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Prepared by : Yared T.
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 Program Title: pharmacy

 Course Title: Introduction to Microbiology

 Course Code: HLT MWR4 17 0616

 Total Hours: 48hours

 Pre-Requisite Courses: None

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Module Description
 This module is designed to equip trainees
with basic knowledge of microbiology to
apply in medical science.

 It contains both the theoretical part and

practical activities the trainee should pass
through to acquire the basic competence
(skill, knowledge and attitude) in
accomplishing organizational activities
relating to its coverage. 3
Learning Outcomes
 At the end of the module students will be able to:
 Differentiate different types of micro organisms

 Know structure, function and multiplication of

micro organism

 Understand immunology

 Know how infection occur and prevented

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Course Contents
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to
Microbiology
 History of microbiology
 Key terminologies
 Theory of origin of life
 Germ theory
 sterillization

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CHAPTER TWO: Structure, Function and
Multiplication of Micro- organisms
 Prokaryotes and eukaryotes
 Bacteria
 Virus
 Rickettsia and Chlamydia
 Mycoplasma, actinomycetes
CHAPTER THREE: Infection Process
 Introduction
 Source of infection
 Routes of entry of pathogens
 Means of transmission
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CHAPTER FOUR: Immunology and
Immunohematology
 Introduction
 Definition of terms
 Non-specific immunity&Specific immunity
CHAPTERFIVE: Pathogenic Bacteria Organisms
 Gram negative
 Gram positive
 Acid fast bacilli
CHAPTER SIX : Pathogenic virus & fungus
 Some medically important viruses
 Some medically important fungus
 CHAPTER SIX : Parasitology
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Learning Methods
 Lecture
 Discussion
 Assignment
 Group work and group discussion
Assessment Methods
 Continuous assessment methods:

Mid-Exam……….........30%
Assignment…………..20%
Quiz…………………...10%
Final exam……………40%

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1. R.W. Burton, Microbiology for the health sciences, 4th
ed.; 1992.
2. Stuck Vivien A. Microbiology for Nurses. W.B.
Saunders. Co. 7th edition, 1993.
3. Ross Frederick. Introductory Microbiology. A Bell and
Howell Co. 1983.
4. Fox, et al. Microbiology Essential and Applications.
McGraw-Hill Book Co. 1985.
5. Boyd RF, General Microbiology, St. Louis, Times-
Mirror/mosby,1988.
6. Boyd RF, basic medical microbiology, 3rd ed. Boston,
Little, Brown and co, 1986.
7. Prescott LM, Harley JP, Klein DA: Microbiology,
Dubuque, LA, Wm.C Brown,1990.
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 Upon completion of this unit of instruction, the student will
be able to:
 Describe and define microbiology and related
terminologies

 Explain the distribution of microorganisms in nature

 Elucidate rationale of studying microbiology
 Discuss the scope and sub-division of microbiology

 Elaborate history of microbiology

 Describe theories of origin of microorganisms
 Explain the germ theory of disease

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 Microbiology: is a science that is primarily concerned
with the study of microorganisms or living organisms that
are individually too small to be seen with the naked eye.

 The word: Micro  very small; bios  living organisms

and; logos  study of....

 Therefore, microbiology is the study of very small living

organisms (microscopic size).
 Microbiology: also defined as it employs techniques
such as sterilization and the use of culture media that are
necessary for successful isolation and growth of
microorganisms.

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 Microorganisms: are living thing that can not be seen
with our naked eye

 They include:
Bacteria-Bacteriology
Viruses-Virology
Fungi-Mycology
Protozoa-protozology
Helminthes-Helminthesology
 Algae-Phycology

 Based on their size: Viruses < Bacteria < Fungi

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 distribution of micro organism depend on availability of:
Nutrition, Temperature &Moisture
1. Soil-Contains relatively large amount of microorganisms
2. Water- contains microorganisms derived from soil
3. Air-Air contains few amount of microorganisms
4. Animal and Human Body-87% of microorganisms is
useful,10% opportunistic&3% pathogenic

 Division of microbiology:
Medical Microbiology
Veterinary Microbiology
Agricultural Microbiology
Food Microbiology…
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 Medical Microbiology: a branch of medical
science that deal with microorganisms that cause
infectious diseases of human beings.
 It Involves the study of: pathogens, disease
caused by them and the body defences against
disease.

Sub-division of Medical Microbiology

Bacteriology,
Virology,
Mycology and
Immunology
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 Why microbiology??
1.Diagnsis

2.prognosis of diseases

3.treatment follow up

4.sterilization techniques…

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Early History
 In some ancient civilization, disease was believed to be a
punishment sent from the God for human wrong doing.
 Many philosophers during early period believe that
disease was transmitted by invisible animals.
 Hippocratus (father of medicine) observed that ill health
resulted due to changes in air, winds, water, climate,
food, nature of soil and habits of people.
Antonio Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
 He is the father of Microbiology
 Microbiology emerged as a science after the discovery of
microscope
 He observed “animalcules” using simple microscope. He
was the first who properly described the different shapes
of bacteria 17
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
 French chemist and biologist whose discovery that
fermentation is caused by microorganisms & the process
of pasteurization
 Major contribution of Louis Pasteur:
 Microbial theory of fermentation
 Disproved the theory of abiogenesis
 Principles and practice of sterilization and
pasteurization
 Development of vaccines against anthrax and rabies
 Discovery of streptococci
. Alexander Fleming (1928s)
 Alexander Fleming a Scottish biologist who discover first
antibiotic (Pencilline)
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Robert Koch (1870s)
 German bacteriologist who isolated the anthrax bacillus
and the tubercle bacillus and the cholera bacillus (1843-
1910).Known as the father of bacteriology
 Introduced:

Staining techniques
Pure culture medium
Isolation of bacterial colonies using of agar
 Sterilization techniques
 Developed Koch's Postulates: which are a sequence of
experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe
to a specific disease.
 Koch discovered: B. anthracis, Mycobacterium
tuberculosis and Vibrio cholera.
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Year Investigator (s) Discovery
1684 Antony van Leeuwenhoek Bacteria
1798 Edward Jenner Smallpox vaccine
1864 Louis Pasteur Disprove spontaneous generation
1867 Joseph Lister Antiseptic
1882 Robert Koch Cause of TB
1884 Robert Koch Koch’s postulates
1884 Christian Gram Gram staining
1885 Louis Pasteur Rabies vaccine
1908 Paul Ehrlich Chemotherapeutic agents
1929 Alexander Fleming Penicillin
1931 Ernst Ruska The first Electron microscope
1977 W. Gilbert and F. Sanger Method to sequence DNA
1983 Luc Montagneir HIV, the cause of AIDS
1988 Kary Mullis Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

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1. Spontaneous Generation (Abiogenesis)
 This was the theory of Aristotle and his followers
 This is a theory that says life comes from non living
nature:
Snake emerged from horse hair
Maggots emerged from rotten meat
Frogs emerged from slime mud
2. Biogenesis
 This theory says life comes from pre-existing cells
 Francisco Redi &Louis Pasteur disprove spontaneous
generation (abiogenesis)theory.
 Louis Pasteur disprove spontaneous generation once
&for all by swan-necked (pasture goose neck flask)
experiment. 21
-Explains that <<specific diseases caused by specific
microrganisms>>
 Louis Pasteur: discovered that microbes can cause
disease
 Robert Koch: explained and proved microorganisms can
be isolated and can cause a specific disease; he studied
anthrax in his experiment.
 A definite proof of the germ theory of disease was
offered by Robert Koch, foundation of modern medicine.
This scientific procured is known as Koch’s Postulates.
 Germ theory of disease is the single most important
contribution to medical science and practice ever.

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-Koch’s Postulates-proof germ theory of disease
 A Micro-organism can be accepted as a causative agent
of an infectious disease only if the following conditions
are satisfied.
1. The microorganism should be found in every
case of the disease and under conditions, which
explain the pathological changes and chemical
features.
2. It should be possible to isolate the causative
agent in pure culture from the lesion
3. When such pure culture is inoculated in to
appropriate lab animal, the lesion of the disease
should be reproduced.
4. It should be possible to re-isolate the
bacterium in pure culture from the lesion
produced in the experimental animal.
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a) Many healthy people carry pathogens, but do not exhibit
symptoms of the disease, example: HIV, Typhoid fever.

b) Some microbe are very difficult or impossible to grow in

the laboratory on artificial media, example: Virus,
Mycobacterium leprae, Treponema pallidum etc.

c) Certain disease develops only when an opportunistic

pathogen invades a weak (susceptible) host.

d) Many species of microbes are species specific,

example: Brucella abortus cause abortion in animals
but not in humans.
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Definitions
 Decontamination: is a process or
treatment that renders a medical device,
instrument, or environmental surface
safest to handle.
 A decontamination procedure can range
from sterilization to simple cleaning with
soap and water.
 There are three forms of decontamination,
namely: sterilization, antiseptics and
disinfection. 25
1. Sterilization: is the use of a physical or
chemical procedure to destroy all microbial life,
including highly resistant bacterial endospores.
2. Disinfection: eliminates virtually all pathogenic
non-spore-forming microorganisms but not
necessarily all microbial forms on inanimate
objects (work surfaces, equipment, etc).
3. Antisepsis: is the application of a liquid
antimicrobial chemical to skin or living tissue to
destruct or inhibit the growth of
microorganisms. It includes swabbing an
injection site on a person or animal and hand
washing with germicidal solutions. 26
 Sterilization and disinfecting agents are divides into two
groups, these are:
1. Chemical Mean's of Sterilization and
Disinfection
2. Physical Mean's of Sterilization and
Disinfection
1. Chemical Mean's of Sterilization and Disinfection
 By using chemical agents which destroy different type of
microbes with out showing any form of selectivity unlike
antibiotics.
2. Physical Mean's of Sterilization and Disinfection
 Killing or distroying microorganism with different methods
with out using chemicals
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I. Chemical Agents that Damage the Cell Membrane
Surface active agents
Phenols
Organic solvents (alcohol, example: ethyl alcohol,
isopropyl alcohol)
II. Chemical Agents that Denature Proteins
Acids and alkalizes acids like benzoic acid, citric
acid and acetic acid
III. Chemical Agents that Modify Functional Groups of
Proteins and Nucleic Acids
Heavy metals
Oxidizing agents
Alkylating agents
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I. Heat
 It is the most reliable and universally applicable
method
 Types: a. Dry Heat and b. Moist Heat
a. Dry Heat
 It is less efficient and requires high temperature
and long period heating than moist heat.
i. Incineration
 It is an efficient method of sterilization and
disposal of contaminated needles, syringes and
cover slips at high temperature.

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ii. Red heat: inoculating wires, loops and points of
forceps are sterilized by holding them in the flame
of a Bunsen burner until they are red hot.
iii. Flaming: scalpels and neck of flasks, bottles
and tubes are exposed for a few seconds, but it is
of uncertain efficacy.
iv. Hot Air Sterilizer (Oven): it is essential that hot
air should circulate between the objects being
sterilized and these must be loosely packed and
adequate air space to ensure optimum heat
transfer.
 It is done by applying 1600C for 1hour
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b. Moist Heat
 It is preferred to dry heat due to more rapid killing
 Moist heat can be used by the following methods
i. Boiling: it is done by applying 1000C for
30minutes
Used for sterilizing catheters, dressing
ii. Tyndallization (Intermittent Steaming):
steaming of the material is done at 1000C for
30minutes on three consecutive days.
iii. Pasteurization: it is the process of application
of heat at temperature of 620C for 30minutes or
720C for 15seconds followed by rapid cooling to
discourage bacterial growth 31
iv. Autoclave: Steam Under Pressure: it is based on the
principle that when microorganism is boiled at increased
pressure, hot saturated steam will be formed which
penetrates and gives up its latent heat when it condenses
on objects.
 Uses: sterilize solid and fluid culture media, gowns,
medical and surgical equipment.
 Time-temperature-pressure level relationship in moist
heat sterilization (autoclaving).
Temperature Time Pressure level

1210c 15 minutes 15 Ib/inch2

1260c 10 minutes 20 Ib/inch2
1340c 3 minutes 30 Ib/inch2
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 The efficacy of the above method will be affected by the
following factors:
1. Concentration of the agent
2. Time of exposure
3. PH of the medium
4. Temperature
5. Nature of the organism
6. Species of the bacteria
7. Growth phase of bacteria in culture
8. Presence of capsule, spore and other special structures
9. Number of bacteria in test system
10. Presence of extraneous materials

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Method of Decontamination
i. Autoclaving
ii. Chemical (Sodium Hypochlorite)
 Waste disposal methods:
A. Incineration
B. Waste Pit/Land Fill

Incineration 34
1. Define Microbiology?
2. Discuss the distribution of microorganisms
3. List the sub-division of Medical
Microbiology?
4. List and describe the two theories of origin
of microorganisms?
5. Explain the germ theory of disease?
6. Discuss chemical & physical methods of
sterilization &disnification

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