Optical Fibre PPT

ENGINEERING PHYSICS
PROJECT BASED LEARNING
TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBRE
BRACT’S, Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology, Pune-48

(An Autonomous Institute affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University)
(NBA and NAAC accredited, ISO 9001:2015 certified)
GROUP MEMBERS
Roll No. Name GR No. gmail
14054 Malhar Diwan 22010889 Malhar.22010889@viit.ac.in

14066 Sarvesh Tikkas 22011081 Sarvesh.22011081@viit.ac.in
14071 Sakshi patil 22011161 Sakshi.22011161@viit.ac.in
14073 Amogh Kelkar 22011196 Amogh.22011196@viit.ac.in
Presented to Jayesh Patkari Sir

INTRODUCTION
• WHAT IS OPTICAL FIBRE ?
• An optical fiber is a hair thin

cylindrical fiber of glass or any
transparent dielectric medium.
• The fiber which are used for optical

communication are wave guides made
of transparent dielectrics.
• Its function is to guide visible and

infrared light over long distance. © TechTarget
CHARECTERSTICS OF OPTICAL FIBRE
1. Extremely wide system bandwidth

2. Low transmission loss
3. Optical fibers provide a high degree of signal
security
4. Virtual elimination of cross talk
5. Optical fiber communication is free from
electromagnetic interference.
6. Safe to use
7. Optical fibers are of small size, cheap and
have lightweight as compared to electrical
cables
CONSTRUCTION
Optical fiber in general consist of the
following regions:
1. Core-is the inner most region, which

is light guiding region of optical
fiber with a higher refractive index
than cladding. It is made up of glass
or plastics. It is
2. Cladding-it is made up of glass or
plastic. It is having lower
refractive index than core.
3. Buffer- it protects the core and
cladding from moisture, abrasion, and
give mechanical strength to the fiber
4. Jacket- it holds one or more fibers
in cable
TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
Total internal reflection (TIR) is the optical phenomenon in which waves, such as
light, are completely reflected under certain conditions when they arrive at the
boundary between one medium and another, such as air and water.
WORKING OF OPTICAL FIBRES
We can see that the light travels in the core in a guided

manner. Hence the communication through the optical fibre is
sometimes referred as an optical waveguide.
ANALYTICAL TREATMENT OF OPTICAL FIBRES
Critical Angle
By Snell’s law, we have
At the start of the total internal

reflection, i = ic and r = 90o
ACCEPTANCE ANGLE
Acceptance angle is defined as the maximum angle that a light

ray can make with the axis of the fiber and propagate along it.
NUMERICAL APARTURE
TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBRES
The types of optical fibers depend on the refractive index

profile, materials used, and mode of propagation of light.
The classification The classification based The classification

based on the mode of on the materials used is based on the refractive
propagation of light is as follows index profile is as
as follows follows
• Plastic Optical
• Single-Mode Fibers Fibers • Step Index Fibers
• Multimode Fibers • Glass Fibers • Graded Index Fibers
The classification based on the mode of propagation of light is as follows
Single-Mode Fibers Multimode Fibers

1. Only a single mode
propagates through fiber 1. Many modes propagate through fiber
2. Diameter is much less than 2. Diameter much larger than single

multimode fiber < 10 μm mode fiber
3. Largest transmission 3. Transmission bandwidth is small

bandwidth compared to single mode fiber
4. Exhibits low loss. 4. Comparatively more loss.

Superior transmission
quality due to absence of 5. Lesser transmission quality than
modal noise single mode fiber
SINGLE AND MULTIMODE FIBRES
The classification based on the materials used is as follows:
Glass Fibers
Plastic Optical Fibers
 Glass optical fibers
 Plastic optical
have higher
fibers have great
information
flexibility and are
transmission capacity
lighter in weight.
with lower loss.
 They can withstand
 They are ideal in
vibration and
corrosive
unstable
environments or
environments.
extreme temperatures.
The classification based on the refractive index profile is as follows
Step Index Fibers
In a step index fiber, the refractive index changes in a step fashion, from the center of the fiber,
the core, to the outer shell, the cladding. It is high in the core and lower in the cladding. The
light in the fiber propagates by bouncing back and forth from core-cladding interface. The step
index fibers propagate both single and multimode signals within the fiber core. The light rays
propagating through it are in the form of meridinal rays which will cross the fiber core axis during
every reflection at the core cladding - boundary and are propagating in a zig- zag manner.
Graded Index Fibers
A graded index fiber is shown in figure. Here, the refractive

index in the core varies as we move away from the center. The
refractive index of the core is made to vary in the form of
parabolic manner such that the maximum refractive index is
present at the center of the core.
SINGLE MODE FIBRES
 Step index single mode  Graded index single mode

fibers: The core diameter fibers: Graded index optical
of this type of fiber is fiber has a property of
very small i.e. of the gradual variation in
order of wavelength of refractive index(increasing
light to be propagated from the outside of the fiber
through the fiber. The core to the center of it). The
refractive index profile propagation of light through
has step change in the single mode graded index fiber
refractive index from core is similar to that for step
to cladding as shown in index fiber. The light wave
figure travels along the center of
the optical fiber.
MULTI MODE FIBRES
 Graded index multimode fibers:
Graded index multimode fiber is a
type of optical fiber where the
refractive index is higher at the
axis of the core and then it
decreases gradually towards the
core-cladding interface
 Step index multimode fiber: Step-

index multimode fibers are mostly
used for imaging and illumination.
Graded-index multimode fibers are
used for data communications and
networks carrying signals moderate
distances - typically no more than a
couple of kilometers
SPECIAL OPTIC FIBRES
No single fibre design meets all application requirements
due to economic reasons. Therefore some special types of
fibres are manufactured for specialized uses. These are
special optical fibres.
1.High Purity Silica Fibre(HPSUV) 2. High Purity Silica

This type of fibre is suitable for (HPSIR)
transmission of light in the range It is similar to HPSUV
of 180 to 800 nm. It is good and fibre with slightly
cheap. It is coated with aluminium different dopants to give
which gives very high mechanical it a longer wavelength
strength and extra power handling capability in the near IR
capacity as aluminium dissipates from 500 nm to 2600 nm.
heat more quickly.
SPECIAL OPTIC FIBRES
3. Chalcogenide Fibre:
This type of fibre is used for transmission of light from 1 to
0.6 µm. They have extremely low losses.
4. Halide fibres:
These fibres are extended to 15 µm region. They are very
flexible and much more convenient than normal mechanical
delivery systems for these long wavelengths.
5. Tapered optical fibres:

Tapered fibres are useful for getting maximum amount of power
from a poor quality laser spot into a fibre. The use of
tapered optical fibre is an efficient low cost method .
APPLICATIONS
 Internet
 Computer Networking
 Surgery and Dentistry
 Automotive Industry
 Telephone
 Lighting and Decorations
 Mechanical Inspections
 Cable Television
 Military and Space
Applications
CONCLUSION
• Optical fibres are classified based on the refractive index

profile of core and cladding as well as the number of modes
traveling through the fibre.
• Step index fibre and graded index fibres are the types based on
the refractive index profile while single mode fibre and
multimode fibres are the types based on the number of modes
transmitted or propagated through the fibre.
• There are other types of optical fibre as well depending upon
applications in which they are used. E.g. tapered end fibres
are used to increase the intensity of dispersed input light.
• Usefulness of these fibres are compared based on the structure,
refractive index profile, immunity to noise, dispersion etc.
IMPORTANCE
REFRENCES
• https://www.slideshare.net/urfriendbsnl/types-of-optical-fiber
• International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced EngineeringA

Review of the Development in the Field of Fiber OpticCommunication Systems
by Prachi Sharma, Suraj Pardeshi, Rohit Kumar Arora, Mandeep Singh
• Optical Communication ONTProf. Dr.-Ing. G. WenkeReport On Fiber Optic

Cables December 2015
• SALES TECHNICAL NOTE: Fiber Optic Cable Typesreport by RF industries
• https://www.rs-online.com/designspark/9-uses-of-fiber-optic-cables
• Types of optical fiber report by epathshala

© 14054 Malhar Diwan
© 14066 Sarvesh Tikkas
© 14071 Sakshi Patil
© 14073 Amogh Kelkar

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ENGINEERING PHYSICS

PROJECT BASED LEARNING

TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBRE

BRACT’S, Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology, Pune-48

Roll No. Name GR No. gmail

14054 Malhar Diwan 22010889 Malhar.22010889@viit.ac.in

Presented to Jayesh Patkari Sir

• WHAT IS OPTICAL FIBRE ?

• An optical fiber is a hair thin

• The fiber which are used for optical

• Its function is to guide visible and

1. Extremely wide system bandwidth

1. Core-is the inner most region, which

We can see that the light travels in the core in a guided

By Snell’s law, we have

At the start of the total internal

Acceptance angle is defined as the maximum angle that a light

The types of optical fibers depend on the refractive index

The classification The classification based The classification

Single-Mode Fibers Multimode Fibers

2. Diameter is much less than 2. Diameter much larger than single

3. Largest transmission 3. Transmission bandwidth is small

4. Exhibits low loss. 4. Comparatively more loss.

Step Index Fibers

Graded Index Fibers

A graded index fiber is shown in figure. Here, the refractive

 Step index single mode  Graded index single mode

 Step index multimode fiber: Step-

1.High Purity Silica Fibre(HPSUV) 2. High Purity Silica

5. Tapered optical fibres:

• Optical fibres are classified based on the refractive index

• International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced EngineeringA

• Optical Communication ONTProf. Dr.-Ing. G. WenkeReport On Fiber Optic

• SALES TECHNICAL NOTE: Fiber Optic Cable Typesreport by RF industries

• Types of optical fiber report by epathshala

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