1.

A 40 year old man a victim of accident was brought to the hospital giving history
of being hit by a speeding motorcycle on the outer side of this right leg just below
the knee .on the examination it was diagnosis as case of: fracture neck of right
fibula with injury to nerve related to it.1. Name of the nerve injured. 2. Mention
root value plexus of origin of the involved nerve.3.Name of the muscles supply by
it.4. What will be disabilities? marks obtain 1+3+3+3

1. Name of the Nerve Injured:

The nerve injured in this case is the common fibular (peroneal) nerve.

2. Root Value and Plexus of Origin:

The common fibular nerve originates from the sciatic nerve, specifically from the L4, L5,
S1, and S2 nerve roots.

 Root values: L4, L5, S1, and S2

 Plexus: Lumbosacral plexus

3. Muscles Supplied by the Common Fibular Nerve:

The common fibular nerve supplies the following muscles:

 Anterior compartment of the leg:

o Tibialis anterior (dorsiflexion of the foot)
o Extensor hallucis longus (extension of the great toe)
o Extensor digitorum longus (extension of the toes)
o Fibularis tertius (dorsiflexion and eversion of the foot)
 Lateral compartment of the leg:
o Fibularis longus (eversion and plantarflexion of the foot)
o Fibularis brevis (eversion and plantarflexion of the foot)

4. Disabilities Expected:

Injury to the common fibular nerve can result in the following disabilities:

 Foot drop: The inability to dorsiflex the foot due to paralysis of the tibialis anterior,
leading to the inability to lift the foot while walking.
 Loss of toe extension: The patient may not be able to extend the toes properly, as the
extensor muscles are affected.
 Weakness in eversion of the foot: The fibularis longus and brevis muscles are
weakened, making it difficult to turn the foot outward.
 Impaired gait: Due to foot drop and weakness in the ankle, the individual may
develop a high-stepping gait to compensate for the foot dragging.

These disabilities are likely to impair the patient's ability to walk, especially with proper foot
positioning, and might require long-term rehabilitation to recover some function.
write 2 marks short notes MBBS ANATOMY 1.Great saphenous vein 2.Femoral sheath3.
Adductor canal 4. hamstring Muscles
ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

Here are the short notes for each of the topics you requested:

1. Great Saphenous Vein

 The great saphenous vein is the longest vein in the body, originating from the
dorsum of the foot and running up the medial side of the leg and thigh.
 It drains into the femoral vein just below the inguinal ligament.
 It is clinically important in coronary bypass surgery and can be harvested for grafting.
 It is located in the subcutaneous tissue and is often used as a reference for varicose
veins.

2. Femoral Sheath

 The femoral sheath is a fascial structure located in the upper thigh, encasing the
femoral artery, vein, and lymphatics.
 It is formed from the abdominal fascia and extends from the inguinal ligament to the
femoral ring.
 The sheath does not contain the femoral nerve, which lies outside it.
 It is clinically relevant in femoral hernias, where abdominal contents protrude through
the femoral canal.

3. Adductor Canal

 The adductor canal (or subsartorial canal) is a passage in the middle third of the
thigh.
 It runs from the apex of the femoral triangle to the adductor hiatus in the adductor
magnus muscle.
 It contains the femoral artery, femoral vein, saphenous nerve, and nerve to vastus
medialis.
 This canal is important in surgical procedures such as knee arthroscopy, as well as for
the administration of local anesthetics in the region.

4. Hamstring Muscles

 The hamstring muscles consist of three muscles: biceps femoris,

semimembranosus, and semitendinosus.
 These muscles are located on the posterior side of the thigh and are responsible for
knee flexion, hip extension, and medial or lateral rotation of the leg.
 They originate from the ischial tuberosity and insert on the tibia and fibula.
 Injuries to the hamstrings are common in athletes and can cause significant disability.
2.Write 5 marks short notes MBBS ANATOMY 1.Great saphenous vein 2.Femoral sheath3.
Adductor canal 4. Hamstring Muscles

Here are short notes for the MBBS Anatomy topics:

1. Great Saphenous Vein

The great saphenous vein is the longest vein in the human body, running along the medial
side of the lower limb. It originates from the medial side of the dorsum of the foot, ascends
anterior to the medial malleolus, and runs along the medial side of the leg and thigh. It drains
into the femoral vein just below the inguinal ligament. The vein is commonly used for
grafting in coronary artery bypass surgery. It plays a key role in venous return from the lower
limb. It also has numerous perforating veins and is prone to varicose veins.

2. Femoral Sheath
The femoral sheath is a fascial structure that encases the femoral artery, femoral vein, and
femoral canal, but not the femoral nerve. It is formed by the transversalis fascia and the iliac
fascia and lies within the femoral triangle, extending from the inguinal ligament to the level
of the adductor canal. It provides a smooth surface for the movement of the vessels and
prevents excessive friction. The femoral canal, within the sheath, contains lymphatic vessels
and is a site for femoral hernias.

3. Adductor Canal
The adductor canal, also known as Hunter's canal, is a narrow, oblique passage located in the
middle third of the thigh. It runs between the anterior and medial thigh muscles, providing a
route for the femoral artery, femoral vein, and saphenous nerve as they pass from the pelvis
to the knee. It is bordered by the vastus medialis (laterally), adductor longus and adductor
magnus (medially), and the sartorius muscle (anteriorly). At its distal end, it opens into the
popliteal fossa, where the vessels become the popliteal artery and vein.

4. Hamstring Muscles
The hamstring muscles are a group of three muscles located at the posterior compartment of
the thigh: the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus. They arise from the
ischial tuberosity and insert on the tibia and fibula. These muscles are primarily responsible
for knee flexion and hip extension. They also help stabilize the pelvis during walking and
running. The biceps femoris has two heads (long and short), while the semitendinosus and
semimembranosus are involved in medial rotation of the leg. Injury to these muscles is
common in athlete

2. Briefly answers 2 marks question answers of mbbs first year 1. why piriformis is
called as the key muscle of the gluteal region 2.poplitieal artery and its branches
 3. structure passing under superior extensor retinaculum of ankle 4. contents of
femoral triangle 5. muscle supplied by the posterior division of femoral nerve 6.
Muscle of adductor compartment 7. Bones forming the medial longitudinal arch
to foot 8. Fascia lata- structure attached to it. 9. quadriceps femoris - its
components. 10.why intramuscular injections are given in the upper lateral
quadrant of the gluteal region.

1. Piriformis as the key muscle of the gluteal region:

The piriformis muscle is called the "key muscle" because it serves as a landmark for
the division of the sciatic nerve into its branches and is involved in the rotation of the
hip. Its location helps in the identification of major structures in the gluteal region.
2. Popliteal artery and its branches:
The popliteal artery is the continuation of the femoral artery after it passes through the
adductor hiatus. Its branches include the genicular arteries (superior, inferior, middle),
sural arteries, and the anterior and posterior tibial arteries.
3. Structures passing under the superior extensor retinaculum of the ankle:
The structures passing under the superior extensor retinaculum include the extensor
tendons of the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus,
and the peroneus tertius, along with the anterior tibial artery and deep fibular nerve.
4. Contents of the femoral triangle:
The femoral triangle contains the femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein, lymph
nodes (lymphatic vessels), and the femoral sheath.
5. Muscle supplied by the posterior division of the femoral nerve:
The posterior division of the femoral nerve supplies the vastus lateralis, vastus
medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris muscles, which are all components of
the quadriceps femoris.
6. Muscles of the adductor compartment:
The muscles of the adductor compartment include the adductor longus, adductor
brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis, and obturator externus.
7. Bones forming the medial longitudinal arch of the foot:
The medial longitudinal arch is formed by the calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms,
and the first three metatarsals.
8. Fascia lata - structures attached to it:
The fascia lata is a deep fascia of the thigh, attached superiorly to the inguinal
ligament, iliac crest, and sacrum, and inferiorly to the tibia, and the patella, forming
the iliotibial tract laterally.
9. Quadriceps femoris - its components:
The quadriceps femoris consists of four muscles: the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis,
vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius.
10. Why intramuscular injections are given in the upper lateral quadrant of the
gluteal region:
Intramuscular injections are given in the upper lateral quadrant of the gluteal region to
avoid the sciatic nerve, which is located in the lower medial part of the gluteal region,
thus reducing the risk of nerve injury.

1. The femoral artery is a continuation of which artery?

a) Internal iliac artery
b) External iliac artery
c) Common iliac artery
d) Popliteal artery
Answer: b) External iliac artery

2. Which of the following muscles is NOT part of the anterior compartment of

the thigh?

a) Sartorius
b) Rectus femoris
c) Vastus lateralis
d) Adductor magnus
Answer: d) Adductor magnus

3. The sciatic nerve passes through which of the following structures?

a) Greater sciatic foramen

b) Lesser sciatic foramen
c) Obturator foramen
d) Pelvic cavity
Answer: a) Greater sciatic foramen

4. Which of the following muscles is responsible for dorsiflexion of the foot?

a) Tibialis posterior
b) Tibialis anterior
c) Gastrocnemius
d) Soleus
Answer: b) Tibialis anterior

5. Which artery supplies the anterior compartment of the leg?

a) Femoral artery
b) Popliteal artery
c) Anterior tibial artery
d) Posterior tibial artery
Answer: c) Anterior tibial artery
6. The iliotibial tract is formed by the aponeurosis of which muscles?

a) Gluteus maximus and gluteus medius

b) Tensor fasciae latae and gluteus maximus
c) Sartorius and gluteus maximus
d) Sartorius and tensor fasciae latae
Answer: b) Tensor fasciae latae and gluteus maximus

7. The patella is classified as which type of bone?

a) Long bone
b) Short bone
c) Flat bone
d) Sesamoid bone
Answer: d) Sesamoid bone

8. Which nerve innervates the quadriceps femoris muscle?

a) Femoral nerve
b) Obturator nerve
c) Sciatic nerve
d) Gluteal nerve
Answer: a) Femoral nerve

9. Which of the following muscles is responsible for plantarflexion of the foot?

a) Tibialis anterior
b) Gastrocnemius
c) Tibialis posterior
d) Extensor digitorum longus
Answer: b) Gastrocnemius

10. The popliteal artery is a continuation of which artery?

a) Femoral artery
b) External iliac artery
c) Internal iliac artery
d) Common iliac artery
Answer: a) Femoral artery
11. Which of the following is the origin of the gluteus maximus muscle?

a) Anterior iliac crest

b) Posterior sacrum and coccyx
c) Greater trochanter
d) Lesser trochanter
Answer: b) Posterior sacrum and coccyx

12. Which nerve is responsible for sensation on the skin of the medial side of
the foot?

a) Saphenous nerve
b) Femoral nerve
c) Sciatic nerve
d) Common fibular nerve
Answer: a) Saphenous nerve

13. Which ligament helps prevent hyperextension of the hip joint?

a) Iliofemoral ligament
b) Pubofemoral ligament
c) Ischiofemoral ligament
d) Ligamentum teres
Answer: a) Iliofemoral ligament

14. The obturator nerve innervates which of the following muscles?

a) Gluteus medius
b) Iliopsoas
c) Adductor longus
d) Quadriceps femoris
Answer: c) Adductor longus

15. Which of the following muscles is responsible for the lateral rotation of the
hip?

a) Gluteus maximus
b) Iliopsoas
c) Adductor magnus
d) Gluteus medius
Answer: a) Gluteus maximus
16. The hip joint is classified as which type of joint?

a) Ball and socket joint

b) Hinge joint
c) Pivot joint
d) Saddle joint
Answer: a) Ball and socket joint

17. Which of the following structures passes through the adductor canal?

a) Femoral nerve
b) Femoral artery
c) Femoral vein
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above

18. The femoral vein is formed by the union of which veins?

a) External iliac vein and internal iliac vein

b) Great saphenous vein and popliteal vein
c) Internal iliac vein and popliteal vein
d) Popliteal vein and external iliac vein
Answer: b) Great saphenous vein and popliteal vein

19. Which of the following is the primary action of the gluteus medius?

a) Hip extension
b) Hip abduction
c) Hip adduction
d) Lateral rotation of the hip
Answer: b) Hip abduction

20. Which of the following muscles is responsible for flexion of the knee?

a) Quadriceps femoris
b) Hamstrings
c) Sartorius
d) Gracilis
Answer: b) Hamstrings
21. Which of the following structures does NOT pass through the greater
sciatic foramen?

a) Sciatic nerve
b) Piriformis muscle
c) Superior gluteal artery
d) Femoral nerve
Answer: d) Femoral nerve

22. The medial malleolus is part of which bone?

a) Tibia
b) Fibula
c) Femur
d) Calcaneus
Answer: a) Tibia

23. Which of the following muscles is a primary flexor of the hip joint?

a) Gluteus maximus
b) Iliopsoas
c) Adductor longus
d) Sartorius
Answer: b) Iliopsoas

24. Which nerve is responsible for the motor supply to the posterior
compartment of the leg?

a) Femoral nerve
b) Sciatic nerve
c) Common fibular nerve
d) Tibial nerve
Answer: d) Tibial nerve

25. The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) prevents which of the following?

a) Anterior displacement of the tibia

b) Posterior displacement of the tibia
c) Lateral rotation of the tibia
d) Medial rotation of the tibia
Answer: b) Posterior displacement of the tibia

26. Which of the following is the function of the tibialis posterior muscle?

a) Dorsiflexion
b) Plantarflexion and inversion
c) Eversion
d) Knee extension
Answer: b) Plantarflexion and inversion

27. The deltoid ligament is located in which part of the body?

a) Ankle
b) Knee
c) Hip
d) Wrist
Answer: a) Ankle

28. The anterior tibial artery becomes which artery after passing the ankle
joint?

a) Dorsalis pedis artery

b) Plantar artery
c) Posterior tibial artery
d) Fibular artery
Answer: a) Dorsalis pedis artery

29. Which of the following muscles is responsible for extension of the knee?

a) Quadriceps femoris
b) Hamstrings
c) Gastrocnemius
d) Tibialis anterior
Answer: a) Quadriceps femoris

30. Which of the following structures is responsible for stabilizing the medial
arch of the foot?
a) Flexor digitorum longus
b) Tibialis anterior
c) Plantar fascia
d) Extensor hallucis longus
Answer: c) Plantar fascia

31. The deep fibular nerve innervates which of the following muscles?

a) Tibialis anterior
b) Extensor digitorum longus
c) Extensor hallucis longus
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above

32. Which muscle originates from the iliac fossa and lumbar vertebrae?

a) Iliopsoas
b) Gluteus medius
c) Rectus femoris
d) Tensor fasciae latae
Answer: a) Iliopsoas

33. The femoral head is connected to the acetabulum by which structure?

a) Iliofemoral ligament
b) Pubofemoral ligament
c) Ligamentum teres
d) Ischiofemoral ligament
Answer: c) Ligamentum teres

34. Which of the following muscles is innervated by the obturator nerve?

a) Gracilis
b) Sartorius
c) Iliopsoas
d) Gluteus medius
Answer: a) Gracilis

35. Which structure is responsible for the shock absorption in the knee joint?
a) Menisci
b) Ligaments
c) Muscles
d) Cartilage
Answer: a) Menisci

36. Which of the following is the innervation of the gluteus maximus muscle?

a) Femoral nerve
b) Sciatic nerve
c) Superior gluteal nerve
d) Inferior gluteal nerve
Answer: d) Inferior gluteal nerve

37. Which of the following is NOT a function of the hamstring group?

a) Knee flexion
b) Hip extension
c) Plantarflexion
d) Medial rotation of the leg
Answer: c) Plantarflexion

38. The plantar aponeurosis is found in which part of the body?

a) Knee
b) Foot
c) Hand
d) Elbow
Answer: b) Foot

39. Which muscle acts as the antagonist to the iliopsoas during hip extension?

a) Rectus femoris
b) Gluteus maximus
c) Adductor magnus
d) Tensor fasciae latae
Answer: b) Gluteus maximus
40. Which of the following structures is responsible for the lateral collateral
stability of the knee joint?

a) Medial collateral ligament

b) Lateral collateral ligament
c) Anterior cruciate ligament
d) Posterior cruciate ligament
Answer: b) Lateral collateral ligament

41. The tibial nerve innervates which of the following compartments of the
leg?

a) Anterior compartment
b) Lateral compartment
c) Posterior compartment
d) None of the above
Answer: c) Posterior compartment

42. The fibularis longus and fibularis brevis muscles are innervated by which
nerve?

a) Tibial nerve
b) Femoral nerve
c) Common fibular nerve
d) Deep fibular nerve
Answer: c) Common fibular nerve

43. The head of the femur articulates with which part of the pelvis?

a) Ilium
b) Ischium
c) Pubis
d) Acetabulum
Answer: d) Acetabulum

44. The plantarflexion of the foot is primarily performed by which muscle?

a) Tibialis anterior
b) Soleus
c) Extensor hallucis longus
d) Flexor digitorum longus
Answer: b) Soleus

45. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) of the knee prevents which of the
following movements?

a) Anterior displacement of the femur

b) Posterior displacement of the tibia
c) Lateral rotation of the tibia
d) Medial rotation of the tibia
Answer: b) Posterior displacement of the tibia

46. Which muscle is responsible for the flexion of the hip and knee joint?

a) Quadriceps femoris
b) Rectus femoris
c) Sartorius
d) Gracilis
Answer: c) Sartorius

47. Which of the following structures is NOT part of the femoral triangle?

a) Femoral artery
b) Femoral vein
c) Femoral nerve
d) Saphenous nerve
Answer: d) Saphenous nerve

48. Which ligament is responsible for stabilizing the hip joint?

a) Iliofemoral ligament
b) Ischiofemoral ligament
c) Pubofemoral ligament
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above

49. The extensor digitorum longus muscle is responsible for the extension of
which parts?
a) Hip and knee
b) Ankle and toes
c) Ankle and knee
d) Toes and foot
Answer: b) Ankle and toes

50. The tibialis anterior muscle is innervated by which nerve?

a) Femoral nerve
b) Sciatic nerve
c) Deep fibular nerve
d) Superficial fibular nerve
Answer: c) Deep fibular nerve