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1242 Magnetism

Chapter

22

Magnetism
The molecular theory of magnetism was given by Weber
and modified later by Ewing. According to this theory.
Every molecule of a substance is a complete magnet in
itself. However, in an magnetic substance the molecular
magnets are randomly oriented to give net zero magnetic
moment. On magnetising, the molecular magnets are realigned

(1) Directive properties : When a magnet suspended freely

it stays in the earths N-S direction (in magnetic meridian).
Magnetic axis

in a specific direction leading to a net magnetic moment.

Magnetic meridian
Fig. 22.3

(A) Unmagnetised

Fig. 22.1

(B) Magnetised

(2) Monopole concept : If a magnet is Broken into number

of pieces, each piece becomes a magnet. This in turn implies
that monopoles do not exist. (i.e., ultimate individual unit of

Bar Magnet

magnetism in any magnet is called dipole).

A bar magnet consist of two equal and opposite magnetic

pole separated by a small distance. Poles are not exactly at the
ends. The shortest distance between two poles is called effective
length (Le) and is less than its geometric length (Lg). for bar
magnet Le = 2l and
S

Lg R and Le 2 R
Le = 2l
Lg

N
S

Fig. 22.4

2R

Le = (5/6) Lg. for semi circular magnet

S

(A) Bar magnet

(3) For two rods as shown, if both the rods attract in figure
(A) and doesnt attract in figure (B) then, Q is a magnetic and P

Fig. 22.2

(B) Semicircular magnet

is simple iron rod. Repulsion is sure test of magnetism.

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Magnetism

(A)

(B)

1243

length as well as perpendicular to the length simultaneously as

shown in the figure then
b

Fig. 22.5

b
L

(4) Pole strength (m) : The strength of a magnetic pole to

attract magnetic materials towards itself is known as pole

L
Fig. 22.8

strength.
Length of each part L'

(i) It is a scalar quantity.

(ii) Pole strength of N and S pole of a magnet is
conventionally represented by +m and m respectively.
(iii) It's SI unit is amp m or N/Tesla and dimensions are
[LA].

, breadth of each part b '

n
n
m
w
, Mass of each part w' , pole strength of each part m '
,
n
n
m
L
M

Magnetic moment of each part M ' m ' L'

n
n
n
If initially moment of inertia of bar magnet about the axes
passing from centre and perpendicular to its length is

(iv) Pole strength of the magnet depends on the nature of

material of magnet and area of cross section. It doesn't depends
upon length.
S
SS
S
S
S
S

A more

m more

N
N
N
N
N
N
N

S
SS
SS
SS

A less

m less

N
NN
NN
N

(B)

(A)
Fig. 22.6

L2 b 2
then moment of inertia of each part I' I
I w

12
n2

(7) Cutting of a thin bar magnet : For thin magnet b = 0 so

L'

L
m
I
w
, w' , m '
, I' 3
n
n
n
n

Various Terms Related to Magnetism

(1) Magnetic field and magnetic lines of force : Space
around a magnetic pole or magnet or current carrying wire

(5) Magnetic moment or magnetic dipole moment (M) : It

within which it's effect can be experienced is defined as

represents the strength of magnet. Mathematically it is defined as

magnetic field. Magnetic field can be represented with the help

the product of the strength of either pole and effective length. i.e.

of a set of lines or curves called magnetic lines of force.

M m(2 l )

+m

L = 2l

Fig. 22.7

M
(A) Isolated north pole

(B) Isolated south pole (C) Magnetic dipole

Fig. 22.9

(i) It is a vector quantity directed from south to north.

(ii) It's S.I. unit ampm2 or N-m / Tesla and dimensions
[AL2]
(6) Cutting of a rectangular bar magnet : Suppose we have
a rectangular bar magnet having length, breadth and mass are

L, b and w respectively if it is cut in n equal parts along the

(2) Magnetic flux () and flux density (B)

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1244 Magnetism
(i) The number of magnetic lines of force passing normally
through a surface is defined as magnetic flux ( ). It's S.I. unit is

weber (wb) and CGS unit is Maxwell.

Relative permeability of the medium =

flux density in material

B

.
B0
flux density in vacuum
(4) Intensity of magnetising field ( H ) (magnetising field) :

Remeber 1 wb = 108 Maxwell.

It is the degree or extent to which a magnetic field can

(ii) When a piece of a magnetic substance is placed in an

external magnetic field the substance becomes magnetised.
The number of magnetic lines of induction inside a magnetised
substance crossing unit area normal to their direction is called
magnetic induction or magnetic flux density (B). It is a vector
quantity.
S

and

magnetise a substance. Also H

It's SI unit is

A / m.

N
N
J
J
It's CGS unit is

m 2 Tesla wb m 3 Tesla m wb

Oersted. Also 1 Oersted = 80 A/m

(5) Intensity of magnetisation (I) : It is the degree to which a

substance is magnetised when placed in a magnetic field.

Fig. 22.10

It can also be defined as the pole strength per unit cross

sectional area of the substance or the induced dipole moment
per unit volume.
Hence I =

It's

SI

unit

is

Tesla

which

is

equal

to

wb
N
J
volt sec

m 2 amp m amp m 2
m2

m M

. It is a vector quantity, it's S.I. unit is

A V

Amp/m.
(6) Magnetic susceptibility (m) : It is the property of the

and CGS unit is Gauss. Remember 1 Tesla = 104 Gauss.

substance which shows how easily a substance

(3) Magnetic permeability : It is the degree or extent to

magnetised. It can also be defined as the ratio of intensity of

which magnetic lines of force can enter a substance and is

magnetisation (I) in a substance to the magnetic intensity ( H)

denoted by . Or characteristic of a medium which allows

applied to the substance, i.e. m

magnetic flux to pass through it is called it's permeability. e.g.

permeability of soft iron is 1000 times greater than that of air.

can be

I
. It is a scalar quantity
H

with no units and dimensions.

(7) Relation between permeability and susceptibility : Total
magnetic flux density B in a material is the sum of magnetic flux

In soft iron

In air

(A)

(B)
Fig. 22.11

density in vacuum

B0

produced by magnetising force and

magnetic flux density due to magnetisation of material

B B0 Bm B 0 H 0 I 0 (H I) 0 H(1

Bm . i.e.

m ) . Also

r (1 m )

Force and Field

Also = 0 r ; where 0 absolute permeability of air or
free space = 4 10 7 tesla m / amp .

(1) Coulombs law in magnetism : The force between two

magnetic poles of strength m1 and m2 lying at a distance

r is

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Magnetism
given by F k.
In CGS units

m1 m 2

. In S.I. units k 0 10 7 wb / Amp m ,

2
4

k 1

1245

(4) Gauss's law in magnetism : Net magnetic flux through

any closed surface is always zero i.e.

B.ds 0

Earth's Magnetic Field (Terrestrial Magnetism)

(2) Magnetic field

(i) Magnetic field due to an imaginary magnetic pole (Pole
strength m) : Is given by B

m
F
also B 0 . 2
m0
4 d

(ii) Magnetic field due to a bar magnet : At a distance r from

As per the most established theory it is due to the rotation

of the earth where by the various charged ions present in the
molten state in the core of the earth rotate and constitute a
current.

the centre of magnet

Geographic

Magnetic

Sm

2M
2 Mr
B a 0 2 2 2 ; If l<<r then Ba 0 3
4 (r l )
4 r

Sg

Equatorial line

Ng
Equator

Nm

Fig. 22.13

+
N

S
2l

Be

axis

axis

(a) On axial position

Ba

Axial line

(1) The magnetic field of earth is similar to one which would

Fig. 22.12

be obtained if a huge magnet is assumed to be buried deep

inside the earth at it's centre.
(2) The axis of rotation of earth is called geographic axis and
(b) On equatorial position : Be
then Be

0
M
; If l <<r ;
4 (r 2 l 2 )3 / 2

0 M
4 r 3

(c) General position : In general position for a short bar

M
magnet B g 0 3 (3 cos2 1)
4 r
(3) Bar magnet in magnetic field : When a bar magnet is left
free in an uniform magnetic field, if align it self in the directional
field.
(i) Torque : = MB sin M B
(ii) Work : W MB(1 cos )
(iii) Potential energy : U MB cos M . B ; ( = Angle
made by the dipole with the field)

the points where it cuts the surface of earth are called geographical
poles (Ng, Sg). The circle on the earth's surface perpendicular to
the geographical axis is called equator.
(3) A vertical plane passing through the geographical axis is
called geographical meridian.
(4) The axis of the huge magnet assumed to be lying inside
the earth is called magnetic axis of the earth. The points where
the magnetic axis cuts the surface of earth are called magnetic
poles. The circle on the earth's surface perpendicular to the
magnetic axis is called magnetic equator.
(5) Magnetic axis and Geographical axis don't coincide but
they make an angle of 17.5 with each other.
(6)

Magnetic

equator

divides

the

earth

into

two

hemispheres. The hemisphere containing south polarity of

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1246 Magnetism
earth's magnetism is called northern hemisphere while the

B B H 2 BV 2

other, the southern hemisphere.

(7) The magnetic field of earth is not constant but changes
irregularly from place to place on the surface of the earth and
even at a given place it varies with time too.
(8)

Direction

of

earth's

magnetic

field

is

from

earth at a place are completely given by certain. quantities

(1) Magnetic Declination () : It is the angle between

magnetic map.

having zero declination is called agonic line.

oW

BV

oE
E

joining the places of equal declination.

(ii) Agonic line: The line which passes through places

geographic and the magnetic meridian planes.

meridian

Fig. 22.14

(iii) Isoclinic lines : These are the lines joining the points of
equal dip or inclination.
(iv) Aclinic line : The line joining places of zero dip is called

Magnetic

(A)

earth having same value of a magnetic element. These lines form

(i) Isogonic lines: These are the lines on the magnetic map

known as magnetic elements.

meridian

horizontal component) over the earth vary in magnitude from

of magnetic elements. The lines are drawn joining all place on the

The magnitude and direction of the magnetic field of the

Geographical

Magnetic Maps and Neutral Points

place to place. It is found that many places have the same value

Elements of Earth's Magnetic Field

BV
BH

(1) Magnetic maps : Magnetic maps (i.e. Declination, dip and

(geographical south) to N (geographical north).

BH

Dividing equation (ii) by equation (i) tan

S
(B)

aclinic line (or magnetic equator)

(v) Isodynamic lines : The lines joining the points or places
having the same value of horizontal component of earth's
magnetic field are called isodynamic lines.

Declination at a place is expressed at o E or o W

depending upon whether the north pole of the compass needle
lies to the east or to the west of the geographical axis.
(2) Angle of inclination or Dip ( ) : It is the angle between
the direction of intensity of total magnetic field of earth and a
horizontal line in the magnetic meridian.
(3) Horizontal component of earth's magnetic field ( BH) :

(2) Neutral points : A neutral point is a point at which the

resultant magnetic field is zero. In general the neutral point is
obtained when horizontal component of earth's field is balanced
by the field produced by the magnet.

Tangent Law
When

small

magnet

is

At any other place, the total intensity can be resolved into

respect to B H .

By squaring and adding equation (i) and (ii)

In equilibrium

mB

mB
B

S
mBH

MBH sin MB sin (90 o )

B B H tan . This is called tangent law.

Tangent Galvanometer

angles to each other, the magnet

comes to rest at an angle with

Also BH= B cos ...... (i) and BV B sin ...... (ii)

BH

fields B and B H which are at right

Earth's magnetic field is horizontal only at the magnetic equator.

horizontal component (BH) and vertical component (BV).

mBH

suspended in two uniform magnetic

Fig. 22.15

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Magnetism

1247

It consists of three circular coils of insulated copper wire

(1) Tan A position : In this position the magnetometer is set

wound on a vertical circular frame made of nonmagnetic

perpendicular to magnetic meridian. So that, magnetic field due

is pivoted at the centre of the vertical circular frame. When the

to magnet, is in axial position and perpendicular to earth's field.

2 Mr
2M
Hence BH tan 0 . 2 2 2 or BH tan 0 . 3
4 (r l )
4 r

coil of the tangent galvanometer is kept in magnetic meridian

(2) Tan B position : The arms of magnetometer are set in

and current passes through any of the coil then the needle at

magnetic meridian, so that the magnetic field due to magnet is

M
at it's equatorial position. Hence BH tan 0 . 2 2 3 / 2 or
4 (r l )
M
BH tan 0 . 3
4 r

material as ebonite or wood. A small magnetic compass needle

the centre gets deflected and comes to an equilibrium position

under the action of two perpendicular field : one due to
horizontal component of earth and the other due to field ( B) set
up by the coil due to current.
Circular coil
S

(3) Comparison of magnetic moments : According to

M1
tan 1

deflection method
M2
tan 2
According to null deflection method

Compass box

M1 d1

M 2 d 2

Vibration Magnetometer

Terminals

Vibration magnetometer is used for comparison of magnetic

Leveling screws

moments and magnetic fields. This device works on the

Fig. 22.16

principle, that whenever a freely suspended magnet in a uniform

magnetic field, is disturbed from it's equilibrium position, it starts
Torsion head

In equilibrium B B H tan where B

0 ni
2r

vibrating about the mean position.

; n = number

of turns, r = radius of coil, i = the current to be measured, =

N

angle made by needle from the direction of B H in

Fig. 22.18

equilibrium.
Hence

0 Ni
2r

B H tan

i = k tan where k

2rBH
is
0 N

called reduction factor.

Deflection Magnetometer

Time period of oscillation of experimental bar magnet

It's working is based on the principle of tangent law. It

consists of a small compass needle, pivoted at the centre of a
circular box. The box is kept in a wooden frame having two
meter scale fitted on it's two arms. Reading of a scale at any
point directly gives the distance of that point from the centre of

(magnetic moment M) in earth's magnetic field (B H ) is given by

the formula. T 2
short bar magnet

compass needle.

I
; where, I moment of inertia of
MB H

wL2
(w = mass of bar magnet)
12

(1) Determination of magnetic moment of a magnet : The

experimental (given) magnet is put into vibration magnetometer
0o
90o

90o

and

0o

T 2
Fig. 22.17

it's

time

period

I
4 I
M
MBH
B H .T 2
2

is

determined.

Now

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1248 Magnetism
(2) Comparison of horizontal components of earth's
magnetic field at two places

required to find the ratio

I
; since I and M of the magnet are constant,
MB H

T 2

(5) To find the ratio of magnetic field : Suppose it is

(B )
T2
1
So T 2
H 1 22
BH
(B H )2 T1

magnet and BH is the horizontal component of earth's magnetic

field.
To determine

(3) Comparison of magnetic moment of two magnets of

same size and mass

B
where B is the field created by
BH

B
a primary (main) magnet is made to first
BH

oscillate in earth's magnetic field (BH) alone and it's time period
of oscillation (T) is noted.

T 2

I
; Here I and BH are constants.
M .B H

T 2

So M

M 1 T22
1

2
M 2 T12
T

and frequency

(4) Comparison of magnetic moments by sum and

difference method
S

Sum position

Net magnetic moment Ms = M1 + M2

I
M BH

BH

1
2

M BH
I

Fig. 22.21

Now a secondary magnet placed near the primary magnet

M1

so primary magnet oscillate in a new field with is the resultant of

M2

B and BH and now time period, is noted again.

Fig. 22.19

T ' 2

Net moment of inertia Is = I1 + I2

Time period of oscillation of this pair in earth's magnetic field
(BH)

1
or '
2

I
M(B B H )
M (B BH )
I

B
'
1

BH
2

I1 I 2
Is
Ts 2
2
(M 1 M 2 )B H
M s BH

....(i)

BH

Pri.
N

Sec.
N

d
Fig. 22.22

Magnetic Materials
1
Frequency s
2

(M1 M 2 )BH
Is

On the basis of mutual interactions or behaviour of various

materials in an external magnetic field, the materials are divided
in three main categories.

Difference position
Net magnetic moment

M2

Md = M1 + M2

(1) Diamagnetic materials : Diamagnetism is the intrinsic

M1

Fig. 22.20

interaction between the applied magnetic field and orbital

motion of electrons.

Net moment of inertia Id = I1 + I2

and Td 2

and d

1
2

Id
M d BH

I1 I 2
(M 1 M 2 )B H

property of every material and it is generated due to mutual

(2) Paramagnetic materials : In these substances the inner

....(ii)

(M 1 M 2 ) B H
. From equation (i) and (ii) we
(I1 I 2 )

orbits of atoms are incomplete. The electron spins are

uncoupled, consequently on applying a magnetic field the
magnetic moment generated due to spin motion align in the
direction of magnetic field and induces magnetic moment in its

get

Ts

Td

M1 M 2
M 1 Td2 Ts2 s2 d2

M1 M 2
M 2 Td2 Ts2 s2 d2

direction due to which the material gets feebly magnetised. In

these materials the electron number is odd.

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Magnetism

1249

(5) Curie temperature (Tc) : The temperature above which a

ferromagnetic material behaves like a paramagnetic material is
defined as Curie temperature (Tc).
or
(A)

(B)

When no field is applied

On application of field (B)

Fig. 22.23

The minimum temperature at which a ferromagnetic

substance is converted into paramagnetic substance is defined
as Curie temperature. For various ferromagnetic materials its
values

are

different,

e.g. for Ni,

TC Ni 358 o C for Fe,

TC Fe 770 o C
(3) Ferromagnetic materials : In some materials, the
permanent atomic magnetic moments have strong tendency to
align themselves even without any external field.
These materials are called ferromagnetic materials.
In every unmagnetised ferromagnetic material, the atoms
form domains inside the material. Different domains, however,
have different directions of magnetic moment and hence the
materials remain unmagnetised. On applying an external
magnetic field, these domains rotate and align in the direction of
magnetic field.

for CO, TCCO 1120 o C

At this temperature the ferromagnetism of the substances
suddenly vanishes.
(6) Curie-weiss law : At temperatures above Curie
temperature

the

magnetic susceptibility

of

ferromagnetic

materials is inversely proportional to (T Tc)

i.e.

1
T Tc

C
(T Tc )

TC

Fig. 22.25

Here Tc = Curie temperature

-T curve is shown (for Curie-Weiss Law)

Hysteresis Curve
For

ferromagnetic
I or (B)

materials, by removing external

(B) Magnetised

(A) Unmagnetised
Fig. 22.24

magnetic

moment

of

some

domains remain aligned in the

applied direction of previous
(4) Curie Law : The magnetic susceptibility of paramagnetic
substances is inversely proportional to its absolute temperature

1
C
; where C = Curie constant, T = absolute
T
T
temperature.

magnetising field which results

magnetic field i.e. H = 0. The

F
Fig. 22.26

into a residual magnetism.

i.e.

On increasing temperature, the magnetic susceptibility of

paramagnetic materials decreases and vice versa.
The magnetic susceptibility of ferromagnetic substances
does not change according to Curie law.

The lack of retracibility as shown in figure is called

hysteresis and the curve is known as hysteresis loop.
(1) Retentivity : When H is reduced, I reduces but is not
zero when H = 0. The remainder value OC of magnetisation
when H = 0 is called the residual magnetism or retentivity.

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1250 Magnetism
The property by virtue of which the magnetism ( I) remains

in a material even on the removal of magnetising field is called

Retentivity or Residual magnetism.

(2) Corecivity or corecive force : When magnetic field H is

reversed, the magnetisation decreases and for a particular
value of H, denoted by Hc, it becomes zero i.e., Hc = OD when I
= 0. This value of H is called the corecivity.
The area of hysteresis loop is

The area of hysteresis loop is

less (low energy loss)

large (high energy loss)

Magnetic soft substance (soft iron) Low corecivity

Less relativity and corecive

More retentivity and corecive

(3) When field H is further increased in reverse direction,

force

force

the intensity of magnetisation attains saturation value in reverse

Magnetic permeability is high

Magnetic permeability is less

direction (i.e. point E)

I and both are high

I and both are low

It magnetised and

Magnetisation and

demagnetised easily

demagnetisation is not easy

Used in dynamo, transformer,

Used for making permanent

electromagnet

magnet.

Magnetic hard substance (steel) High corecvity

(4) When H is decreased to zero and changed direction in

steps, we get the part EFGB.
Thus complete cycle of magnetisation and demagnetisation
is represented by BCDEFGB. This curve is known as hysteresis

tape

recorder

and tapes etc.

curve

Table 22.1 : Comparison between soft iron and steel

Soft iron

Steel

Table 22.2 : Comparative study of magnetic materials

Property

Diamagnetic substances

Paramagnetic substances

Ferromagnetic substances

Cause of magnetism

Orbital motion of electrons

Spin motion of electrons

Formation of domains

Explanation of magnetism

On the basis of orbital motion of

On the basis of spin and orbital

On the basis of domains formed

electrons

motion of electrons

These are repelled in an external

These are feebly attracted in an

These are strongly attracted in

external magnetic field i.e., have

an external magnetic field i.e.

tendency to move from high to

a tendency to move from low to

they easily move from low to

low field region.

high field region

high field region

Behaviour

In

magnetic field

non-uniform

magnetic

field

i.e.

have

Pushed up

Very

Pulled in

strong pull

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Magnetism

State of magnetisation

1251

These are weekly magnetised in

These get weekly magnetised in

These get strongly magnetised

a direction opposite to that of

the direction of applied magnetic

in

applied magnetic field

field

magnetic field

When the material in the form of

Liquid level in that limb gets

Liquid level in that limb rises up

Liquid level in that limb rises up

liquid is filled in the U-tube and

depressed

placed between pole pieces.

the

direction

of

applied

very much

Liquid

Liquid

Liquid

On placing the gaseous materials

The gas expands at right angles

The gas expands in the direction

The gas rapidly expands in the

between pole pieces

to the magnetic field.

of magnetic field.

direction of magnetic field

The value of magnetic induction B

B < B0 (where B0 is the magnetic

B > B0

B >> B0

induction in vacuum)
Magnetic susceptibility

Low and negative || 1

Low but positive 1

Positive and high 102

Dependence of on temperature

Does not depend on temperature

On cooling, these get converted

These

(except Bi at low temperature)

to

paramagnetic materials at Curie

ferromagnetic

at

Curie temperature

r > 1

TC

r >> 1

permeability (r)
Intensity of magnetisation (I)

into

r < 1

converted

temperature

Relative

materials

get

r = 102
I is in a direction opposite to that of H

I is in the direction of H but value

I is in the direction of H and

and its value is very low

is low

value is very high.

I-H curves

+I

Is

H
H

Hs

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1252 Magnetism
Magnetic moment (M)

Very low ( 0)

Very low

Very high

Examples

Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Bi, Sb, NaCl,

Al, Mn, Pt, Na, CuCl2, O2 and

Fe, Co, Ni, Cd, Fe3O4 etc.

H2O air and diamond etc.

crown glass

magnetic field B, the kinetic energy will decrease by 2 MB.

Intensity of magnetisation (I) is produced in materials

due to spin motion of electrons.

For protecting a sensitive equipment from the external

magnetic field it should be placed inside an iron cane.

Bohr magneton B

eh
9.271024 A/m2 . It serves as
4m

(magnetic shielding)
B=0

natural unit of magnetic moment. Bohr magneton can be defined

as the orbital magnetic moment of an electron circulating in inner
most orbit.

Magnetic moment of straight current carrying wire is

zero.

Apparent dip : In a vertical plane inclined at an angle to

Magnetic moment of toroid is zero

the magnetic meridian, vertical component of earth's

Atoms which have paired electron have the magnetic

magnetic field remains unchanged while in the new

inclined
Magnetic
meridian

moment zero.

plane horizontal component B' H B H cos

Magnetostriction : The length of an iron bar changes

when it is magnetised,

BH

when an iron bar magnetised it's

' apparent angle of dip

and tan '

length increases due to alignment of spins parallel to the

field. This increase is in the direction of magnetisation. This
effect is known as magnetostriction.

A current carrying solenoid can be treated as the

arrangement of small magnetic dipoles placed in line with

BH cos

tan '

BV
BV
BV

'
BH BH cos

Inclined plane

tan
cos

If at any place the angle of dip is and magnetic latitude

is then tan = 2tan

each other as shown. The number of such small magnetic

At the poles and equator of earth the values of total

dipoles is equal to the number of turns in the solenoid.

intensity are 0.66 and 0.33 Oersted respectively.

Remember time period of oscillation in difference

S

position is greater than that in sum position Td > Ts .

If a rectangular bar magnet is cut in n equal parts then

When a magnetic dipole of moment M moves from
unstable equilibrium to stable equilibrium position in a

time period of each part will be

magnet (i.e. T '

T
n

1
n

times that of complete

) while for short magnet T '

T
. If
n

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Magnetism
nothing is said then bar magnet is treated as short magnet.

Suppose a magnetic needle is vibrating in earths

magnetic field. With temperature rise M decreases hence

(c)
4.

0 M

2 d 3

(d)

A magnet is placed in iron powder and then taken out,

stops vibrating.

(a) Some away from north pole

An iron cored coil and a bulb are connected in series

(b) Some away from south pole

with an ac generator. If an iron rod is introduced inside a coil,

(c) The middle of the magnet

then the intensity of bulb will decrease, because some energy

(d) The end of the magnet

5.

Hysteresis energy loss = Area bound by the hysteresis

A magnet of magnetic moment M and pole strength m is

divided in two equal parts, then magnetic moment of each

loop = VAnt Joule; Where , V = Volume of ferromagnetic

sample, A = Area of B H loop P,

0 M

2 d 2

then maximum iron powder is at

time period (T) increases but at 770oC (Curie temperature) it

lost in magnetising the rod.

1253

part will be

n = Frequency of

[MP Board 1985; MP PET 1984, 2000;

NCERT 1974; AFMC 1996; MP PMT 2002;

alternating magnetic field and t = Time

MH CET (Med.) 2001; CPMT 1983, 84; KCET 1994, 2001]

6.

Magnet and it's Properties

1.

MP PET/PMT 1988; EAMCET (Med.) 1995;

(c)
2.

7.

2M

Unit of magnetic flux density (or magnetic induction) is

(a) Tesla

8.

0 M
(b)

4 d 2

(d) 8 : 1 approx.

If a magnet of pole strength m is divided into four parts

(a) m / 4

(b) m / 2

(c) m / 8

(d) 4m

The distance of two points on the axis of a magnet from

of the magnet will be

magnet of magnetic moment M is given by

0 M
(a)

4 d 3

(c) 8 : 1 exactly

magnetic intensity at these points is 12.5 : 1. The length

Magnetic intensity for an axial point due to a short bar

[MP PET 1984; CPMT 1974; Pb. PMT 1999]

(b) 4 : 1 approx.

its centre is 10 cm and 20 cm respectively. The ratio of

(b) Weber/metre2

(c) Newton/ampere-metre (d) All of the above

3.

(a) 4 : 1 exactly

initial one, then the pole strength of each part will be

(d) M

MP PMT 1992; MH CET 2004]

Points A and B are situated along the extended axis of 2

such that the length and width of each part is half that of

[DPMT 1988;CPMT 1984, 78, 90;

(d) 2 M

of the magnetic field at A and B will be [EAMCET 1984; CPMT 1986]

[CPMT 1984; MP Board 1986; NCERT 1975;

(b)

(c) M / 4

respectively. From the pole nearer to the points, the ratio

the form of a semicircle. Now its magnetic moment will be

(a) M

(b) M / 2

cm long bar magnet at a distance x and 2x cm

An iron rod of length L and magnetic moment M is bent in

Manipal MEE 1995;RPMT 1996; BHU 1995; MP PET 2002]

(a) M

9.

(a) 5 cm

(b) 25 cm

(c) 10 cm

(d) 20 cm

Ratio of magnetic intensities for an axial point and a point

on broad side-on position at equal distance d from the
centre of magnet will be or The magnetic field at a

Aakash Educational Services Ltd.

1254 Magnetism
distance d from a short bar magnet in longitudinal and
transverse positions are in the ratio [CPMT 1978, 82; KCET 1998]
(a) 1 : 1

(b) 2 : 3

(c) 2 : 1

(d) 3 : 2