rules followed for vector addition and vector multiplication are different from
those followed for addition and multiplication of scalars. When two vectors are
added, the resultant is again a vector, but when two vectors are multiplied, the
product may be either a scalar or a vector depending on the physical quantity to be
achieved.
In one type of product, “the product of position vector and force vector is torque”, is
a vector.

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