Ferrous & Non-Ferrous Materials

Syllabi
 Effect of alloying additions on steel (Mn, Si, Cr, Mo, Ni, V,Ti & W) – stainless
and tool steels – HSLA - Maraging steels – Grey, white, malleable, spheroidal –
alloy cast irons, Copper and its alloys – Brass, Bronze and Cupro Nickel –
Aluminium and its alloys; Al-Cu – precipitation strengthening treatment –
Titanium alloys, Mg-alloys, Ni-based super alloys – shape memory alloys-
Properties and Applications Overview of materials standards
 Characteristics of Metals
 1.Hardness
 2.Strength
 3.Rigidity
 4.Formability
 5.Machinability
 6.Weldability
 7.Conductivity
 8. Dimensional stability
 Types of Metals
 1.Ferrous Metals
-Metals which contain iron as their main
constituent are called ferrous metals.

 2.Non-Ferrous Metals
-Metals which contain a metal other than
iron as their main constituent are called Non-ferrous
metals.
E.g : Al, Cu, Zn, Pb, Br, Sn
 Ferrous Materials
 Advantage:
1. Abundantly available
2.Produced very economically
3.Versatile. Wide range of physical & mech. Prop. Can
be achieved.

Disadvantages:
1.Susceptibility to corrosion
Classification of Ferrous Materials
 STEELS
 -Alloys of iron and carbon
 -Contains other elements like Si, Mn, S, P, Ni etc.,
 -alloying elements are intentionally added or retained
during the refining process.
Specification of Steels:
AISI –American Iron and steel Institute
SAE – Society of Automotive Engineers
ASTM – American Society for Testing and Materials
AISI/SAE Designation:
1xxx, 10xx –Plain carbon steels( first two digits are 1 & 0)
e.g – 1080 – 0.8%C
4340- Alloy steel with 0.4%C
Properties - Si
 Silicon is a chemical element; it has symbol Si and
atomic number 14.
 It is a hard, brittle crystalline solid with a blue-grey
metallic lustre, and is a tetravalent metalloid and
semiconductor.
• Melting point: 1410 degrees Celsius.
• Boiling point: 3265 degrees Celsius.
Properties - Mn
 Manganese is a grey-white, hard and very
brittle metal.
 Manganese is used to produce a variety of
important alloys and to deoxidize steel and
desulfurize.
 Steel contains 1% manganese to increase
strength and improve workability.
 Melting point: 1246 degrees Celsius.
 Boiling point: 2061 degrees Celsius.
Properties - S
 Pure sulfur is a tasteless, odourless, brittle solid that is
pale yellow in colour, a poor conductor of electricity, and
insoluble in water.
 It reacts with all metals except gold and platinum,
forming sulfides
 Melting point: 112.8 °C
 Boiling point: 444.6 °C
 STEELS
classification of steels:
1.Plain carbon (non-alloy) steels:
1. Low (<0.25%C) 2.Medium(0.25 – 0.6%C)
3. High (>0.6%C)carbon steels
2.Alloy Steels
1.Low 2. High alloy steels
Plain carbon steels:-
➢ Carbon controls the properties
➢ Mn should not exceed 1.65%
➢ Cu &Si must be less than 0.6%
 Plain carbon steels:-
1.Low Carbon steels (mild steel):-
- Contains less than 0.25% C.
Characteristics:
➢ 1.Soft and weak
➢ Cannot be hardened appreciably by heat treatment.
➢ Good formability and weldability.
➢ Strengthening can be done by cold work.
➢ Has ferrite and Pearlite constituents
➢ Least expensive to produce,
Applications:-
Automobile body components, sheets, Structural
shapes.
 Plain carbon steels
2.Medium carbon steels:-
-has 0.25 to 0.6% of C.
-heat treatment process can be done
Characteristics:-
1.Low hardenability
2.High strength and hardness properties can be achieved
sacrificing ductility and toughness.
Applications:-
-railway wheels, railway tracks, gears ,crankshafts etc.,
 Plain carbon steels
 3.High carbon steels:-
-have more than 0.6% C.
Characteristics:-
➢ 1.Hardest and strongest
➢ 2.Least ductile(more brittle)
➢ 3. Capable of holding a sharp cutting edge.
Applications:-
- Cutting tools, dies, knives,razors, hacksaw blades etc.,
 Alloy steels
-Steels that exceeds Mn-1.65%, Si-0.6%, Cu-0.6% or
contain other elements are called alloy steels.
- Common alloying elements are Cr, Ni, Mo, V, T, Br, Cu
etc.,
Purpose of alloying elements:-
➢ Increase its strength
➢ Improve hardness
➢ Improve toughness
➢ Improves resistance to abrasion and wear
➢ Improves machinability, ductility
➢ Improves corrosion resistance, electrical and magnetic
properties.
 Classification
 1.Low alloy steels:-
- contain upto 3 – 4% of alloying elements.
-require similar heat treatments to that of the
plain carbon steels.
-also referred as Pearlitic alloy steels as the
normalised structure contains the eutectoid ferrite.
Types of Low alloy steels:
1. AISI steels (American Iron and steel institute)
2. HSLA Steels (High strength and low alloy steels.
 1.Low alloy steels:-
 1.AISI steels:-
-also referred as Construction or Structural steels.
- normally have less than about 5% alloys .e.g Cr, Ni,
Cu, Ni, Mn, Mo, V etc.,
- Major advantage of AISI steels is hardenability.
2. HSLA steels:-
-also referred as micro-alloyed steels
-developed by adding Al, Nb and V that give major
grain refinement.
 2. High alloy Steels
 -Contain more than 5% C.
 -structure after normalizing may be Austenitic,
Martensitic or contain precipitated carbides.
Types of High alloy steels:-
1. Tool and Die steels
2. Stainless steels
Effect of alloying Elements in steels
 Properties of steels or alloys are determined by the
kind , amount of phases which they are composed and
the way in which these phases distributed.
 Steel consists of ferrite, austenite, carbides and
grapite.
 Alloying alements affects the stability, relative amount
and distribution of these phases.
 Ni, Mn,and Co tends to stablize austenite.
 Cr, W,Mo, V and Si tends to stablize ferrite.
 Cr, W, Ti, Mo, Nb tends to form carbide.
 Si, Co, Al, Ni tends to destablize carbides and form
graphite.
Effect of alloying Elements in steels
Effect of alloying Elements in steels
Effect of alloying Elements in steels
Effect of alloying Elements in steels
 1.Stainless steels
➢ Also known as corrosion-
resistant steels, or
Chromium-bearing
steels.
➢ Stainless steel contain
min. of 12% Cr, permits a
thin layer of chromium
oxide when exposed to
oxygen.
➢ Also Cu, Al, Si, Ni, and
Mn can enhance
corrosion resistance.
 1.Stainless steels
 Types of Stainless steels:
1.Austenitic stainless steel
2. Ferritic stainless steels
3.Martensitic stainless steels
1.Austenite Stablizers:-
- Austenite stablizers are Ni, Mn, Cu, Co
- Enhance the retention of austenite as steel is cooled.
- e.g: - it is impossible to cool steel slowly enough to allow austenite to
transform to ferrite , if more than 12% of Mn or 20% of Ni present.
 2.Ferrite Stablizers:-
- Cr, W, Mo, V, Si
-Prevent transformation of steel to austenite upon heating.
 1.Austenitic Stainless steels
 -Have austenite structure at room temp.
 -Produced in greatest tonnage
 -Contains both Ni & Cr. Nickel will override the effect
of Cr to maintain austenite structure.
 -Carbon % kept below 0.15% to avoid the formation of
chromium carbides (which reduces corrosion resistance)
 Carbides formation occurs adjacent to weld zones.
This failure is called Weld decay.
 Stablizers such as Ti, Nb is added in small amounts to
avoid weld decay.
 TiN2 can be added as fine dispersion to improve the
strength, hardness and wear resistance.
 1.Austenitic Stainless steels
Composition:-
 C- 0.03 -0.15%, Mn- 2-10%, Si – 1-2%, Cr-16-26%,
Ni – 3.5 – 22% P & S –Normal, Mo, Ti- in some cases
Properties:-
1.Highest corrosion resistance
2.Good strength at room temp.
3. Non-magnetic.
4. Good ductility at cryogenic temp. (less than 0 deg.)
5. Very tough and can be welded , forged and rolled.
Applications:-
-Food processing, cooking utensils, dairy industry, aircraft industry
 2.Ferritic stainless steels
 Have ferritic in structure at all temp.
 Contain 12 to 25% of Cr and less than 0.1%C.
 Austenite cannot be formed.
 Cannot be heat treated but strengthened by work
hardening.
Composition:-
C – 0.08 to 0.1%, Mn- 2 to 10%, Si – 1 to 2% , Cr- 16-20%
Ni – 3.5 to 22%, P & S –Normal, Mo, Ti- in some cases
Properties:-
1.They are magnetic, 2. Good ductility 3. Very tough and can be welded ,
forged and rolled 4. Have high strength, toughness,resistance to corrosion.
Applications:-
Heating elements of furnaces, screws, oil burner parts, lining for petroleum
industry.
 3.Martensitic steels
 Contain 12 to 25 % Cr, 0.1 to 1.5% of C.
 These compositions can be heated to the austenitic
range and will transform to martensite upon cooling.
Composition:-
C – 0.1 to 1.5% , Si -1% , Mn -1%, Cr -12 to 25%
Properties:-
1.Good hardness, ductility and thermal conductivity
2. Good toughness and corrosion resistance.
Applications:-
Pump and valve parts, rules and tapes, turbine buckets,
surgical instruments etc,.
 Tool steels
 -Used to make tools and dies for cutting forming
 -designed to provide wear resistance and toughness
combined with high strength.
Properties:-
1.Good toughness 2.Good wear resistance 3. Good
machinability 4. Resistance to softening on heating
5. Resistance to decarburisation
Classification:-
-AISI-SAE designation system identifies letter grades for tool
steels by basic principles such as water hardening(w steels)
, oil hardening (O steels) Air hardening (A steels) High Cr
(D steels), Shock resisting (S steels), High MO (M steels),
Hot work (H steels)
 Tool steels
High speed steel:-
-Contains 18% T , 4%Cr, 1% V
- Molybdenum is twice the effect of Tungsten and
cheaper, now replaces in all the places.
Cobalt or Ultra or Super HSS:-
- Contains 20%T, 12% CO, 4% Cr and 2% V.
 4.HSLA Steels
 -High strength low alloy steels (micro alloyed steels)
 -purpose of HSLA is wt. reduction through increased
strength.
 Used as structural or constructional alloy steels.
 Structural application needs high yield strength,
corrosion resistance, weldability ,limited ductility and
no hardenability.
 Low alloy structural steels has twice the y.s of Plain
carbon steels.
 Low % of Mn, Si, Nb, V has been added to resist
martensite formation in the weldzone.
 About 0.2% Cu is added to improve corrosion
resistance.
 4.HSLA Steels
Characteristics:-
1.HSLA have very high yield strength.
2.Can be welded without becoming brittle.
3. Very light in wt.
4.High corrosion resistance
5. Ductile, formable and machinable.
Applications:-
Bridges, towers, pressure vessels, automobiles, trains
etc.,
 5. Maraging Steels
 Low carbon, high alloyed steels
 Can be hardened to get upto 1900Mpa tensile
strengths.
Composition:-
18% Ni, 7%CO, lass than 0.05%C and small amount of
Ti.
-Martensite is formed through air cooling and it was
ductile and tough, since it has very low carbon
content.
- Also called as high nickel steels since high Ni
content.
-Considered as high-strength alloys rather than steels
 5. Maraging Steels
 Characteristics:-
 1.High tensile and impact strength
 2. Has superior toughness with high strength..
 3. suitable for surface hardening
 4.Can be welded
Application:
Drive shafts for helicopters, barrels for guns, dies, space
vehicle saces;
 CAST IRON
 -contains more than 2%C.
 -Least expensive of all metals
 -can be cast into any complex shapes
 -Can be easily machined to required tolerances.
 -good strength under compression
 -Heavy duty C.I can also be produced by heat
treatment.
 Spheroidal graphite C.I is strong
 Malleable irons are strong.
Composition of C.I:-
C – 3to 4%, S-upto 0.1%, Si-1 to 3%, P-upto 1%,
Mn-0.5 to 1%
 Effect of Composition elements in C.I
1.Carbon:-
-present in the form of flakes of carbide or network of
hard, brittle iron carbide (cementite)
-it is desirable to have carbon in the form of small
flakes of graphite.
-Cementite is a silvery-white compound.If iron
contains much cementite, it is called White C.I
-if iron contains much graphite, the fractured surface
appears grey – it is called Grey C.I
Effect of Composition elements in C.I
2.Silicon:-
-Causes cementite to unstable, thus releasing graphite.
-high silicon tends to be grey C.I
-Low silicon tends to be White C.I
3.Sulphur:-
-tends to stabilize cementite. Helps to form white C.I
-S causes excessive brittleness, therefore it should be kept minimum.
4.Manganese:-
-Toughens and strengthens
-Controls the harmful effects of Sulphur.
5.Phosphorous:-
-aids fluidity and fusibility in C.I
-like Si, it induces brittleness.-should be kept minimum
Influence of cooling rate in C.I
 Slow cooling rates results in graphite formation, thus
forming Grey C.I
 Rapid solidification will tends to give White C.I.
 For castings of thin sections, high Si content and slow
cooling rate is desired.
 Grey C.I – coarse graphite (relatively weak)
- Fine graphite ( Tough and strong)
White C.I- Cementite (weak and brittle)
 Effect of Heat treatment on C.I
 1.Prolonged heating of white C.I causes graphitisation
to occur.This produces malleable C.I.
 2.Graphite is less dense than graphite.
During heating (700 c), Cementite decomposes into
ferrite and graphite.This will occupy more space.This
is called Growth of cast iron.
This leads to warping and cracks in casting.
3. To avoid this, high silicon content iron is used.
 Types of Cast iron
Cast iron – A. –Grey C.I (general purpose)
- White C.I (Hard and wear resistant)
- Malleable C.I (Heat treated for ductility)
- Spheroidal graphite (some ductility)
B. – Alloy C.I (some ductility)
 GREY CAST IRON
 -Least expensive, most
common type of C.I
- Composition:
- C- 2.5 to 4%, Si-1 to 3%,
Mn- 0.4 to 1%, P-0.15 to 1%
S -0.02 – 0.15%
Microstructure of GCI:-
-resembles potato crisps
-grey graphite flakes surrounded
by ferrite and pearlite matrix.
-graphite flakes do not have strength.
Hence acts as a void in the structure.
- Pointed edges of flakes acts as crack
intiating sites, hence GCI is brittle.
- Presence of small flakes gives
max. strength to GCI.
 GREY CAST IRON
 Designation of C.I
 Grade 20 Cast iron-
-min, tensile strength of
20 x103 psi

1psi = 6.9 x103 Mpa

 GREY CAST IRON
Characteristics of GCI:-
1. Excellent compressive strength (five times the yield
strength.
2. Good torsional and shear strength
3. Good corrosion resistance
4. Excellent fluidity.
5. Good wear resistance. Graphite flakes provides self
lubrication.
6. Excellent machinability
7. Outstanding sound and vibration damping capacity.
Applications:-
M/c tool bodies, engine blocks, cylinders, brake drums,
pipe and pipe fittings etc.,
 White cast iron
Composition:-
C -1.8 to 3% , Si -0.5to 1.9%
Mn-0.25 to 0.8%, P-0.05 to 0.2%
S -0.1 to 0.3%
Microstructure of WCI:-
-since cementite is caused
by quick cooling, WCI is hard and brittle.
-Used in grinding and crushing machinery.
- Hard and cannot be machined.
- -WCI can be made in sand moulds.
Applications:-
Raw material for malleable CI, wear plates, pump linings
Malleable C.I
Composition:-
C -2 to 3% , Si -0.6to 1.3%
Mn-0.2 to 0.6%, P-0.15%
S -0.1 %
Types of Malleable cast iron:-
 1.Ferritic MCI
-WCI heated beyond UCT and held for prolonged period so that carbon in
the cementite converts to graphite.Cooling gives ferritic matrix and called
ferritic MCI.
-FMCI has good toughness compared to other C.I
 2.Pearlitic MCI
-WCI is cooled rapidly from temp. higher than UCT .Carbon in the
austenite have no time to form additional graphite but is retained in the
pearlitic matrix.
-Has higher strength and lower ductility than ferritic MCI
 Non-Ferrous Metals
Characteristics:-
1.Lighter in wt.
2.Higher electrical and thermal conductivity
3. Better resistance to corrosion
4. Ease of fabrication
5. Colour.
List:
1.Cu, 2.Al, 3.Pb 4.Mg 5. Ni 6. Sn 7. Ti 8.Zn
 1.Copper
Propeties:-
1.Possesses high electrical (second to silver) conductivity
2. Possesses high thermal conductivity
3. Excellent resistance to corrosion
4.Soft , ductile and malleable
5. Brittle just below melting pt.
6. Cannot be welded.
Principal properties:
1.Melting pt. -1083 degrees
2. Crustal structure –FCC
3. Density - 8.93 x 103 Kg/m3
4. Youngs modulus – 122.5 Mpa
5. Tensile strength - 220 Mpa
Applications:-
- Power cables, printed circuit boards, connectors, vessels, tubing
for heat excahngers, domestic water tanks etc.,
 1.Copper
 Important copper alloys:-
1.Brass (Cu-Zn )
2.Bronze (Cu-Sn)
3.Gun-metals (Cu-Zn-Sn)
4.Cupro nickels (Cu-Ni)

Be or Cr – can be added to give high strength alloys

Cd - can be added to give high strength alloys with
little loss of electrical conductivity.
Tellurium- Gives good machinability.
1.Brass
1.Brass
-Upto 35% zinc- α brass – soft,
ductile, and easily cold worked.
-More than 35% zinc – exists in
α and β phase – harder and stronger.
Characteristics of Brass:-
-1.Stronger than Cu
-2.Low thermal and electrical conductivity
than Cu.
3. Cast into moulds, drawn into wires,
rolled into sheets,and turned into tubes.
4. 1 to 3% of Pb is added to improve
machining.
5. Colour ranges from reddish to white
depends on zinc.
 1.Brass alloys
S. Alloy name Compositi Properties Typical applications
N on %
o
1 Gliding metal 90Cu, 10 Zn Gold like colour, 1.Imittion jewellery
good ductility, 2.Decorative work
can be brazed 3.Making coins and medals
2 Catridge brass 70Cu, 30 Zn High strength . 1.For deep drawing
Excellent 2.Manufacturing catridges
ductility
3 Standard brass 65Cu, 35 Zn General purpose 1.For press work, cold forming,
cold working radiator cores, springs, screws,
alloy rivets and tubes
4 Muntz(yellow) 60Cu, 40 Zn Can be hot rolled 1.For extuding rods and tubes.
metal
and extruded 2. Making condenser and heat
exchanger plates.
5 Naval brass 59Cu, 40 Zn, Can be forged For marine and engineering
1%Sn and extruded, structural uses
Corrosion
resistance
 1.Brass alloys
S.N Alloy name Composi Properties Typical
o tion % applications
6 Admiralty brass 70Cu, Corrosion resistant 1.Making tubes
29Zn, 1SN 2.Parts of
condensers
7 High tensile (Mn)brass 35Zn,2Mn High tensile Propellers, water
,2Al, 2Fe strength turbine runners
8 Free cutting(Pb)brass 59Cu, 39 Heat resistant Suitable for high
Zn, 2Pb Excellent strength speed machining
2.Bronze
 -alloy of Cu and Sn
 -High strength and good
corrosion than Brass
 Strength increases with
Sn.But more than 12% Sn
makes bronze to brittle.
 2.Bronze
1.Bell bronze - 78 Cu, 22 Sn - for making bells
2. Phosphor bronze – 88Cu, 10 Sn, 0.3%P, 1Zn, Pb-0.7%
- For bearing, worm wheels,
3. Silicon bronze – 95Cu, 3Si, 1Mn, 1Fe – For bearings,
boiler parts
4. Aluminium bronze- 89Cu, 7Al, 3.5Fe, 0.35Sn – for
gears, propellers, cams, rollers
5.Coinage bronze – 95.5Cu, 3Sn, 1.5Zn – For making
copper coins
6. Leaded bronze – 75Cu, 5Sn, 18Pb,2Ni - Used as a
bearing alloys.
 3.Cupronickel
 -alloy of Cu and Nickel
 High corrosion resistance than any other Cu alloy
 Types:-
1.Cupro nickel – 70Cu, 30 Ni, -For salt water piping,
bullet enveopes
2. Monel metal – 29 Cu, 68Ni, 1.25Fe, 1.25Mn -For
making propellers, pump fittings,
tanks, sea water exposed parts.
3. ‘K’ monel - 29 Cu, 66Ni, 2.75Al,0.4Mn, 0.6Ti
-Used for motor-boat propeller shafts.
 Aluminium
Characteristics:  Melting pt. -600 deg.
1.Lighter in wt.(1/3 wt. of  Crystal structure –FCC
steel)  Young’s modulus –
2.High thermal and 70.5GPa
electrical conductivity  Density – 2700 Kg/m3
3.Excelllent corrosion
resistance
4. Non-toxicity
5. Soft and ductile
6. Low specific gravity
7.High strength-to –wt.
ratio
8. High reflectivity
Aluminium Vs Copper
 1.Price is less
 2.Sp. Gravity is 2.7 While Cu is 8.9
 3.Electrical conductivity is 61% of same c.s of Cu.
 4. Al conducts 201% than Cu for equal weights.

 1.Difficulty in soldering
 2.Pure Al has low strength.
 Types of Al ALLOYS
 1.Heat treatable aluminium alloy
 2.Non-heat treatable alloy

1.Heat treatable Al alloys:

-Can be strengthened by using age hardening or
precipitation hardening.
-Alloys:
1.Al-Cu alloys 2.Al-Cu-Ni alloys 3.Al-Mg-Si alloys
4.Al-Zn-Cu alloys 5.Al-Li alloys.
 Types of Al ALLOYS
 1.Non-Heat treatable Al alloys:
 -Can be strengthened by Cold working operations.
 Alloys:-
 1.Al-Mn Alloys 2. Al-Mg Alloys 3.Al-Si alloys

 Al-Cu alloys:-
 1.Duralumin
 2.Y-alloy
  Al-Cu alloys:-
 1.Duralumin - 94Al,4Cu, 0.5Mg, 0.5Mn, 0.5Si, 0.5Fe
- Wrought alloy, Possesses max. strength
after age hardening, High strength to wt.
ratio.
- Air craft and automobile industries,
- Making Electrical cables,surgical
gadgets.
2.Y-alloy - 92.5Al, 4Cu, 2Ni, 1.5Mg
- Cast alloy, Better strength than duralumin
at high temp.
-Making pistons, cylinder heads, pistons
 Precipitation Strengthening Treatment
(Age hardening)
 -applicable for alloys of
Al, Mg, Ni
 Process in which Fine
precipitate particles of
the new phase are
formed is called
Precipitation hardening.
 Steps :-
 1.Solution treatment
 2.Quenching Process
 3.Ageing Process
Precipitation Strenghening Treatment
(Age hardening)
 Precipitation Strengthening Treatment
(Age hardening)
Step:1
-Alloy (Al -4%Cu) heated above
solvus temp. (bet. 500-600 deg.)to
obtain solid solution.
- Held , till a homogenous solid
solution α is produced.
- This dissolves the θ precipitate
and reduces any segregation present
in the original alloy.
Step-2:
- -Alloy is rapidly quenched
- -No sufficient time for diffusion of Cu atoms to form the
precipitate particles.
- -Supersaturates solution of αss (containing excess Cu) is
obtained at room temp.
 Precipitation Strenghening Treatment
(Age hardening)
Step:-3
-Finally super saturated solution of
αss is heated below the solvus temp.
-At this ageing temp. the diffusion of
unstable αss may takes place and precipitate
Particles can form.
-Holdfor a sufficient time at the
ageing temp. the stable α +CuAl2(θ)
-Fine precipitate particles of CuAl2 increase the
hardness and strength of alloy.
 Effect of Ageing temp and time
- Strengthening process
accelarates with the increase in
ageing temp.
-Max.strength increases as the
ageing temp. decreases.
-After reaching max. strength , it
starts to decrease is called
Overageing.
-
 Bearing Materials
Characteristics:-
1. Should posses hardness and wear resistance
2. Tough, shock resistant, ductile
3. High Melting pt
4. High thermal conductivity
5. Good casting qualities
6. Resistance to corrosion
Bearing Materials:-
1.White metals
2. Copper-base alloys
3. Aluminium –base alloys
4. Plastic materials
5.Ceramics
1.White bearing materials
-contains 10% of antimony(Sb). Tin(Sn) and Sb
combines chemically to form an intermetallic
compound SbSn.
-This forms small hard cubic crystals, termed cuboids.
-These cuboids are hard, and have low friction
properties.
1.Tin-base bearing alloys(Babbit metal):-
-Sn-82%, Sb-10%, Cu 4%, Pb-4%
- Better quality than than lead base bearing alloys.
- Suitable medium and high duty bearing application
in the automotive industries.
1.White bearing materials
 2.Lead base bearing alloys:-
-Cheaper than Sb bbearing
-Pb 74%, Sb-13%, Cu-0.5%, Sn-12%
-Used for low pressure /low speed bearings
applications.
2.Copper base-bearing alloys
 1.Plain tin bronze – Cu 85% Sn 15%
 2.Phosphor bronzes –Cu88%, Sn 10%,p 0.3%, Zn 1%
Pb0.7%
- Provide improved load bearing capacity.
 3.Leaded bronze – Cu-75%,Sn5%, Pb18%, Ni 2%
- Less strong than other bearings
-sustain at higher loads at higher speeds
4. Sintered bronzes:-
-Made by compacting and sintering Cu-Sn powder
-Self lubricated.
Uses:-
1.Leaded bearings Used in aero engines, automobile and
diesel crank shaft bearings.
2.Sintered bearings used in vaccum cleaners, washing
m/cs,
3.Aluminium-base bearing materials
 -Alloys containing Sn, Cu, Ni with Al.
 Expensive Sn based alloys can be repalced.
 Al-Sn alloy :- Sn 5.5-7%, Cu 0.7-1.3%, Ni 0.7-1.3%
 -Used as a big end bearings in automobiles.
4.Plastic bearing materials:-
-1.Nylons (Polyamides)
2.Poly tetra fluro ethylene (Teflon)
-low coeffi. Of friction
-used in low load application where lubrication is
impossible.
5.Ceramic bearing materials
 Used in small precision instruments
 Alumina – Used in large speed precision movements.

Super alloy:
-Nickel base alloy, cobalt base alloy developed at
elevated temp.
-Resistance to creep upto 1000 deg. and resistance to
corrosion.
-Vanes, blades for turbine ,jet engines, heat exchangers,
heat treating equipment/