Milpark Reference Guide

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 Table of contents

Heading Page number

INTRODUCTION 5
1.1 Why should you reference? 5

PLAGIARISM 6
2.1 What is plagiarism and why is it important to be aware of it? 6
2.2 Avoiding plagiarism 7

COPYRIGHT 8
3.1 Copyright/plagiarism 8
3.2 Detection of plagiarism and breach of copyright 9

THE MILPARK REFERENCING SYSTEM 10

4.1 When to use references 10
4.2 Which referencing system should you use? 11
4.3 Two methods of ‘in-text referencing’ or citation 12
Author-prominent citation 12
Information-prominent citation 13
4.4 Paraphrasing 14
Specific idea 14
When to paraphrase or use quotations 14
4.5 Quotations 14
Short quotations 15
Long quotations 16
Quotation marks 16
Words omitted from quotations 17
Double quotations 17
The square brackets in quotations 17
4.6 When no date is indicated for the year of publication 18
4.7 Place of publication is unknown 18
4.8 Publisher is unknown 19
4.9 Page numbers 19
Page numbers are not indicated 19
4.10 Plagiarism (copy-and-paste practice) 20
4.11 Formatting the reference list 21

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4.12 Websites as sources of information 21
Evaluating websites for educational use 21

GUIDELINES ON CITATIONS AND COMPILING REFERENCE LISTS 23

Books 23
Journals: citations and reference list 27
Newspaper articles 33
Law cases 34
Multiple works by the same author 35
Email correspondence 36
Web pages (including blogs) 37
Conference paper and conference proceedings 38
Theses and dissertations 39
Personal interviews 39
Study guides and lecture notes 40
Secondary sources 41
Government publications 41
Unpublished raw data 43
Multimedia 43

BIBLIOGRAPHY 44

Please note that any reference to:

• masculine gender implies also the feminine

• singular indicates also the plural, and vice-versa.

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 Introduction

At Milpark, you will be expected to compile and submit various documents for
tuition and assessment purposes. The work you submit may be in the form of
study materials, assignments, reports, dissertations, proposals, essays and
projects. In preparing for and compiling these documents, you will be expected
to consult, read, review, analyse, debate and paraphrase information from a wide
variety of sources, including books, journals, research reports, magazines,
websites, eDocuments, eJournals, eBooks, CD ROMs, DVDs, movies, conference
proceedings, newspapers, brochures, white papers, green papers, government
gazettes, policies and Acts.

Each time you refer to an idea, concept, theory, model or explanation (from an
information source), you need to identify and acknowledge the source − both in
the text of your document and in a reference list at the end of your document.
The practice of acknowledging sources (whether it is an author, editor, compiler,
composer, director or organisation) is known as referencing.

It is extremely important that you cite information sources accurately whenever

you refer to or use someone else’s ideas, opinions, theories, research, data, etc.
Kotze (2009:19) argues that a reference is required whenever you:

• quote (use someone else’s exact words).

• copy (use figures, tables or structure).
• paraphrase (convert someone else’s ideas into your own words).
• summarise (use a brief account of someone else’s ideas).
• adapt (make minor revisions or remodel someone else’s ideas, models,
theories, illustrations, etc.).

1.1 WHY SHOULD YOU REFERENCE?

Not acknowledging other people's work is not only intellectually dishonest, but
also illegal, and is viewed as an act of fraud. We refer to this act of dishonesty
as plagiarism. Plagiarism is the act of presenting someone else’s ideas or
discoveries as your own. Plagiarism will be discussed in greater detail later on in
this guide.

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According to Harris (2000:23), references assist the author to:

• acknowledge all the sources of information accessed.

• substantiate arguments and discourse within the text.
• avoid plagiarism, even when it is unintentional.
• enable the reader/s to follow up the source material.
• show the scope and depth of the research.
• strengthen the academic argument in the text.
• show the reader the source of their information.
• enable the reader to consult their sources independently.
• enable the reader to verify the information/data provided in the text.

Plagiarism

2.1 WHAT IS PLAGIARISM AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO BE

AWARE OF IT?

In the academic context, we are continually engaging with other people’s ideas.
We read them in texts, hear them in lectures, discuss them in class, and
consequently, often incorporate them into our own writing. As a result, it is very
important that we give credit where it is due, by clearly signalling to the reader
the precise sources from which ideas and information have been taken.

Whenever you produce written work, such as assignments or answers to exam

questions, you must differentiate between your own ideas and those of others.
You must distinguish what you have written from what you are quoting directly
or from what you are referring to.

Using someone else’s ideas and not crediting those ideas properly (by referencing
or citing your sources) is plagiarism. Plagiarism is cheating or academic fraud.
Students found guilty of plagiarism will be punished. Please refer to the section
in the rules covering plagiarism.

Examples of plagiarism are:

• Copying word for word (verbatim) from sections of a text (books,

articles, newspaper and magazine articles, study materials, etc.)

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• Using someone else’s work or ideas in a slightly altered form (such as
substituting words for others with a similar meaning or paraphrasing)
without acknowledgement
• Copying from a classmate or from someone who completed the course
before you.

To prevent accusations of plagiarism, it is essential that you provide references

whenever you quote (use the exact words), paraphrase (use the ideas of another
person, in your own words) or summarise (use the main points of another’s
opinions, theories or data) from a source or text.

The declaration of authenticity that appears on the assignment cover sheet must
be signed. Subsequently, you cannot plead ignorance; by signing the declaration,
you admit that you have read and understood the nature of plagiarism and that
your work does not contain any plagiarised content. Should you fail to sign this
declaration, your assignment will not be marked.

It does not matter how much of the other person’s or institution’s work you use
(whether it is one sentence or a whole section), or whether you do it
unintentionally or on purpose. If you present the work as your own without
acknowledging that person/institution, you are committing plagiarism – an act
tantamount to theft. You are taking someone else’s work and passing it off as
your own. Because of this, plagiarism is regarded as a very serious offence and
carries heavy penalties, especially in the education field.

Milpark Education owns the copyright on all its academic material. This means
that whoever wishes to use Milpark Education material for assignments may do
so, as long as they have properly referenced the material used. This is true even
if parts of the material are used in the answer to an assignment question. Failure
to do this is seen as plagiarism and the student may either lose marks for the
sections(s) copied, or face disciplinary action.

2.2 AVOIDING PLAGIARISM

You must give acknowledgement whenever you use:

• another person’s or institution’s ideas, opinions or theories.

• any facts, statistics, graphs, drawings – any pieces of information that
are not common knowledge and that have been published. This applies
to magazine and newspaper articles, as well as to all academic
publications.

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• quotations of someone’s actual spoken or written words or paraphrases
of another person’s/institution’s spoken or written words.

To avoid plagiarism:

• Use quotation marks for everything that comes directly from the text
(please do not exceed 175 words when you quote).
• Paraphrase, but be sure you are not just re-arranging or replacing a few
words. Instead, read over what you want to paraphrase carefully, cover
up the text with your hand, or close the text so you cannot see any of it.
Write out the idea in your own words without peeping, and cite the source
you have used in brackets after you have completed the idea. Check your
paraphrasing against the original text to be sure you have not
accidentally used the same phrases or words, and that the information
is accurate.
• Use your own words, whether you have worked in a group or not. Never
use a colleague/friend/family member’s assignment and merely
paraphrase a number of words. It is never acceptable for students to
share one electronic copy of the answers and to make minor changes
before hand-in. Also, never share your assignment with anyone prior to
hand-in date – you will notice that you are required to confirm on the
Declaration of Authenticity that you have not made your assignment
available to anyone else.

Copyright

The content in Milpark study guides and teaching documents is not intended to
be sold for commercial purposes. Such content is in essence part of tuition and
constitutes an integral part of the learning experience in the classroom and at a
distance.

3.1 COPYRIGHT/PLAGIARISM

When authors/students/academics submit work, the same copyright/plagiarism

rules apply. No amount of any type of content should be used without reference
in a way that is not in line with accepted rules for academic work and as referred
to in authoring contracts.

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The following are guidelines:

a) A direct quote from another author’s work may not exceed 175 words,
should be in quotation marks and should be referenced properly.
b) No amount of plain text may be copied from another publication other
than for referenced quotes as mentioned above.
c) Authors can represent a diagram from another author with a reference.
Such a diagram should form an integral part of the academic argument
provided to the students. If such a diagram is changed in any way for
the purposes of representation, the original author should be
acknowledged and referenced.
d) Any presentation of photos and artwork can only be done with the
permission of the photographer or the original artist.
e) As part of activities, links can be provided to free video clips in the public
domain for students to follow and watch as further enrichment, and as
part of exploration beyond the basic learning content.
f) As part of activities, links can also be provided for the above purpose to
external websites for further enrichment and as part of exploration
beyond the basic learning content. However, content of such websites is
protected by the same rules as for printed text and may not be used
without reference and/or permission.
g) Practices, such as in-linking or deep-linking (linking into a particular
website towards a specific target, or links that import images and other
pieces of content directly) are not allowed.

3.2 DETECTION OF PLAGIARISM AND BREACH OF COPYRIGHT

All Milpark Education teaching materials and academic content are scanned by
iThenticate. iThenticate is a system that alerts Milpark to problems in texts
related to plagiarism and copyright. Texts found to contain problems will be
referred back to authors and the necessary steps will be taken.

Authors are reminded of their contractual responsibilities in terms of submitting

original work, and the obligation to reference, acknowledge and respect the work
of other authors. It is a contractual responsibility of an author to follow accepted
copyright rules and not to commit plagiarism. In our process, there are three key
people involved in overseeing academic content: the commissioning academic
(discipline specialist), critical reader (discipline specialist) and educational
developers (instructional elements). These specialists will also check for breach
of copyright and plagiarism after the iThenticate scan.

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 The Milpark referencing system

4.1 WHEN TO USE REFERENCES

You must provide a reference whenever you quote, paraphrase or summarise

someone else’s ideas, models, theories or data. You must also reference any
graphic information (such as graphs, pictographs, tables, illustrations, etc.) that
you use. Some of the sources you will need to reference include the following:

• Books or chapters in books

• Journal or newspaper articles
• Conference papers
• Films or television programmes
• Personal communications, such as emails, interviews or letters
• Electronic sources, such as web pages, journal articles from online
databases, or electronic discussion forums, etc.

Kotze (2009) points out that references should be used whenever you:

• quote the exact words of another author.

• refer to, paraphrase or summarise someone else’s ideas, theories,
arguments and/or research in your own words.
• present another author’s interpretation, point of view, opinion or
understanding about an issue in your own words.
• state specific factual information, such as statistics, graphs, facts, verbal
interviews.
• present diary entries that you have obtained from someone/somewhere
else.
• present a table, graph, figure or diagram taken or adapted from another
source.
• construct a table, graph, figure or diagram from data or information
taken from another source (i.e. a source other than data that you have
collected yourself).

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4.2 WHICH REFERENCING SYSTEM SHOULD YOU USE?

There are different referencing systems used in academic writing. Milpark

Education uses an adapted version of the author-date system, commonly known
as the Harvard Referencing System. This adaptation is called the Milpark
Referencing System.

The author-date referencing system comprises two parts, namely:

1. the author and the date are referred to in the text or main body of your
writing (called embedded or in-text referencing).
2. all of the resources referred to in the body of writing are included in the
Reference List at the end of the text/assignment. All information is
included in this list: author, date, title of publication, publisher and where
it was published.

The other features of author-date referencing include:

• a specific order in which the information should be structured.

• the in-text reference, which should be placed (cited) in such a way that
it causes minimal disruption to the flow of your writing. This usually
means that the in-text referencing will appear at the very end or the very
beginning of your sentences (see ways of citing below).

When you cite sources of information in the text, regardless of whether you
quote, copy, paraphrase or summarise, you should include:

• the author’s surname (family name).

• the year of publication (latest edition).
• page numbers, when directly quoting or closely paraphrasing an author’s
words/material.
• correct punctuation and spacing.

You are therefore advised to adhere strictly to the referencing conventions as

explained in this guide.

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4.3 TWO METHODS OF ‘IN-TEXT REFERENCING’ OR CITATION

The Milpark Education Referencing System acknowledges two methods of citing

references, namely:

1. author-prominent citations and

2. information-prominent citations.

Author-prominent citation

This approach/style gives prominence to the author by using the author’s

surname (family name) with the date, followed by a semi-colon and the page
number in parentheses (round brackets).

Direct quote example:

Govender (1999:31) argues that “school teachers in South Africa confuse the
term technology as being solely concerned with computers, machines and
gadgets”.

Paraphrase example:

Govender (1999) suggests that South African schoolteachers have an ill-

conceived perception that technology refers mainly to machines and gadgets.

Please note

If the author is an “institution, organisation or non-human”, the in-text reference

should be at the end of the sentence or quotation, for example:

“Technology education is a largely unexplored concept in South Africa” (UN

Report, 2007:29), and not
According to the UN Report (2007:29), “Technology education is a largely
unexplored concept in South Africa.”

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Information-prominent citation

This method of citing references gives prominence to the information, with all
the required referencing details in parentheses at the end of the citation.

Direct quote example:

It has been argued that “school teachers in South Africa confuse the term
technology as being solely concerned with computers, machines and gadgets”
(Govender, 1999:31).

Paraphrase example:

South African schoolteachers have an ill-conceived perception that technology

refers mainly to machines and gadgets (Govender, 1999:31).

Please note

If a source has three or more authors, the surnames of all the authors must be
listed in the first in-text reference to the specific source. Thereafter, only the
surname of the first author is shown in all in-text references. The surnames of
the second and later authors are replaced with the abbreviation et al. Since et
al. is an abbreviation for the Latin words et alii, it must always be typed in italics
with a full stop at the end. This principle applies to all source types, for example:

First time in use: Govender, Mhkize and Whithall (2009) argue that…
Thereafter in the document: Govender et al. (2009) dispute the fact that…

If a source has multiple (two or more) authors, the ampersand sign (&) may be
used in place of the word ‘and’ where authors are listed in in-text citations that
appear in brackets, as well as in the list of references. However, the ampersand
sign (&) may not be used when the authors are listed as part of a normal
sentence.

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4.4 PARAPHRASING

Paraphrasing means to restate something you have read, accurately and

succinctly, in your own words. If your work does not refer to specific ideas on
particular pages of a resource, but to general themes mentioned throughout the
resource, page numbers need not be shown.

Example

General theme
Meta analytical studies (Rob, 2009) reveal that South Africa cannot be classified
as a developed country.

Example

Specific idea
Rob (2009:28) claims that the economic structure of South Africa does not entitle
it to be classified as a developed country for now.

When to paraphrase or use quotations

It is preferable that you paraphrase (put ideas in your own words), as too many
quotations (using the exact words) can lead to a poorly written assignment. A
general rule in academic practice is that no more than 10% of an assignment
should be in the form of direct quotations. No matter whether you use quotations
or paraphrase another’s words, you always need to give references, both in the
text and in the reference list.

4.5 QUOTATIONS

Quotations should be used sparingly, selected carefully, used in context,

integrated into your text and reproduced exactly (including the words, spelling,
punctuation, capitalisation and paragraphing of the original writer). The original
author’s exact words, including any spelling or grammatical errors, should be
quoted. Kotze (2009:6) advises us that if the original wording contains spelling
or grammatical errors, one has to point these errors out by placing the word [sic]
in square brackets in the quote directly after the error. The word [sic] (meaning

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so or thus) can be inserted in a quotation when the original text is incorrect with
regard to grammar, spelling or gender.

Example

• According to Aswy (2006:21), the DCLD is a “centre of excellence at

Unisa and this con [sic] be attributed to the dedication of the education
consultants employed at the DCLD”. (NB: the word ‘con’ is misspelt. [sic]
has been added to denote this.)
• Babes (2005:21) argues that “when human beings interact with animals,
he [sic] should be aware of their sensitivity to rough play”. (‘He’ is not
gender sensitive, and therefore, the author should have stated [they].)

Short quotations

Short quotations (fewer than 30 words) should:

• be incorporated into your sentence without disrupting the flow of your

paragraph.
• have double quotation marks.
• have full stop after the citation.
• maintain the same font size.

Incorporating a quote as part of your sentence — information prominent

The church is not the only setting where the soul may be nurtured, as “[t]he soul
also finds sustenance in more domestic settings, like the family home where
customs and values have created a spirit handed down over generations” (Jonas
1998:9).

Incorporating a quote as part of your sentence — author prominent

The church is not the only setting where the soul may be nurtured. As Jonas
(1998:9) suggests, “[t]he soul also finds sustenance in more domestic settings,
like the family home where customs and values have created a spirit handed
down over generations”.

The square brackets around the ‘t’ – [t] – are used to indicate that in the original
quotation, the word ‘the’ began with a capital ‘T’.

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Long quotations

Long quotations (more than 30 words) should:

• be introduced in your own words.

• begin on a new line.
• be fully indented by default (i.e. 1.27 cm) from the left margin.
• be in single line spacing.
• use a smaller font for the quotation (that is, change from size 12 to size
10).

Separate the quotation from the lead-in statement with one blank line. The lead-
in statement ends with a colon (:). Separate the quotation from the text that
follows it with one blank line. This is illustrated below.

Example

Friere (1998:3) summarises the effects of reducing literacy to a set of tools or

skills when he states that:

[m]erely teaching men [sic] to read and write does not work miracles: if there
are not enough jobs for men [sic] able to work, teaching more men [sic] to
read and write will not create them. When literacy is considered as a social
practice, the relationships that exist between language use and the production
and maintenance of cultural and ideological hegemony are uncovered.

Quotation marks

Quotation marks are not used for longer quotations. When using an information-
prominent long quotation, the full stop will be included after the last sentence of
the quotation before the citation, as shown below.

Example

The church is not the only setting where the soul may be nurtured as:

[t]he soul also finds sustenance in more domestic settings, like the family
home, where customs and values have created a spirit handed down over
generations. According to Thomas Moore, the soul finds sacredness in the
ordinary, and may benefit most when its spiritual life is performed in the
context of mundane daily life. (Jones, 1998:89)

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Words omitted from quotations

To omit words from quotations, use an ellipsis. An ellipsis consists of three full
stops (…). Do not leave any spaces before the ellipsis or after the ellipsis. If you
contemplate omitting parts of the quotation, make certain that the omission/s
do not alter the meaning of the sentence/quotation.

Example

Wells (1991:7) describes literacy as a “set of practices which people use in

literacy events…and that literacy practices are situated in social relations”.

Hint: if the quotation does not begin at the start of a sentence, an ellipsis should
be used to convey this to the reader.

Example

Students may adopt a more dominant understanding of literacy because of the

emphasis they place on literacy as a means of achieving “…equality of
opportunity and the possibilities of liberty and democracy” (Rock, 1994:213).

Double quotations

For a double quotation, i.e., a quotation within a quotation – use single quotation
marks inside double quotation marks.

Example

“The first words of Melville’s Moby Dick are ‘Call me Ishmael’ and these words
are full of significance” was the first statement in Smith’s memorable speech
(Johns, 1995:43).

The square brackets in quotations

Sometimes in quotations, it is necessary to insert a word that explains the

meaning of another word in that quotation. Place the explanation in square
brackets.

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 Example

“The curriculum of the national schools in the 1870s included reading, writing,
arithmetic, drill [physical exercises] and music” (Cavey, 1996:21).

4.6 WHEN NO DATE IS INDICATED FOR THE YEAR OF PUBLICATION

You may come across some information sources where no date/year of

publication is given. If no year is given for a source, use n.d. (which stands for
‘not dated’) after the author's name.

In-text referencing example: in a detailed analysis, Jackie (n.d.) argues…

Reference list example: Jackie, C. Not dated. The year that was. New York:
Caxton.

Hint: this rule should be followed for all sources of information (i.e. you should
indicate ‘Not dated’ in the reference list for the year of publication).

4.7 PLACE OF PUBLICATION IS UNKNOWN

In place of publication, simply state ‘Not known’:

Example

Dick, K. 2001. The ride to hell. Not known: Caxton.

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4.8 PUBLISHER IS UNKNOWN

When the publisher is unknown, simply state ‘Not known’:

Example

Dick, K. 2001. The ride to hell. London: Not known.

4.9 PAGE NUMBERS

Page numbers should be used when you quote directly from material (word for
word) from the original publication. This includes tables or figures. Page numbers
should also be provided for indirect quotes and paraphrasing where the
summarised material appears on specific pages, in specific chapters or in specific
sections.

The following examples illustrate the use of page numbers:

• One page referred to: for example, Wells (1992:4)

• Pages that are not in sequence: for example, Smith (1996:1, 4 & 6)
• Pages that are in sequence: for example, Jones & Mackay (1998:25–26)
• Pages from a website (.html format): for example, Clark (1997)
• Pages from a website (.pdf format): for example, Clark & Heat (1997:2).

Page numbers are not indicated

You may come across sources of information where page numbers have been
omitted. Kotze (2009:33) states that “If an original document (except a web
page) does not have page numbers, one should still indicate to the reader on
what page the information can be found”. He advises that this could be done by
counting the pages from the front and then including that number in an in-text
reference, indicating that the original pages were not numbered by placing the
page count in square brackets.

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 Example

Dick (2000:[19]) states that biodiversity cannot be accommodated in the 21st

century because...

4.10 PLAGIARISM (COPY-AND-PASTE PRACTICE)

There are four forms of plagiarism:

1. The work submitted or presented has been done by someone other than
the person submitting the work.
2. When the whole work, such as an essay, is copied from some other
source.
3. When parts of the work are taken from another source and no reference
is made to the original author.
4. When a student submits or presents work in one course which has also
been submitted in another course, and has not sought approval from the
course coordinator to do so.

In summary, plagiarism refers to any or all of the following:

• To steal and pass off the ideas or words of another as one's own
• To use another's production without crediting the source
• To commit literary theft
• To present as new and original an idea or product derived from an
existing source
• Turning in someone else's work as your own
• Copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit
• Failing to put a quotation in quotation marks
• Giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation
• Changing words, but copying the sentence structure of a source without
giving credit
• Copying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes up the
majority of your work, whether you give credit or not.

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4.11 FORMATTING THE REFERENCE LIST

The title should be ‘References’ and it should be as follows:

• Bold
• Left aligned
• In the same font size as the document, 12 pt.
• Not underlined.

The references contained in the list should:

• be in single line spacing.

• have a blank single line space between each reference (Hint: use
paragraph spacing of 12 pt.).
• be left aligned.
• be arranged alphabetically.
• be the final page of your assignment. (Appendices are placed after the
reference list.)

The reference list should contain all the sources cited in the paper and no sources
that are not cited.

A source is listed only once in the reference list, regardless of how many times
it is cited in-text.

4.12 WEBSITES AS SOURCES OF INFORMATION

Evaluating websites for educational use

Always be vigilant when extracting information from any electronic source. The
standard of reliability and validity for information on websites is often not as high
as for articles in published materials.

Anyone can place information on the internet, often without any review process.
Facts and figures on websites are sometimes misleading and therefore every
effort should be made to choose websites very carefully.

Reliable sources generally include:

• referenced articles in online journals.

• articles from databases selected by the university.

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• articles published by universities.
• Reports and white papers published by government departments,
business organisations and reputable lobby groups.

Consider the following:

• Ascertain the purpose of the website (to inform, to persuade, to sell). If

you know the motive behind the web page, you can make an informed
decision.
• Is there an author/sponsor? If you cannot find an author or an
organisation responsible for publishing the site, then it is most likely
unreliable.
• Is the author qualified to write about this topic? What is the author’s
expertise? Is the sponsor reputable? Are opinions being presented as
facts? Try to differentiate fact from fiction. Authenticity is not always
easy to confirm, so test one source against another. Make sure there is
no bias evident.
• Ascertain whether the person presenting the information has a vested
interest in proposing the particular view point.
• Are references or bibliographies included?
• How current is the information?
• When was the website last updated?
• Is the information well written and free of grammatical errors?

Note

It is accepted that some of the electronic information which you use may not be
retrievable as it is either being updated/amended or has been deleted. To guard
against this possibility, print the material you are referring to, or save it to a
CD/DVD or memory stick so that you have a permanent record.

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 Guidelines on citations and compiling
reference lists

BOOKS

In-text referencing Reference list

One author Author prominent: Booth Booth, J. 2001. Strategic
(2001:23) argues that... interventions in leadership. 9th
or ed. London: McMillan.
Booth (2001) defines
strategy as... Hint: the title page verso (i.e.,
the page following directly after
Information prominent: the title page) usually contains
Strategy is an elusive information on the date of
concept to define (Booth, publication, edition, place of
2001:23). publication, and publisher of a
book.

The date of publication of a book

is usually indicated on the title
page verso directly after the
copyright sign (©).

Use normal sentence case for the

title of the book. This means that
only the first word of the title
and all proper nouns are
capitalised. All the other words in
the title are written in small
letters.

The title of the book must be

printed in italics.

Where spaces are included in in-

text references (e.g., after the
comma and before the date) or
in entries in the list of

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 In-text referencing Reference list
references, these are always
single spaces. These single
spaces may appear larger when
the text is justified.

There is a single space after the

colon and before the name of the
publisher.

Note the full stop at the end of

each entry in the list of
references.

Omit words such as Publishers,

Co., Inc., Pty. Ltd., & Sons that
are not necessary to identify a
publisher.

If the place of publication is not

well known, include the
town/city, province and/or
country.
Two authors Author prominent: Booth Booth, J. & Cooth, S. 2003.
and Cooth (2003) state Leadership and management in
that... the 21st century. New York:
Prentice Hall.
Information prominent:
Transformative
leadership is not
conducive to young
democracies (Booth &
Cooth, 2003).

Hint: note that the word

‘and’ is used in full
sentences, while the
ampersand sign (&) is
used in in-text citations
that appear in brackets,
as well as in the list of

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 In-text referencing Reference list
references. This principle
applies to all source
types.
Two authors When referring to two Tshabalala, M.S. The South
with the same authors with the same African economy. Cape Town:
surname surname, publishing in Fynbos.
the same year, the
initials must be used in Tshabalala, T. The state of
the text to distinguish employment in South Africa.
between the two. Journal of Labour, 5(2):29–45.

The South African

economy is…
(Tshabalala, M.S.,
2011:34).

Data from STATSSA

proves… (Tshabalala, T,
2011:266).
Three or First appearance in the Meden, J., Tedd, J. & Moller, P.
more authors document: 1999. Political perspectives.
Meden, Tedd and Moller Chicago: Prentice Hall.
(1999:28) stated that
“…”.
or
A recent study
highlighted the fact that
…(Meden, Tedd &
Moller, 1999).

Second appearance in
the document:
A recent study
highlighted the fact that
…(Meden et al., 1999).
or
Meden et al. (1999:28)
stated that “…”.

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 In-text referencing Reference list
Hint: use an ampersand
(&) within the
parenthesis, but use
‘and’ in author-prominent
referencing.

Note: the abbreviation et

al. (typed in italics with a
full stop at the end)
indicates that a source
has three or more
authors. The verb
following the et al. must,
therefore, always take
the plural form; e.g.
Meden et al. (1999:28)
state that...
Books with Cite the author(s) of the Smith, A.R. 1996. The strategy
chapters by chapter you are referring of manpower planning. In: Barth,
different to. D., (ed.) Human resource
authors planning: Selected readings.
For example, when Aylesbury, UK: Hazell, Watson &
referring to information Viney.
taken from the chapter
by Smith mentioned
below in an in-text
reference, you would cite
Smith (1996:23) in the
in-text reference and not
the editor (Barth).
Sources with Bad (2003, n.d.:20) Bad, J. Date not stated.
no date argues that... Referencing guidelines. Essex,
or UK: Adminton.
It is very difficult to
reference if there is no
date of publication (Bad,
n.d.).
Books If no author can be Anon. 2011. The global financial
(monographs) identified, ‘Anon’ markets. Stock market mercury,
(anonymous) has to be 60(5):69, 7 August.

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 In-text referencing Reference list
with no used. For example: The
author state of the American
economy does not
support global markets
(Anon, 2011:3).
Editor(s) The abbreviation ‘ed.’
(editor) is used and is
preceded by a comma.
Institute/ The author can be an Unisa (University of South
organisation/ institution, such as a Africa). 2011. The brain drain.
society as an university or association. Pretoria.
author The abbreviation is used
in the text with the full
name in the source list.

“Due to the low salaries

of academics at South
African universities…”
(Unisa, 2011:40).

JOURNALS: CITATIONS AND REFERENCE LIST

In-text referencing Reference list

Single author Author prominent: Booth Booth, J. 2001. Strategy
(2001:23) argues that... development in geography
or teaching. South African Journal
Booth (2001) defines of Higher Education, 21(2):34–
strategy as... 39.

Information prominent: Hint: use sentence case for the

Strategy is an elusive title of the article. This means
concept to define (Booth, that only the first word of the
2001:23). title and any proper nouns are
capitalised. All the other words
in the title are written in small
letters.

Use title case and italics for the

title of the journal. Title case

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 In-text referencing Reference list
means that all the major words
in the title of the journal are
typed in capital letters. Minor
words, such as ‘in’, ‘of’, ‘and’,
‘the’, or ‘an’, are not capitalised.

There are no spaces between

the volume, issue number and
page numbers.

Where spaces are included in

in-text references (e.g., after
the comma and before the
date) or in entries in the list of
references, these are always
single spaces. These single
spaces may appear larger when
the text is justified.
Two authors Author prominent: Booth Booth, J. & Matt R. 2001.
and Cooth (2003) state Strategy development in pre-
that… school teaching. South African
Journal of Education,
Information prominent: 29(5):134–139.
Transformative leadership
is not conducive to young
democracies (Booth &
Cooth, 2003).

Hint: note that the word

‘and’ is used in full
sentences, while the
ampersand sign (&) is
used in in-text citations
that appear in brackets,
as well as in the list of
references.

This principle applies to all

source types.

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Three authors First appearance in the Meden, J., Tedd, S. & Moller S.
document: 1999. The bigotry of science.
A recent study highlighted Australian Journal of Science,
the fact that …(Meden, 60(3):49–73.
Tedd & Moller, 1999).
or
Meden, Tedd and Moller
(1999:28) stated that
“…”.

Second appearance in the

document:
A recent study highlighted
the fact that … (Meden et
al., 1999).
or
Meden et al. (1999:28)
stated that “…”.

Hint: use an ampersand

(&) within the
parenthesis, but use ‘and’
in author-prominent
referencing.

Note that the abbreviation

et al. (typed in italics with
a full stop at the end)
indicates that a source
has three or more
authors. The verb
following the et al. must,
therefore, always take the
plural form.
Journal First appearance in the Meden, J., Tedd, S. & Moller S.
volume document: 1999. The bigotry of science.
known, A recent study highlighted Australian Journal of Science,
however the fact that… (Meden, 60:49–73.
number is Tedd & Moller, 1999).
unknown or

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 Meden, Tedd and Moller
(1999:28) stated that
“…”.

Second appearance in the

document:
A recent study highlighted
the fact that… (Meden et
al., 1999).
or
Meden et al. (1999:28)
stated that “…”.
Volume and First appearance in the Meden, J., Tedd, S. & Moller S.
month known, document: 1999. The bigotry of science.
number A recent study highlighted Australian Journal of Science,
unknown the fact that… (Meden, 60(April):49–73.
Tedd & Moller, 1999).
or
Meden, Tedd and Moller
(1999:28) stated that
“…”.

Second appearance in the

document:
A recent study highlighted
the fact that… (Meden et
al., 1999).
or
Meden et al. (1999:28)
stated that “…”.

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Month known, First appearance in the Meden, J., Tedd, S. & Moller S.
volume and document: 1999. The bigotry of science.
number A recent study highlighted Australian Journal of Science,
unknown the fact that… (Meden, April:49–73.
Tedd & Moller, 1999).
or
Meden, Tedd and Moller
(1999:28) stated that
“…”.
Second appearance in the
document:
A recent study highlighted
the fact that… (Meden et
al., 1999).
or
Meden et al. (1999:28)
stated that “…”.
Author is Referencing is difficult Anon. 2008. Referencing in the
unknown when the author is Sciences. Science News,
unknown (Anon., 200(90):34–36.
2008:23).

Hint: never begin a

sentence with an
unknown author…for
example:
According to Anon.
(2003:23), “Referencing
is difficult when the
author is unknown”.
Electronic/ Online journals can Jane, B. 2005. Alternate fuels
online appear in two formats, for SA. Fuels International,
journals namely: 2(7):40(22p). [Online]
Available from: American
• .html Educational Research
• .pdf Association Stable:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/359
When an electronic 4377 [Accessed: 2009-02-19]
journal article is printed
or viewed in .html format, Hint: the page indication of 40
the number of pages will (22p) indicates that the article

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 differ depending on the started on p. 40 of the original
printer, page set-up and paper-based journal and that it
font size used when the was 22 pages long when printed
article is printed. As a from the internet. This page
result, page numbers are indication also alerts the reader
not mentioned in in-text to the fact that the article was
citations. However articles viewed in .html format.
viewed in .pdf format
have fixed page numbers Jane, B. 2005. Alternate fuels
and font sizes, therefore for SA. Fuels International,
we can refer to the exact 2(7):40(22p):40–62. [Online]
page numbers in the Available from: American
article. Educational Research
Association Stable:
Hint: if you quote from a http://www.jstor.org/stable/359
journal article in .html 4377 [Downloaded: 2009-02-
format, there is no need 19]
to provide page numbers
in brackets after the Hint: the inclusion of page
author’s surname, even if numbers (40–62) indicates that
it is a direct quote. this article was downloaded in
.pdf format. If page numbers
Example: are included here, page
Jane (2005) argues that numbers must also appear in all
“Gas is a cheaper in-text references to this
alternative to power in source.
SA”.

If you quote from an

article in .pdf format,
make certain that your
citation has page numbers
where appropriate.

Example:
Jane (2005:40–62)
intensifies her struggle...

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NEWSPAPER ARTICLES

In-text referencing Reference list

Print-based Author prominent: Booth, J.A. 2009. Xenophobic
Booth (2001:23) argues violence in Thokoza Township.
that... or The Star, 21 March:16.
Booth (2001) defines
strategy as...

Information prominent:
Strategy is an elusive
concept to define (Booth,
2001:23).
Unknown There are three options Anon. 2009. Who’s fooling who?
author that you can employ when The Star, 21 March:16.
referencing a newspaper
article of which the author
is unknown:

Use the term, ‘Anon.’ in

the place of the author.

Example:
According to Anon.
(2009)...
Use the name of the
newspaper in place of the
author.

Example:
Municipalities are
becoming ungovernable in
South Africa (The Star,
2009:16).

Use the title of the article

in place of the author.

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 Example:
Municipalities are
becoming ungovernable in
South Africa (Who’s
fooling who? 2009:16).

Hint: never begin a

sentence with the title of
the newspaper or the title
of the article when in the
author-prominent mode.

Example:
According to The Star
(2009:16)...
or
Who’s fooling who?
(2009:16) states that...
Online Samson (2006) states Samson, C.S. 2006. Gold will
newspaper that “Gold mining is dying lose its shine. Business Day, 7
article a slow death in SA”. October. [Online] Available
from:
Hint: do not include page http://www.thestar.co.za/article
number/s after the year s/national.aspx?ID=326412
in brackets even though it [Accessed: 2008-10-07].
may be a direct quote.

LAW CASES

The standard reference format is:

Case name Year Volume Law report Page Court Exact

series case reference
begins
Venter v Van 2001 4 258 934 F at 968A-G
der
Westhuizen

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The following aspects are important when referencing law cases:

• The names of the parties are always in italics.

• When a page or paragraph is cited, the page and paragraph number have
to be preceded by the word ‘at’:

Venter v Minister of Higher Education and Training 1995 (3) SA 665 (C) at 688 G.

• Sometimes the court numbers the paragraphs of a judgement. The

paragraph of the court can be cited as well:

Van der Westhuizen v Castrillon 2004 (1) SA 111 (CC) par 43 at 456 M

In-text referencing Reference list

First appearance in Venter v Minister of Higher Education and
document: Training 1995 (3) SA 665 (C) at 688 G
Venter v Minister of Higher
Education and Training [1995
(3) SA 665 (C) at 688 G]

Second appearance in
document:
Venter v Minister of Higher
Education and Training
(1995)

MULTIPLE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR

In-text referencing Reference list

Where there are several Jade, B. 2009a. Policies and practices. New
works by one author and they York: Caxton.
are published in the same
year, they should be Jade, B. 2009b. Policies on Leadership. New
differentiated by adding a York: Caxton.
lower case letter after the
date. Hint: works by the same author should be
displayed in chronological order, with the
earliest appearing first.

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Remember that this must
also be consistent with the
citations in the text.

For multiple works, the

required elements for a
reference are:
Author. Year. Title of book.
Place of publication:
Publisher.

Example:
Jade (2009a) argues that...
Jade (2009b) refutes the
argument that...

EMAIL CORRESPONDENCE

In-text referencing Reference list

According to Mkize (2008), Surname of sender. Initials of sender. (Sender’s
Master’s in Education email address.) Year. Title or subject of email
students... message. [Email to:] Receiver’s surname.
Receiver’s initials. (Receiver’s email address)
Date received.

Example:
Mkize, G. (mkhize@che.org.za) 1996. Discussion
of M.Ed. audits. [Email to:] Govender, D.
(govend@unisa.ac.za) 15 May 2009.

Hint: copies of such correspondence (email)

should be kept, as these may need to be submitted
as an appendix in an academic submission.

Kindly seek permission from the email sender/

recipient before these sources are quoted as they
may involve personal email addresses.

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WEB PAGES (INCLUDING BLOGS)

In-text referencing Reference List

Kotze (2009:29–30) states Author’s Surname, Initials. Year. Title of article or
that web pages refer to any web page in sentence case.
information (other than [Online] Available from: URL [Accessed: date
articles from web-based accessed]
electronic journal platforms
or web-based electronic Oorende, B. 2008. Acceptance speech of the
journals) that is published chairman of Anglo Saxon Incorporated on 17 May
on the World Wide Web. He 2008. [Online] Available from:
goes on to add that one can http://angloinc/ans/ speeches/accept.html
distinguish between web [Accessed: 2008-17-05]
pages (in .htm, .html, .xml
& .asp format) and files that
can be downloaded from the Hint: in some cases, websites continuously
web (in .doc and .pdf change and it is therefore advisable to print and
format). The basic in-text file a copy of the front page of any website you
structure of a reference to use, especially for future reference.
information on the World
Wide Web is as follows:

Author’s Surname (date

written)

Note:

The date should appear in

brackets after the author’s
surname.

If the name of the author is

not available, please use the
name of the organisation
associated with the website.

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CONFERENCE PAPER AND CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

In-text referencing Reference list

Conference According to Tshibalo Tshibalo, E. 2009. Geothermalise
paper (2009:10), the aim of Africa? Paper presented at the
geothermal power Thirteenth International
generation is to... Geothermal Conference, Umdloti,
KwaZulu-Natal, 10–15 October.

Hint: italicise the title of the

conference.
Conference According to Tshibalo Tshibalo, E. 2009. Geothermalise
proceedings (2009:10), the aim of Africa? In: Govender, D. (ed).
geothermal power Proceedings of the paper
generation is to... presented at the Tenth
International Geothermal
Conference, Umdloti, KwaZulu-
Natal, 1015 October: 89100.

Hint: italicise the title of the

conference.
Online/ According to Tshibalo Tshibalo, E. 2009. Geothermalise
electronic (2009:10), the aim of Africa? In: Govender, D. (ed).
conference geothermal power Proceedings of the paper
proceedings generation is to... presented at the Tenth
International Geothermal
Conference, Umdloti, KwaZulu-
Natal, 10–15 October:89–100.
[Online] Available from: American
Educational Research Association
Stable:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3594
377 [Downloaded: 2009-02-19]

Hint: italicise the title of the

conference.

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THESES AND DISSERTATIONS

In-text referencing Reference list

Hardcopy According to Mrs G.S. Benjamin, G.S. 2005. Fraud in
Benjamin from Radio South African Broadcast
Cactus (2008:1), there Institutions: A Case Study.
was no embezzlement of Unpublished Master’s in
funds... Education Thesis: University of
Cuckooland.

Hint: do not italicise the title.

Electronic According to Mrs G.S. Benjamin, G.S. 2005. Fraud in
version Benjamin from Radio South African broadcast
Cactus (2008:1), there institutions: a case study.
was no embezzlement of Unpublished Master’s in
funds... Education thesis: University of
Cuckooland.

[Online] Available from

UCLintra:
http://uclintra.ucl.ac.za/thesis
/available-
0945312345 [Accessed: 2001-
02-19]

Hint: do not italicise the title.

PERSONAL INTERVIEWS

In-text referencing Reference list

Audio/video According to Mrs G.S. Benjamin, G.S. Personal
recorded Benjamin from Radio communication with the author
conversation Cactus (2008:1), there on 30 August 2008.
was no embezzlement of Chatsworth, KwaZulu-Natal.
funds… (Audio cassette recording in
possession of the author.)

Hint: do not italicise the title.

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 In-text referencing Reference list
Written According to Mrs G.S. Benjamin, G.S. Personal
transcript of Benjamin from Radio communication with the author
the Cactus (2008:1), there on 30 August 2008.
conversation was no embezzlement of Chatsworth, KwaZulu-Natal.
funds… (Transcript/notes in possession
of the author.)

Hint: do not italicise the title.

STUDY GUIDES AND LECTURE NOTES

In-text referencing Reference list

According to Porta Porta, A.B. 2009. Study guide for Marketing
(2003)… Management 405: Strategic Issues in Marketing.
Pretoria: Department of Marketing and
Communication Management, University of South
Africa.

Aswy, T.S. 2003. Finding an appropriate research

topic: Some practical guidelines. Lecture to the URT
302 class on 2009-03-19.

Hint: note that the names of academic disciplines

(e.g. Marketing Management, Communication
Management or Tourism Management) or the names
of specific modules/courses (e.g. Strategic Issues in
Marketing or the Marketing of Services) are treated
as proper nouns and are, therefore, typed in title
case.

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SECONDARY SOURCES

In-text referencing Reference list

Van der Merwe (as Jones, A.B. The prevalence of violence in schools. 3rd
quoted by Jones, ed. Pretoria: Waterberg.
1988:244) was of the
opinion that… Hint: the use of secondary sources is not regarded as
academically acceptable and should be limited to
exceptions. Only the source that has been used
appears in the source list.

GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS

In-text referencing Reference list

Councils The Council is of the CHE (Council for Higher
opinion that… (CHE, Education). 2011. Report on
2011). the state of higher education in
South Africa. Pretoria.
Commissions of According to the Hefer, R., chair. 2011. Report
enquiry with Commission there was of the Commission of Inquiry
known no… (Hefer, 2011:45). into banking practice in South
chairperson Africa. Pretoria: Government
Printer.
Commissions of According to the South Africa. 2011. Report of
enquiry without Commission there was the Commission of Inquiry into
known no… (2011:45). banking practice in South
chairperson Africa. Pretoria: Government
Printer.
Departments The employment of South Africa. 2011.
people over the age of Department of Labour. Annual
25… (Department of Employment Report. Pretoria:
Labour, 2011:36). Government Printer.
Government In cases where closed South Africa. 2011. The
gazette corporations were not registration of closed
notified… (SA, 2011:2). corporations. (Proclamation
No. W. 3654, 2011).
Government Gazette, 399:23,
18 Jan. (Regulation Gazette
no. 23).

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 In-text referencing Reference list
Provincial In cases where closed Western Cape (South Africa).
gazette corporations were not 2011. The registration of
notified… (Western Cape, closed corporations. Western
2011:2). Cape Provincial Gazette,
5654:3–15, 9 Sept.
Constitution In terms of Article 30 (3) South Africa. Constitution of
of the Constitution (1996) the Republic of South Africa as
everyone has the right adopted by the Constitutional
to… Assembly on 8 May 1996 and
as amended on 11 October
1996. (B34B-96).
Acts The Council for Higher South Africa. 2008. The Higher
Education is overseeing Education Act 45 of 2008.
the quality…in terms of Pretoria: Government Printer.
the Higher Education Act
(45/2008).
Provincial Establishment of the Western Cape (South Africa).
ordinances Consumer Rights Board 2011. Establishment of
was finalised (Western Consumer Rights Board. (In
Cape, 2011). Western Cape ordinances.
Economic Development. Cape
Town: Laudatum. Premier’s
notice, P.N. 9.)
Green papers Environmental education South Africa. Department of
incorporated in national Basic Education. 2011. South
curriculum (SA, 2011:2). Africa’s Green Paper on
Environmental Education.
Pretoria: Government Printer.
White papers The White Paper on South Africa. Department of
Environmental Education Basic Education. 2011. The
(SA, 2011:56) outlines White Paper on Environmental
the new curriculum… Education in South Africa.
Pretoria: Government Printer.
(WRB-2011).

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UNPUBLISHED RAW DATA

In-text referencing Reference list

According to Singh Singh, P. & White, L. 2011. (The passion of MBA
and White (2011), students for research). Unpublished raw data.
there is…
Hint: use brackets to indicate that the material is a
description of the content, not a title. Do not use
italics for title.

MULTIMEDIA

In-text referencing Reference list

Sound According to Oosthuizen Oosthuizen, C. 2011.
recording (2011) there are… Entrepreneurship in action (Audio
Cassette). Johannesburg: Milpark
Media.
Film Recent presentations of Oosthuizen, C. (Producer). 2011.
informal trading Entrepreneurship in action (Motion
(Oosthuizen, 2011) in… picture). Johannesburg: Milpark
Media.
Television Oosthuizen (2011) Oosthuizen, C. (Producer). (3
rejects… January 2011). Entrepreneurship in
action (Television broadcast).
Johannesburg: Milpark Broadcasting
Services.
Online Oosthuizen (2011) Oosthuizen, C. (Producer/owner) (3
video describes… January 2011) Entrepreneurship in
action [Online video]. Available
from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=iyTTX6Wlf1Y [Accessed: 2014-
02-12]
CD-ROM According to Oosthuizen Oosthuizen, C. 2011.
(2011), it will… Entrepreneurship in action (Audio
CD). Johannesburg: Milpark Media.
DVD Oosthuizen (2011) Oosthuizen, C. (Producer). 2011.
presents… Entrepreneurship in action (DVD).
Johannesburg: Milpark Media.

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 Bibliography

Cronje, M., Murdoch, N. & Smit, R. (ed.). 2003. Reference Techniques: Harvard
method and APA style. Auckland Park: University of Johannesburg.

Harris, J. 2000. Understanding the Harvard Referencing method. New York:

Caxton.

Kotze, T. 2009. Referencing in Academic Documents: Official Guidelines of the

Department of Marketing and Communication Management. 4th ed. Department
of Marketing and Communication Management. University of Pretoria. [Online]
Available from:
http://web.up.ac.za/default.asp?ipkCategoryID=2319&sub=1&parentid=753&s
ubid=960&ipklookid=3.pdf [Downloaded: 2009-07-08]

Van der Walt, E. 2006. Quoting sources. Potchefstroom: North West University.

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