Grade 11 General Revision Physics Booklet

Understanding Magnetic Fields and Their Properties

Magnetic Fields and Magnetic Field Properties

Magnetic Fields are areas around a magnet where magnetic forces can be detected. These fields are invisible, yet
they influence the movement of charged particles, such as electrons. The direction and strength of a magnetic field
can be represented using magnetic field lines. These lines emerge from the north pole of a magnet and enter
through the south pole, illustrating the magnetic field's direction and strength.

Definition of Magnetic Field

A magnetic field is defined as a region around a magnetic material or a moving electric charge within which the force
of magnetism acts. The strength of a magnetic field is measured in Tesla (T), which quantifies the intensity of the
magnetic field. One Tesla is equivalent to one weber per square meter.

Properties of Magnetic Fields

1. Magnetic field lines:

○ They are used to visualize magnetic fields.

○ They never cross each other.

○ The density of these lines indicates the strength of the magnetic field; denser lines represent
stronger fields.

2. Direction:

○ The direction of the magnetic field is determined by the right-hand rule: if you curl the fingers of
your right hand in the direction of the current, your thumb points in the direction of the magnetic
field.

3. Magnetic field intensity:

○ Magnetic field intensity describes how strong a magnetic field is and is represented by the symbol 𝐵.

Magnetic Field Intensity Rule

The Magnetic Field Intensity Rule states that the magnetic field strength decreases with distance from the magnet.
As you move away from the magnet, the magnetic field lines spread out, resulting in a weaker field. The formula for
calculating the magnetic field intensity 𝐵 at a distance 𝑟 from a long straight conductor carrying current 𝐼 is given by:
𝜇𝑜 𝐼
𝛽=
2𝜋𝑟
where 𝜇0 is the permeability of free space, approximately 4𝜋 × 10−7 𝑇 ⋅ 𝑚/𝐴.

Definition of Natural Magnet

A natural magnet is a magnet that occurs in nature without any human intervention. The most common example of a
natural magnet is a lodestone, which is an iron-oxide mineral that has magnetic properties.

Characteristics of Natural Magnets

1. Poles:

○ Every magnet has two poles: the north pole (labeled N) and the south pole (labeled S).

○ The north pole of a magnet seeks the north geographic pole of the Earth, while the south pole seeks
the south.
 2. Compass Concept:

○ A compass uses the properties of a magnet to indicate direction. The needle of a compass is a small
magnet that aligns itself with the Earth's magnetic field.

3. Splitting Magnets:

○ If a magnet is cut in half, two new poles are created. Each half becomes a smaller magnet with its
own north and south poles.

4. Magnetic Interaction:

○ Similar magnetic poles repel each other (N-N or S-S), while opposite poles attract (N-S).

Newton's Magnetic Force Definition

Newton's magnetic force refers to the force experienced by a magnetic object in a magnetic field. The force can be
calculated using the formula:

𝐹 = 𝐵𝐼𝐿. sin⁡(𝜃)
where:

● 𝐹 is the magnetic force,

● 𝐵 is the magnetic field strength,

● 𝐼 is the current,

● 𝐿 is the length of the conductor, and

● 𝜃 is the angle between the magnetic field and the conductor.

The unit of force is measured in newtons (N), where 1𝑁 = 1𝑘𝑔 ⋅ 𝑚/𝑠 2 or 1𝑁 = 𝑇. 𝐴. 𝑚.

Definition of Magnetic Field Lines

Magnetic field lines are imaginary lines that represent the strength and direction of a magnetic field. They help
visualize how magnetic forces work in space. The closer the lines are to each other, the stronger the magnetic field in
that area.

Gravitational Force Rule

The gravitational force is the force of attraction between two masses. It is described by Newton's law of universal
gravitation, which states that every mass attracts every other mass with a force that is directly proportional to the
product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers:
𝑚1 . 𝑚2
𝐹=𝐺
𝑟2
where:

● 𝐹 is the gravitational force,

● 𝐺 is the gravitational constant ((6.674 x 10-11 , N.m2/kg2)),

● 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 are the masses, and

● 𝑟 is the distance between the centers of the two masses.

Units and Meaning of Magnetic Field Strength (Tesla)

The unit of magnetic field strength is the Tesla (T). One Tesla is defined as the magnetic field strength that would
produce a force of one newton on a one-meter length of wire carrying a current of one ampere, perpendicular to the
magnetic field.
Magnetic field strength (also called magnetic flux density) is measured in units of Gauss (G) or Tesla (T). One Tesla is
equivalent to 10,000 Gauss.

Meaning:

• Magnetic field strength refers to the intensity or magnitude of a magnetic field at a given point.

• 1 Gauss (G) is defined as the strength of a magnetic field that exerts a force of 1 dyne on a charge of 1
statcoulomb moving at a speed of 1 cm/s perpendicular to the field.

• In simpler terms, it measures how strong the magnetic influence is at a specific location.

For everyday reference:

• The Earth's magnetic field is about 0.25 to 0.65 Gauss.

• Strong laboratory magnets can have fields of thousands of Gausses.

Definitions of Scientific Terms

1. Magnetic Field: A region around a magnetic material or a moving electric charge within which the force of
magnetism acts.

2. Tesla (T): The unit of measure for magnetic field strength.

3. Magnetic Field Lines: Imaginary lines that represent the strength and direction of a magnetic field.

4. Magnetic Field Intensity: A measure of how strong a magnetic field is at a given point.

5. Natural Magnet: A magnet that occurs naturally, such as lodestones.

6. Compass: A device that uses a magnetized needle to indicate direction.

7. Poles: The two ends of a magnet where the magnetic force is strongest, labeled as north (N) and south (S).

8. Gravitational Force: The attractive force that exists between any two masses.

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The Interplay of Electricity and Magnetism: Understanding Inducing Magnetism

Introduction

The relationship between electricity and magnetism is a fundamental concept in physics, discovered by Hans
Christian Oersted in the early 19th century. This connection reveals that electric currents can create magnetic fields,
leading to a variety of applications in technology and everyday life. This resource will explore the nature of inducing
magnetism, its applications, and how to calculate the intensity of magnetic fields.

The Connection Between Electricity and Magnetism

Electricity refers to the flow of electric charge, typically through a conductor. When an electric current flows through
a wire, it generates a magnetic field around it. This phenomenon is crucial in understanding electromagnetic
principles and is the foundation for many electrical devices.

Definition of Terms

● Electricity: The presence and flow of electric charge.

● Magnetic Field: A region around a magnetic material or a moving electric charge within which the force of
magnetism acts.

Inducing Magnetism

Inducing magnetism occurs when a magnetic field is created by the change in electric current. When a magnet is
inserted into or removed from a coil of wire, it induces an electric current in the wire, as indicated by an ammeter.
Key Concepts

1. Coil: A series of loops made from a conductor, often used to create a magnetic field when current flows
through it.

2. Induction: The process of generating an electric current from a changing magnetic field.

Example of Inducing Magnetism

When a magnet is moved in and out of a coil of wire, the changing magnetic field induces a current in the coil. This
principle is utilized in generators to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Applications of Inducing Magnetism

Inducing magnetism has numerous applications in daily life, including:

● Electric Generators: Convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.

● Transformers: Transfer electrical energy between circuits using electromagnetic induction.

● Induction Cooktops: Heat pots and pans directly using induced currents.

Problems in Finding the Magnetic Field

The intensity of the magnetic field (B) at a distance of ( x or r ) meters from a long, straight wire carrying an electric
current ( I ) can be calculated using the formula:
𝜇𝑜 𝐼
𝛽=
2𝜋𝑥
Where:

● ( B ) = Intensity of the magnetic field (in Tesla, T)

● ( \mu_0 ) = Magnetic permeability of free space (( 4π 10-7 , T·m/A ))

● ( I ) = Current in amperes (A)

● ( x ) = Distance from the wire in meters (m)

Solved Problems

1. Problem 1: Find the intensity of the magnetic field at a distance of 1 meter from a wire carrying a current of
1 A.

Answer:
4𝜋10−7 . 1
𝛽= = 2𝑥10−7 ⁡𝑇
2𝜋. 1
2. Problem 2: Calculate the magnetic field intensity at a distance of 2 meters from a wire carrying a current of 1
Answer:
4𝜋10−7 . 1
𝛽= = 1𝑥10−7 ⁡𝑇
2𝜋. 2
3. Problem 3: Determine the magnetic field at a distance of 3 meters from a wire carrying a current of 2 A.

Answer:
4𝜋10−7 . 2
𝛽= = 1.33𝑥10−7 ⁡𝑇
2𝜋. 3
4. Problem 4: Find the intensity of the magnetic field at a distance of 0.5 meters from a wire carrying a current
of 2 A.
 Answer:
4𝜋10−7 . 2
𝛽= = 8𝑥10−7 ⁡𝑇
2𝜋. 0.5
5. Problem 5: Calculate the magnetic field at a distance of 5 meters from a wire carrying a current of 1.5 A.

Answer:
4𝜋10−7 . 1.5
𝛽= = 6𝑥10−8 ⁡𝑇
2𝜋. 5
The Effect of Permeability of the Medium

The permeability of the medium affects the intensity of the magnetic field created by a current. Different materials
have different permeabilities, which can either enhance or diminish the magnetic field strength.

Definition of Terms

● Permeability: A measure of how easily a magnetic field can penetrate a material, typically measured in
(T·m/A ).

Properties of Inducing Magnetism from a Coil

When a coil carries an electric current, it generates a magnetic field. The properties of this magnetic field can be
influenced by:

● The number of turns in the coil.

● The current's strength.

● The core material within the coil.

Example: Solenoid

A solenoid is a coil of wire that produces a uniform magnetic field when an electric current passes through it. The
strength of the field can be increased by adding a ferromagnetic core.

Determining the Direction of the Magnetic Field

From a Long, Straight Wire

The direction of the magnetic field induced by a long, straight wire can be determined using the right-hand rule:
point your thumb in the direction of the current, and your fingers will curl in the direction of the magnetic field.

From a Coil

For a coil, the right-hand rule can also be applied: curl your fingers in the direction of the current flow in the coils,
and your thumb will point in the direction of the magnetic field.

Conclusion

Understanding the connection between electricity and magnetism through inducing magnetism is critical in modern
applications. The principles discussed, including the calculation of magnetic fields and their properties, are
foundational in fields ranging from engineering to everyday technology.

Summary of Terms

● Electric Current: The flow of electric charge.

● Magnetic Field: The area around a magnet where magnetic forces can be detected.

● Induction: Generating current through a changing magnetic field.

Permeability: The ability of a material to support the formation of a magnetic field within itself.

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Understanding Electromagnetic Induction, Generators, and Motors

Inducing Current

Inducing a current in a coil occurs when there is a change in the magnetic field around the coil. When a magnet is
moved towards or away from a coil, it creates a change in the magnetic field that induces an electric current in the
coil.

Lenz's Law

Lenz's Law states that an induced current in a conductor will always flow in a direction that opposes the change in
the magnetic field that produced it. For example, if the north pole of a magnet is pushed toward a coil, the induced
current will flow in such a way that it creates a north pole at the end of the coil closest to the magnet, trying to repel
the approaching magnet.

Induction in Solenoids

In a solenoid, which is a coil of wire, if a magnet moves toward it, the motion of its magnetic field lines across the
wires induces a current. This induced current generates a magnetic field that opposes the motion of the magnet. The
process of generating electricity from motion is known as electromagnetic induction.

Definition of a Generator

A generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. It operates based on the principles of
electromagnetic induction.

Types of Electric Generators

1. Dynamo: A type of electrical generator commonly found in bicycles to power lights.

2. Power Station Generator: These generators use turbines activated by water flow (such as at a dam) to
generate electricity.

How Power Generators Work

In a power plant, water flow at a dam turns turbines connected to generators. The mechanical energy from the
turning turbines is converted into electrical energy, producing electricity that can be distributed to homes and
businesses.

Definition of a Motor

A motor is a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy, enabling movement.

The Motor Effect

The motor effect refers to the phenomenon where a current-carrying wire experiences a force when placed in a
magnetic field. This is the basic principle behind how motors operate.

Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule

To determine the direction of the magnetic force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field, we can use
Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule. According to this rule:

● The thumb represents the direction of the force (motion).

● The forefinger represents the direction of the magnetic field.

● The middle finger represents the direction of the induced current.

Magnetic Force Calculations

The formula for calculating the magnetic force ((F)) on a current-carrying wire in a magnetic field is given by:

𝐹 = 𝐵𝐼𝐿. sin(𝜃)
where:

● (F) = Magnetic Force (in Newtons, N)

● (B) = Magnetic Field Strength (in Teslas, T)

● (I) = Current (in Amperes, A)

● (L) = Length of the wire in the magnetic field (in meters, m)

● 𝜃 is the angle between the magnetic field and the conductor.

Example Problems

Problem 1:
A wire of length 2 meters carrying a current of 3 A is placed in a magnetic field of strength 0.5 T. What is the magnetic
force acting on the wire?

Answer:

𝐹 = 𝐵𝐼𝐿. sin(𝜃) = (0.5⁡𝑇). (3⁡𝐴). (2⁡𝑚). sin(90𝑜 ) = 0.5𝑥3𝑥2𝑥1 = 3⁡𝑁

Problem 2:
If a 4-meter wire carries a current of 5 A in a magnetic field of 0.8 T and the angle between the magnetic field and
the conductor is 45o, calculate the magnetic force.

Answer:

𝐹 = 𝐵𝐼𝐿. sin(𝜃) = (0.8⁡𝑇). (5⁡𝐴). (4⁡𝑚). sin(45𝑜 ) = 13.62⁡𝑁

Problem 3:
Find the force on a 1.5-meter wire carrying 2 A in a 0.6 T magnetic field.

Answer:

𝐹 = 𝐵𝐼𝐿. sin(𝜃) = (0.6⁡𝑇). (2⁡𝐴). (1.5⁡𝑚). sin(90𝑜 ) = 1.8⁡𝑁

Problem 4:
Calculate the magnetic force on a 3-meter wire with a current of 4 A in a magnetic field of 1 T, and the angle between
the magnetic field and the conductor is 57o

Answer:

𝐹 = 𝐵𝐼𝐿. sin(𝜃) = (1⁡𝑇). (4⁡𝐴). (3⁡𝑚). sin(57𝑜 ) = 5.23⁡𝑁

Problem 5:
A wire segment 2.5 meters long carries a current of 6 A in a magnetic field of 0.4 T. What is the magnetic force?

Answer:

𝐹 = 𝐵𝐼𝐿. sin(𝜃) = (0.4⁡𝑇). (6⁡𝐴). (2.5⁡𝑚). sin(90𝑜 ) = ⁡6⁡𝑁

Definitions of Scientific Terms

● Induced Current: The current that is generated in a coil due to a changing magnetic field.

● Lenz’s Law: A principle stating that an induced current will flow in a direction that opposes the change
causing it.

● Solenoid: A coil of wire designed to create a magnetic field when an electric current flows through it.

● Electromagnetic Induction: The process of generating an electric current through the motion of a magnetic
field.
 ● Generator: A device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

● Motor: A machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.

● Motor Effect: The phenomenon where a current-carrying conductor experiences a force in a magnetic field.

● Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule: A method to determine the direction of force in a magnetic field.

Magnetic Force: The force experienced by a current-carrying wire in a magnetic field.

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Understanding Scientific Notation and Metric Prefixes in Physics

Introduction to Scientific Notation

Scientific notation is a way to express very large or very small numbers in a compact form. It is particularly useful in
the field of physics where quantities can vary dramatically in size, such as the speed of light or the mass of an
electron.

What is Scientific Notation?

A number is expressed in scientific notation as follows:

[
a \times 10^n
]

Where:

● ( a ) is a number greater than or equal to 1 and less than 10.

● ( n ) is an integer that represents the power of ten.

Example:
The speed of light is approximately ( 299,792,458 ) meters per second. In scientific notation, this can be expressed as:

[
2.99792458 \times 10^8 \text{ m/s}
]

Examples of Using Scientific Notation

Example 1: Describing Physical Quantities

The mass of a proton is about ( 0.00000000000000167 ) kg. In scientific notation, this is:

[
1.67 \times 10^{-27} \text{ kg}
]

Example 2: Large Quantities

The distance from the Earth to the Sun is approximately ( 149,600,000 ) kilometers. In scientific notation, this is:

[
1.496 \times 10^8 \text{ km}
]

Solved Problems Using Scientific Notation

Problem 1: Converting to Scientific Notation

Convert ( 0.000234 ) to scientific notation.

Solution:
Move the decimal point to the right until you have a number between 1 and 10:

[
0.000234 = 2.34 \times 10^{-4}
]

Problem 2: Adding in Scientific Notation

Add ( 3.0 \times 10^3 ) and ( 2.5 \times 10^2 ).

Solution:
Convert ( 2.5 \times 10^2 ) to the same power of ten as ( 3.0 \times 10^3 ):

[
2.5 \times 10^2 = 0.25 \times 10^3
]

Now, add:

[
3.0 \times 10^3 + 0.25 \times 10^3 = (3.0 + 0.25) \times 10^3 = 3.25 \times 10^3
]

Metric Prefixes for Physical Units

Metric prefixes are used to simplify the expression of physical quantities. Below is a table of common metric prefixes:

Prefix Symbol Scientific Notation Decimal Fraction

Tera T 109 1,000,000,000

Mega M (106) 1,000,000

Kilo k (103) 1,000

Deci d (10-1) 0.1

Centi c (10-2) 0.01

Milli m (10-3) 0.001

Micro µ (10-6) 0.000001

Nano n (10-9) 0.000000001

Examples and Solved Problems on Metric Prefixes

Example 1: Basic Unit Conversion

Convert ( 5 ) kilometers to meters.

Solution:
Using the prefix kilo:

Answer:

103 𝑚
5𝑘𝑚𝑥 | | = 5𝑥103 𝑚
1𝑘𝑚

Example 2: Derived Units

Convert to square centimeters the area of a square with sides of ( 2 ) meters is:
Answer:

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎⁡(𝑎) = 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 2 = 22 ⁡𝑚2 = 4⁡𝑚2

Convert to square centimeters:

10−2 𝑐𝑚 10−2 𝑐𝑚 10−2 𝑥10−2 𝑐𝑚2 10−4 𝑐𝑚2

4⁡𝑚2 𝑥 | |𝑥| | = 4⁡𝑚2 𝑥 | | = 4⁡𝑚 2
𝑥 | | = 4𝑥10−4 𝑐𝑚2
1𝑚 1𝑚 1𝑚2 1𝑚2

Converting Units Using Metric Prefixes

Example 1: From Smaller to Larger Units

Convert ( 500 mL} ) to liters.

Solution:
Since ( 1 L = 1000 mL ):

10−3 𝐿
500⁡𝑚𝐿𝑥 | | = 5𝑥10−3 𝐿 = 0.5𝐿
1𝑚𝐿

Example 2: From Larger to Smaller Units

Convert (2.5 kg}) to grams.

Solution:
Since ( 1kg} = 1000 g ):

103 𝑔
2.5⁡𝑘𝑔𝑥 | | = 2.5𝑥103 𝑔 = 2500⁡𝑔
1𝑘𝑔

Example 3: From Smaller-to-Smaller Units

Convert 125 nSec to µSec

Solution:

10−9 ⁡𝑠𝑒𝑐 1⁡𝜇𝑠𝑒𝑐 10−9 ⁡𝜇𝑠𝑒𝑐

125⁡𝑛𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑥 | | 𝑥 | −6 | = 125⁡𝑛𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑥 | −6 | = 125⁡𝑥10−3 𝜇𝑠𝑒𝑐
1⁡𝑛𝑆𝑒𝑐 10 ⁡𝑠𝑒𝑐 ⁡10 𝑛𝑆𝑒𝑐

Example 4: Ordinary time Units

Convert 1.5 Years to seconds

365⁡𝑑𝑎𝑦 24⁡ℎ𝑟 60⁡𝑚𝑖𝑛 60⁡𝑠𝑒𝑐
1.5⁡𝑦𝑟𝑥 | |𝑥| |𝑥| |𝑥| | = 1.5𝑥365𝑥25𝑥60𝑥60 = 47,304,000.0𝑠𝑒𝑐
1⁡𝑦𝑟 1⁡𝑑𝑎𝑦 1⁡ℎ𝑟 1⁡𝑚𝑖𝑛